2 keynote tree species: all kinds of garden green spaces need the largest number of tree species, which can form a unified city. Generally, 1:4 species is appropriate.
3. Suitable for the site and tree: adapt the ecology of planted tree species to the site conditions of planting, realize the organic unity of "tree" and "land", and reach a higher level under the existing technical and economic conditions.
Basic principle: coordinate the contradiction between tree and land, and strive to achieve the unity of the two. When there is a big contradiction between trees and the ground, appropriate and effective measures can be taken to adjust the relationship between them and minimize the contradiction.
Ground cover: Any plant that can cover the ground.
Suitable tree planting mode: 1 Selection: suitable tree planting, suitable tree planting 2 transformation: suitable tree planting (deep tillage, soil improvement, water and fertilizer application, environmental improvement) suitable tree planting (introduction, domestication, drought-tolerant cultivation).
5. Single-view tree: also known as solitary tree specimen tree, shape-view tree or single-view tree, it mainly shows the beauty of the tree, and can be used as the best scenery viewing position alone, with the blue sky as the background and the lawn as the base.
Courtyard shade tree: used in the courtyard of architectural form to form shade and decoration for tourists to enjoy the cool and avoid sun exposure.
Lianas: including woody plants with slender stems and branches that are difficult to stand upright, such as winding, adsorption, climbing and hooking.
Hedge classification: height-ornamental characteristics of high hedges and low hedges-flower hedges, fruit hedges, vegetable hedges, hedges and thorn hedges.
9 tree species planning principle: it should conform to the principle of suitable land and suitable trees, mainly native tree species, and basically conform to the natural laws of forest vegetation areas; Evergreen tree species are matched with deciduous tree species; Combining fast-growing tree species with long-lived tree species; Pay attention to the performance of characteristics; Strive to create a three-dimensional green landscape
Planting: according to the formal garden design and a certain plan, complete all or part of the planting and greening tasks in a certain area.
Planting refers to the operation process of planting transported seedlings in suitable soil according to the requirements of landscape planning, so that the roots of plants are closely connected with the soil.
1. Garden plant planting: refers to the completion of all or part of the planting and greening tasks in a certain area according to the formal garden design and a certain plan. Includes four basic links: seedling raising, transportation, planting and post-planting management.
2. Transplant: Move (big tree) from one green land to another.
Scattering seedlings: transporting seedlings to the pit according to the drawings is called scattering seedlings.
3. Planting: According to the landscaping requirements of garden planning and design, the transported seedlings are planted in suitable soil to make the roots of plants closely connected with the soil.
4. Planting season: late autumn (from late October to late February of 10) and early spring (from early February to mid-March). Mid-March to early April: evergreen tree species. Deciduous leaves are dominant in autumn and evergreen in spring. Jiangsu area: from late February to early April.
The golden season of plant planting: early spring; Jiangsu area: early spring and late autumn
5. When planting big trees, you should choose big seedlings that have been transplanted or cut down many times.
6. Fixed-point lofting methods: ① plate positioning method ② network method ③ intersection method.
7. Excavation requires ① that the core soil (west, north) and topsoil (east, south) should be stacked separately ② that the backfill soil should be filled around the root system (soil ball) ③ that the pit should reach the required depth ④ vertical.
8. Obstacles such as underground pipelines are encountered in the planting process: negotiate with Party A, receive the change notice, make changes and change the location.
9. Transplanting seedlings: handle them gently and sit in a good position.
Short distance: transport directly to the construction site without stopping halfway.
Long-distance: Covered with sunshade material, watered and moisturized. Dry roots should be soaked in clean water 1 ~ 2 days before planting.
10. Seedlings: Mark the selected seedlings.
1 1. Roadside tree lofting: (1) Determine the line position. If there are curbs, the inside of curbs shall prevail. Generally, the inside of curbs is about 1m, and small trees are 50cm. If there are no kerbs, the center point of the road surface shall prevail. (2) Determine the position
12.① The road turns sharply, and no trees are planted within 50m of the curve; ②30m； On each side of the intersection; ③ The intersection of highway and railway is 50m；; ④ 15m； Both sides of high voltage transmission line; ⑤ 8m on both sides of the bridge. ⑥ There are entrances, traffic signs, culverts, stations, telephone poles, fire hydrants, drainage ditches, etc. Keep a proper distance. 6. Give up the distance of a tree at the intersection such as the park. ⑧ The determination of the first tree is on a straight road, not on a bend.
1, key points of planting trees at road intersections:
If there are curbs, the inside of curbs shall prevail. Generally, the inside of curbs is about 1m, and small trees are 50cm. If there are no kerbs, the center point of the road surface shall prevail. (2) determine the position. The road turns sharply, and the inside of the curve is 50m；; 30m on each side of the intersection; 50 meters at the intersection of highway and railway; High voltage transmission line15m; ; 8m on both sides of the bridge. Plant spacing is 6~8m (trunk diameter is 6~8cm). The first tree is determined to be on a straight road instead of a bend, and intersections such as parks give way to the distance of a tree.
2. Seedling packaging: the diameter of soil ball is 7- 10 times of the dry diameter; Non-evergreen trees, 9~ 12 times. 2. Shrub, the diameter of soil ball is 1/2~ 1/3, and the crown diameter is 1/2~ 1/3.
Green space lofting method: (1) flat design (2) grid method (3) intersection method (4) visual method.
Tree watering principle
1.20~30cm single cofferdam; High weir stem; Create a green space for the border
2. The first watering should be within 24 hours after planting, and the watering amount should be half of the depth of the soil ball, so that the soil gap is filled and the root system is closely connected with the soil.
3. Three days after the first watering, check whether the tree body is skewed and upright, whether the weir is washed and repaired, and then water it for the second time.
4. Three days after the second watering, check whether it is skewed, straighten and fill the soil gap. A week later, water it for the third time, and water it thoroughly.
5. Dismantle the cofferdam, sprinkle it on the surface and cut off the capillary.
3. Maintenance management: According to the growth needs of different garden trees and the needs of certain characteristics, timely take garden technical measures such as fertilization and irrigation, weeding and pruning, and pest control.
4. Drainage methods: open ditch drainage, underground pipe trench drainage and ground drainage.
5, irrigation time:
The dormancy period is in autumn and winter and early spring. Irrigation in autumn and winter or early winter is generally called "frozen water" or "frozen water" to improve the wintering ability of plants and prevent drought in early spring. For marginal tree species, tree species and seedlings with difficulties in wintering, it is more necessary to pour frozen water.
Growth period: divided into: irrigation before flowering, irrigation after flowering and irrigation during flower bud differentiation. Irrigation before flowering can supplement the shortage of soil moisture in time, which is an effective measure to solve the problem of plant germination, flowering, new shoot growth and improve fruit setting rate. At the same time, it can also prevent the harm of spring cold and late frost. In saline-alkali areas, intertillage after irrigation in early spring can also play a role in inhibiting alkali. After flowering: Most plants have a rapid growth period of new shoots about half a month after flowering. If the water is insufficient, it will inhibit the growth of new buds. Proper irrigation and soil moisture can promote the growth of new shoots and leaves. Enlarge assimilation area, enhance photosynthesis, increase fruit setting rate and increase fruit. At the same time, it has a certain effect on flower bud differentiation in the later stage. Flower bud differentiation stage: timely and appropriate irrigation before the new shoots stop growing can promote the growth of spring buds and inhibit the growth of autumn buds, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation and fruit development.
6. Fertilization method: The horizontal position of fertilization is 65,438+0/3 times of the crown projection, and the vertical depth should be 40-60 cm above the dense roots near the drip irrigation line. ① Groove fertilization: annular groove and radial groove. ② hole fertilization: tree spacing 1m, digging 30*30cm holes for fertilization. (3) Topdressing outside the roots: simple and easy, less fertilizer consumption, quick absorption, meeting the urgent needs of plants, etc. Avoid chemical or biological fixation of nutrients in soil. Foliar spraying fertilizer cannot replace soil fertilization. It is best to spray the nozzle upwards when spraying, because there are many pores on the back of the leaves.
7. Fertilization in the later growth stage: more potassium fertilizer should be applied. The role of potassium fertilizer: promoting lignification and fruit development.
8. Phenology: The morphological changes of various organs of trees in a certain order with seasonal climate changes are called tree phenology.
9. Growth Center: This phenology is called when each phenological period comes.
(Discussion) 10. Why transplant big trees?
① The technology of transplanting big trees is indispensable in modern cities. Besides improving the ecological environment and beautifying the environment, it plays a special role in the construction of modern cities, ecological cities and garden cities.
(2) The construction and development of modern cities, with high buildings and wide roads, generous landscaping, make modern cities a success. Only by planting big trees can we occupy a large space and occupy a large area. Generally speaking, a harmonious environment makes people feel a kind of comfortable beauty.
③ Transplanting big trees is an important means of "high quality and quick effect" in greening projects, and it is also an important measure to break through the planting season and realize annual greening.
④ Transplanting big trees is an important part of landscaping, which embodies the art of gardening. Therefore, the technology of transplanting big trees is indispensable in landscaping.
⑤ Transplanting trees is a measure to preserve greening achievements. Planting big trees can improve the resistance to the outside world, and artificial care is highly valued, which can effectively reduce man-made damage and effectively preserve greening achievements.
(Q&A) 1 1. Planting bare-rooted seedlings: ① When raising seedlings, dig a ditch at a distance of 10-20cm along the seedling row direction, dig a chute at the lower side of the ditch wall, cut off the seedling roots according to the depth required by the root system, then insert a shovel between the second row and the first row, cut off the lateral roots, and then push the seedlings into the ditch. ② Land preparation for bed making, "three levels, three straights" and "flat and thin" ③ Fixed-point excavation with a depth of 30 cm and a width of 30 cm. ④ Planting, technical requirements: the root system is stretched, the depth is appropriate, and the root system is closely combined with the soil.
Operation requirements: The specific contents of "three burying, two steps and one seedling raising" are as follows: First, check whether the pit size meets the requirements of planting plant roots and roots. If the tree pit is suitable, first pad 10-20 cm of loose soil at the bottom of the pit to make steamed bread, and then press the main.
1, pest control
Answer: (1) Basic principles: prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control; Early treatment, minor treatment, treatment.
(2) Prevention and control measures: 1) Strengthen cultivation management: adapt trees to the site, avoid single tree species and multiple mixed planting, and strengthen plastic pruning; 2) Biological control: ① Using birds to control insects; (2) pest control; ③ Treating insects with bacteria; 3) Strengthen quarantine; 4) Timely prevention and control of pests and diseases: spraying, killing and picking diseased leaves.
2. Soil preparation before planting
Answer: (1) Job characteristics: smooth and meticulous, tailored to local conditions.
(2) Work contents and methods: ① Land preparation in gentle areas: below 8, surface drainage; (2) Municipal engineering: comprehensively clean up, fill insufficient soil and improve fertile soil; ③ Low humidity area: terrace soil preparation; ④ New heaped earth mountain: settlement in rainy season or more than half a year; ⑤ barren hills and wasteland: cleaning, terraced fields and slope reversal.
(3) Advance time of soil preparation season: maintenance shall be carried out 3 months in advance.
(4) Soil improvement: ① Deep digging of tree flowers; (2) exotic soil planting; (3) soil cultivation; ④ Soil structuring agent.
3. The demand of azalea or camellia for soil
A: Acid soil.
4. Soil moisture
A: The root system stops growing.
5. Irrigation year after planting trees
Answer: continuous irrigation for 3~5 years.
6, the principle of tree irrigation and drainage
Answer: (1) Different climatic conditions: spring, little rain, watering buds and flowering water; High temperature and drought in summer, heavy water and heavy fertilizer, timely drainage (typhoon and rainstorm); Autumn, autumn crisp, drought, water supply; In winter, there is no rain in winter, and the second water ① before freezing: frozen water; (2) Thawing in spring.
(2) Different tree species have different years: ① drought-tolerant tree species and drought-tolerant tree species; (2) Newly planted and already planted survive.
(3) Different soil types: ① Sandy soil, watered frequently with small amount of water; (2) low-lying land, irrigation with small amount of water; (3) Saline-alkali soil is irrigated in the open air.
(4) Combining watering with fertilization, fertilizing first, then watering.
7. Drought resistance sequence (irrigation sequence) P 149
Answer: ① Plants planted in that year, ② shallow-rooted seedlings, ③ shrubs and ④ trees: deciduous-evergreen-coniferous.
8. Fertilization in different periods, the demand for N in the new vigorous growth period is the greatest.
A: The principle of rational fertilization: timely and appropriate, and provide fertilizer as needed.
(1) Characteristics of Fertilizer Requirement in Different Phenological Periods
(2) Different tree species: ① street trees, applying organic fertilizer to improve soil during dormancy; (2) Early spring flowering shrubs: Fertilize before flowering in dormant period to improve ornamental value, mainly N, stop growing in new stage, P, K, and fertilize after flowering; (3) For flowering shrubs, N fertilizer should be applied after flowering to promote bud germination, and P fertilizer should be applied after half a month to 20 days to promote root and flower bud differentiation (multiple fertilization);
(3) that relationship between the fertilize requirement of trees and the external environment;
(4) Mastering the nature of fertilizer: mainly N in spring; P and K are dominant in summer and autumn.
9, plastic pruning
A: (1) Shaping: By cutting, sawing and binding plants, the purpose of regulating growth, flowering, fruiting, renewal and rejuvenation can be achieved.
(2) Pruning: the operation of cutting, thinning or otherwise treating some organs of plants, such as buds, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and roots.
Pruning methods of different tree potentials: (1) Juvenile stage: light pruning and long release, forming excellent skeleton is beneficial to organic matter accumulation, promoting flower bud differentiation and juvenile growth.
(2) Adult period: During the vigorous flowering and fruiting period, we should pay attention to adjusting the contradiction between growth and flowering and adopt directional growth. Combined with the development degree of each branch, it is very strong, the main branch is strong and the main branch is weak, and the side branch is strong and the side branch is weak.
(3) Weakening period: the growth potential decreases and the amount of dead branches increases, so the old branches should be cut and shrunk to stimulate the regenerated branches to restore their growth potential, renew centripetally and rejuvenate.
2. Pruning methods in different periods: (1) dormant period: dormant period, with sufficient nutrients stored in the body. The greater the amount of pruning in winter, the more concentrated the stored nutrients and the more vigorous the growth of new branches, so pruning again in winter.
(2) Growth period: the pruning amount should not be too large, and plastic surgery is the main method. Controlling the growth of long branches controls the top advantages of main branches and primary backbone branches.
3. Purpose and methods of plastic pruning: Objective: It can adjust the growth and development of plants, create and maintain a reasonable plant shape, form a garden landscape with certain characteristics, restrain the strong and help the weak, and balance the tree potential.
Function: 1. Promote and inhibit the growth and development of garden plants and change plant morphology.
2, adjust the tree structure, promote the rational distribution of branches and beautiful trees.
3. Adjusting the transportation of nutrients and water and balancing the tree potential can change the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth and promote flowering and fruiting.
4, dead branches, insect pests and dense branches can be removed, and the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the crown can be improved.
5, can reduce the wind pressure, prevent lodging.
4. Pruning method: 1. Pruning method during hibernation: "cutting, thinning, releasing, injury, modification, others"
1), and the cutting point is lighter 1/5- 1/4, which is used for top edge pruning, adjusting branch potential and balancing the extended branches of each pruning.
Medium 1/3- 1/2 weak branch rejuvenation or main branch extension culture
Regeneration and rejuvenation of weak branches with weight of 2/3- 1/2
There are also methods such as extremely heavy, massive retraction and pruning, heavy stimulation, rejuvenation and so on.
(2) flattening the tree potential, and achieving the relative balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth by flattening the tree potential (light: 20%, especially the newly transplanted evergreen tree species) (weak branches, dead branches, insect branches, cross branches, budding branches and long branches)
(3) Injury (longitudinal injury, transverse injury), carving, peeling (annular peeling, carving above the spring bud and below the summer bud), slightly twisting (bone injury without skin injury) makes the top edge move down and weakens the growth of branches.
(4) Change the direction of branches to alleviate the growth of branches.
2. Pruning method in growth period: (1) New shoot core removal and top cutting measures. Change the transport direction of nutrients, promote flower bud differentiation, promote branching and enrich branches and buds.
(2) Bud wiping (3) Leaf picking (4) Tillering (5) Bud picking, fruit picking (6) Fruit cracking (7) Kneading (8) Ring stripping (9) Bending branches (10) Ring branches (1) Root cutting.
5. Natural pruning: appropriate pruning on the basis of maintaining the original natural crown shape of plants. Plants with beautiful natural trees, strong budding ability and strong branching ability and landscaping should be pruned naturally when necessary to control dead branches and diseases and insect pests. (spire, cone, cylinder, ellipse, umbrella, drooping, creeping, spherical).
6. Conventional pruning and shaping: pruning the plant crown into various specific shapes. Need frequent pruning. (Square, rectangle, cup, cylinder, heart, autumn, hemisphere or irregular geometry, etc. )
7. Umbrella-Sophora japonica, cup-Platanus acerifolia, three main branches-peach tree, happy-plum blossom and cherry blossom.
8. The basic principles of pruning: strong main branch strong shearing, weak main branch weak shearing, strong side branch weak side branch strong shearing.
9. Describe the pruning method and matters needing attention of cup-shaped street trees: (1), the pruning method ① set the dry height to 3-4m; (2) 3-4 main branches are selected, and the branches are even, and the included angle between the branches and the trunk is 45-60 degrees; The first pruning is 80cm- 1.5m, and the second pruning is the same as the second pruning.