First, the garden choice:
1. First, we should choose neutral soil with high terrain, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage and easy drying.
2, the plot is square or long, easy to cover scaffolding.
3, perennial groundwater level shall not be higher than 0.60 meters.
4. Loose soil, good air permeability, high fertility and convenient transportation.
Second, the garden planning:
1, three ditches, the ditch in the middle of the planting bed is called "wet ditch", which is 50 cm deep and 60-80 cm wide, and the ditch in the middle of the vineyard is called "waist ditch", which is 60 cm deep. 50 cm wide (more than 30 meters). The ditch around the vineyard is called "Wai ditch", which is 60-70 cm deep and 50-70 cm wide. The slope at the bottom of the ditch should be kept at one thousandth.
2. Generally, the direction of grapes should be made into a downwind greenhouse according to the local wind direction, which is beneficial to ventilation and reduces wind damage. If the local wind damage is light, the direction can also be determined according to the direction of the site.
Third, the road system:
The vineyards with an area of 1 and over 30 mu are provided with main roads and branch roads. The main road is 5-6 meters wide and the branch roads are 3-4 meters wide.
Vineyards below 2.30 mu have only bypass roads.
3. A row of grapes can be planted at the side of the branch road, and a long fence can be built to shelter from the rain, thus increasing the land utilization rate. The height of scaffold shall not be less than 2m.
Four, irrigation and drainage system:
1, integration of drainage and irrigation, drainage system in rainy season and irrigation system in dry season.
2. Drip irrigation can be used for conditional irrigation.
Five, colonial requirements:
According to the depth of soil layer and the porosity of soil. It is divided into digging planting ditch to improve soil and spreading organic fertilizer to improve soil deeply.
1, dig planting ditch:
(1) The planting ditch is 50 cm deep and 60- 100 cm wide. The bottom 20 cm is the underground drainage layer. You can put straw wood, branches, tobacco stems, straw or rubble stones, and the middle 40 cm is the soil and fertilizer layer. Mix organic fertilizer with soil. The surface layer of 20 cm is loose soil. Used for planting grape seedlings.
(2) Apply 4-5 tons of decomposed organic fertilizer (pig, cow, chicken and duck manure) per mu in the planting ditch. Calcium 100-200 kg or calcium, magnesium and phosphorus 200 kg. Sprinkle 200 Jin of quicklime.
(3) The bottom of the planting ditch is connected with the waist ditch and the surrounding ditch (the three ditches are connected).
2. Deep soil layer: field with loose soil: dry the field first. Every acre of fertilizer needed is scattered on the ground. Dig deep into the soil with a cultivator or hoe. Clods should be broken. After soil preparation, make border beds so that each border bed is 20-25 cm high and each drainage ditch is 25-30 cm deep. This is beneficial to top dressing of seedlings. Drainage irrigation management is conducive to the rapid growth of seedlings, such as high ground water level plots should be made into high beds. The planting boundary should be completed before February. For colonization.
3. Planting density.
(1) is 5 meters wide, planted in the middle of the shed 1 row, between plants 1 meter, 133 plants, with single stem and two arms in a V shape. Or a one-sided dragon trunk.
(2) Two rows 177-222 plants (plant spacing/kloc-0.6 m) were planted in the middle of a plastic shed with a width of 6 m..
(3) For varieties with medium or weak growth, 333 plants can also be used, with double cross "V" frame spacing 1×2 m mu.
Six, the choice of frame:
The choice of frame generally depends on the tree potential of the variety. (1) It is best to use large horizontal scaffolding with strong tree potential. The large horizontal shed is high from the ground, well ventilated, evenly illuminated and well colored. Reduce the occurrence of sunburn. More importantly, it helps balance the tree potential. Controlling growth and balancing tree vigor are important means to cultivate varieties with strong tree vigor. (2) If the tree is medium or weak, a double cross V-shaped frame can be used. Its advantages are: fixed shoot and ear can be planned, production can be controlled, standardized cultivation can be carried out, and labor, pesticides and materials can be saved.
Seven, the construction of greenhouse:
Greenhouse construction can be combined with large-scale horizontal scaffolding construction. Can save investment.
1, construction time: When the grape plants grow to 1.5 meters high, it is best to build scaffolding, and the time is about May-June. It has a great influence on the fixation of trees. The greenhouse can be built before the winter construction sprouts.
2. Concrete column bamboo shed. According to the author's practice, the construction of multi-span bamboo shed with cement column should be mastered, with a single shed of 5-8 meters. The height of the carrier is 3-3.5 meters. It must be strong. Master the following points in the construction:
1, side cement column 2, shoulder wood column 3, middle cement column 4, cross beam 5, straight beam 6, shoulder column base straight beam 7, and clamping groove.
1, column. Each shed has three rows of cement columns and two rows of shoulder wood columns. The side columns on both sides are 2 meters from the ground. The middle column is 3.2-3.5 meters, and the middle of the middle column and the side column is a shoulder column. You can put a beam on it with the beam of the grape trellis. On the straight beam, bamboo sticks are used to support the arch pieces, and the spacing between columns in each row is about 4-3 meters.
2. Cross beam. Side columns and center columns are framed by Chinese fir beams. Both ends are fixed with iron wire. Note that the tail diameter of the beam should not be less than 8 cm.
3. Straight beam. The top of the side column and the middle column are respectively provided with straight beams. You can use straight bamboo or small Chinese fir. The two ends are fixed on the top of the side column and the middle column respectively.
4. Arches. Use 5-6 cm wide bamboo pieces: the length depends on the width of the shed; The shed arch with a width of 5 meters is 6.5 meters in length. The shed arch 6 meters wide is 7.5 meters long. Fixed on the side column straight beam and the center column straight beam. Both ends of the arch sheet must be drilled and fixed with lead wire, because the bamboo sheet will shrink after drying.
5. Slot plate installation: install slots on both sides; The outside of the side shed is fixed at 1.8m above the ground, and the inside of the side shed and both sides of the inner shed are fixed at 50-80cm above the joint of the two sheds. The method of fixing the groove is to punch two holes according to the position of the arch piece and fix it on the arch piece with the proportion of fine lead without fixing the clip.
6. Fixed position of laminated tape. The external pressure membrane belt of the side shed is directly fixed on the pile. On the inside, the laminated film is placed on the straight beam.
7. The plastic film should be multifunctional, with long service life, and can resist typhoon of magnitude 8.
Light adjustment of plastic greenhouse
From spring to Zhixia, the light intensity in plastic greenhouse increases with the increase of solar altitude angle, and the light transmittance is generally 50-60%. In production, it is advocated that the direction of greenhouse should extend from north to south, because the light in all parts of greenhouse extending from north to south is relatively uniform.
Humidity regulation of plastic greenhouse
Greenhouse is a high humidity environment. The relative humidity of the air in the shed can generally reach 50-60% during the day, often around 90% at night, or even 100%. It is easy to induce diseases on cloudy days. The horizontal distribution of relative humidity in the shed is that the peripheral part is higher than the central part 10%. Ventilation and irrigation have great influence on the relative humidity of the air in the shed. The former reduces humidity, while the latter increases humidity.
Adjustment of CO2 concentration in plastic greenhouse
After the shed was closed at 6: 00 pm, the carbon dioxide concentration in the shed gradually increased to the maximum value of nearly 500 μ g/g before sunrise, and decreased rapidly within 1- 1.5 hours after sunrise, and decreased to 100 μ g/g at 9: 00. After ventilation, the concentration of carbon dioxide increased, but it was still below 300 μ g/g, which was lower than that in the atmosphere outside the shed. Therefore, the depth of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse during the day is also insufficient. The horizontal distribution of carbon dioxide concentration in greenhouse is uneven, which is high in the middle and low in the periphery during the day.