Planting techniques of durian
Durian is a pure tropical crop, and its phenological feature is that the daily average temperature of durian is above 22℃. Frost-free areas can be planted, and parts of China, Hainan and Yunnan provinces can be developed. Because durian can only grow and bear fruit in the climate with high temperature all the year round, even in the equatorial region, the highland above 600m above sea level can not grow durian or bear fruit because of the temperature drop.
Origin is Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia. Some people think it originated in the Philippines. Durian grows all over Southeast Asia, mainly in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and other places. Other durian growing areas include Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, West Indies, Florida, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea, Polynesia, Madagascar, northern Australia and Singapore.
It is cultivated in China, Guangdong and Hainan.
Botanical history of durian
There are two theories. One originated in Malaysia and was introduced to Thailand during the Dacheng Dynasty. Malaysians call durian "local food", Thai still calls it this way, and Chinese translates it as "durian".
Another way of saying it was introduced from Tahuai, Mali and naoshi in Myanmar. There are also two legends about this. One is 1787. When the Siamese army attacked Myanmar, it tried to seize his arms, but failed to conquer it. During the siege. Due to the difficulty in transportation and the lack of food and grass in the army, the generals had to order their soldiers to look around for wild fruits to satisfy their hunger. The soldiers found a huge prickly fruit durian in the forest. When they tried to cut it open, it was unexpectedly sweet and delicious. Later, when going back and forth to Bangkok, many officers and men took durian stones with them and planted them around their houses. It is said that durian trees have been growing in the yards of the descendants of officers and men who have been to Myanmar 100 to 150 years before Bangkok. These durian trees became extinct due to two floods: 187 1 and 1942. The second type was introduced into southern Thailand by merchant ships between Thailand and Myanmar, and later spread from Surat Thani to Bangkok and other places.
Morphological characteristics of durian
Evergreen trees, up to 25 meters high, with scales at the top of young branches.
Stipules are1.5-2cm long, the leaves are oblong, sometimes obovate-oblong, short or acute, the base is round or obtuse, both sides are shiny, the top is smooth, and scales are attached on the back, and the lateral veins are 10- 12 pairs, and the length is 15. Petiole length 1.5-2.8 cm, cymes are slender and drooping, clustered on stems or big branches, with 3-30 flowers in each order; The bud is spherical; Pedicel scaly, 2-4 cm long.
Bracts support calyx, shorter than calyx, tubular calyx, 2.5-3 cm high, swollen at base, densely pilose inside, with 5-6 short and wide calyx teeth; Petals are yellowish white, 3.5-5 cm long, twice as long as calyx, rectangular spoon-shaped, and turned back; There are 5 bundles of stamens, each bundle has filaments 4- 18, and the filaments are combined at the base 1/4- 1/2; The capsule is oval, light yellow or yellowish green, long 15-30cm, thick 13- 15cm, with 2-6 seeds per room, white or yellowish white aril and strong smell. Flowering and fruiting period: June-65438+February.
Durian is a very contradictory fruit. In some places, it is regarded as a fruit of religious worship, but it is forbidden to be brought into public places because of its pungent smell. Durian is as big as a football. Its skin is rough and uneven, its juice is light yellow, its smell is extremely smelly, but its taste is delicate and sweet. But this kind of fruit is called "the king of fruit" because it is extremely rich in nutrition. But many foreigners can't stand his smell and throw it out of the window before tasting it.
Propagation method of durian
Seeds are often used to cultivate durian, but the genetic variability of durian is great. Each seed may produce ten kinds of fruits with different qualities, and inferior durian can produce excellent varieties. Similarly, good durian can also produce inferior varieties, and some real durians will not bear fruit for life. In order to cultivate excellent varieties, ensure the purity, early fruiting and high yield of varieties, grafting propagation is often used to cultivate durian.
bud grafting
Almost all dicotyledonous woody plants can germinate and reproduce except monocotyledonous plants and some plants with irregular cambium. The size of a pencil. Now the rootstock stem leaves the soil 10cm. Cut two slits with a width of 0.7cm and a length of 3 ~ 4 cm from top to bottom, cut a knife at the top of the two slits, and pull the skin up to the same length as the bud. Leave a little skin at the lower end of the incision to hold the bud. The process of bud taking is the same as that of anvil water cutting and lifting. After inlaying, use plastic film tape with the width of 1cm to tie it tightly. It is best not to touch the rain for two days.
Note that except durian, other fruit tree budding methods can completely wrap the buds, because the buds on the buds are easy to fall off. We will know if it is still alive in two weeks. After survival, the top of the rootstock is cut off about 30cm away from the grafted bud to stimulate the rapid growth of the bud eye. In the future, rootstocks will breed a large number of rootstocks. These rootstocks cannot be completely removed. One or two rootstocks must be lodging to help the grafted buds absorb nutrients. However, the remaining rootstocks should not be allowed to grow excessively, and they should be pruned frequently so as not to hinder the growth of grafted buds.
Wedge grafting
Seedlings that have not yet grown leaves or become wood are the most suitable rootstocks. Cut the rootstock at a distance of 6 ~ 7 cm, and cut a knife down in the middle of the flat rootstock pile to a depth of about 1cm to form a "V" shape; Take a branch tip with two or three buds equal to the diameter of the anvil stake as a scion, about 8 ~ 10 cm long, cut off 3/4 leaves, flatten the lower end of the scion into a wedge shape, insert it into the slit of the anvil stake, and tie it tightly with a film tape. After that, cover the whole seedling with transparent plastic bags to prevent the scion from evaporation. After about two or three weeks in the shade, if the leaves of the scion do not fall off, it will be successful.
receive
Only suitable for a small number of propagation, plastic bags planted seedlings, about six or seven months can be used as rootstocks. The branch size of scion is similar to that of rootstock, and the most ideal technology is upright nutrition.
Cutting propagation method
The branches used are about 15cm long and the diameter is as big as chopsticks. There should be several leaves and buds, and two-thirds of each leaf should be cut off to prevent water from evaporating. The branch tips are obliquely cut or cut 1 cm from bottom to top, coated with a layer of hormone rooting agent, inserted into a wet sand cup, and watered in a greenhouse with poor light. After seven or eight weeks, if the leaves don't fall off and the young roots grow, they can be transplanted into plastic bags.
Abdominal branch transplantation
The size of rootstock can be arbitrary, as long as it has grown into wood, the cortex is easy to peel off, the cutting tip is arbitrary, and the cutting process is similar to bud grafting. Select 10cm long robust buds that have not yet opened leaves and are not yet mature as scions. The length of the scion is slightly shorter than that of the rootstock incision. Insert it into the rootstock incision, tie it tightly with plastic tape, then wrap it tightly with transparent plastic paper and put it in the shade. Cut off the tape after two weeks, but don't remove the tape until the branches grow out.
air layering
Stratification in the air is not seasonal. Select branches with a larger pencil and tie them about 3 cm long at a distance of about 40 cm from the end. After peeling, it is necessary to cut off the cambium at the incision with the back of the knife, otherwise the incision cortex will recover and cannot take root. Cover the incision with a mass of wet soil the size of a duck egg. Wrap three layers with plastic paper and tie them tightly at both ends. After about three months, the new roots can be cut off from the mother. Cut the plastic paper, plant it in the black plastic bag of fruit seedlings and put it in the shade. It will be transplanted in about a month or two. Durian is rarely used for breeding because of its low survival rate.
Cultivation techniques of durian
Planting height
It can be planted when it is 30~40 cm, with a row spacing of 3m×5m, and base fertilizer, soil miscellaneous fertilizer and appropriate amount of lime are applied as base fertilizer. It can be planted all year round, and it is best to bring native seeds.
Fertilization management
Results Fertilization should be applied 1 time every year, that is, spring budding fertilizer, summer fruit swelling fertilizer and pre-harvest fertilizer, especially fruit swelling fertilizer. Deep application of organic fertilizer after fruit harvesting.
Plastic trimming
Because of its strong germination ability, attention should be paid to shaping after planting 1~2 years, and the fruit should be pruned in time after picking to maintain a good tree shape.