The first stage: Japan had no diplomatic rights in the early post-war period (when Japan was occupied by the United States). 195 1 September, 2000, signed a one-sided peace treaty to restore the status of a sovereign state. Since then, it has been pursuing "following diplomacy." 19561February, joined the United Nations, and before that, joined the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
The second stage: the implementation of "economic diplomacy" from the mid-1950s to the 1960s, that is, under the protection of the United States, taking economic power as a means to develop the economy and cultivate national strength. The focus of economic diplomacy is Southeast Asia. Japan penetrated into Southeast Asia through war reparations, trade and investment. At the same time, continuously strengthen economic exchanges with the United States and Europe.
The third stage: In the early 1970s, with the growth of economic strength, "multilateral independent diplomacy" was carried out. At that time, in the face of the improvement of Sino-US relations, the impact of the oil and dollar crisis, the strategic contraction of the United States and the adjustment of Asian policy, the Japanese Cabinet Tanaka changed its "one-sided" policy toward the United States and took the route of "multilateral independent diplomacy". The specific content is: take the Japan-US alliance as the basic axis; With the help of China, China and Japan established formal diplomatic relations in September 1972, and signed the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship in August 1978. Strengthen economic ties with third world countries, such as formulating a "new Middle East policy" and developing economic and trade ties and cooperation with countries in the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Africa.
The fourth stage: Since 1980s, Japan's economic strength has been further enhanced and it has started "diplomacy as a political power". 198 1 May, marked by Prime Minister Suzuki's "third voyage" to the United States, then Nakasone's cabinet publicly raised the banner of "being a political power" in 1982. Since then, successive governments have regarded "political power" as the main goal of foreign policy. To this end, Japan has made a series of efforts: adjusting its economic development strategy and implementing "building the country through science and technology" instead of "building the country through trade"; Currency strengthens the international function of the yen; Expand military spending from "dedicated defense" to "offensive defense"; Adhere to the basic position of "being a member of the West"; Strengthen relations with developing countries; Stabilize and develop Sino-Japanese relations, continue to confront the Soviet Union and never give up dialogue.
After the end of the cold war, we began to push forward the "aggression" diplomacy with all our strength, accelerated our March towards a political power, and made new progress in the "diplomacy of a political power." Mainly manifested in: proposing a new world order dominated by the United States, Japan and Europe; Japan's military equipment is the most advanced in Asia, and its military expenditure is the second in the world, second only to the United States. Legally, the law on international peace and cooperation has been formulated, and the forbidden zone for sending troops overseas has been actively broken. In addition, the guidelines for defense cooperation have been signed with the United States, and the words "what happened in Japan" have been changed to "what happened around Japan", laying the groundwork for Japan to intervene in regional disputes in the future. Actively carry out UN diplomacy and strive to become a permanent member of the UN Security Council; While adjusting and improving relations with China and Russia and developing Sino-Japanese relations, the tendency to guard against China is strengthening, and Japan-Russia relations have made a breakthrough. The two sides reached an agreement to temporarily shelve the northern territory issue and strengthen economic and trade cooperation, but the progress was slow.
The foreign policy of post-war western Europe can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage was to follow the United States against the Soviet Union and * * * (1950s). At this stage, out of economic and military dependence on the United States, Western Europe followed suit in diplomacy and completely followed the United States. In a series of major international affairs, such as the signing of the peace treaty with Japan, the issue of Taiwan Province Province, the Korean War and so on, Britain and France are completely on the side of the United States.
The second stage is the stage of seeking independence and unification (1960s-1970s). With the enhancement of economic strength and the change of international situation, the tendency of western European countries to demand diplomatic independence is becoming more and more obvious, with the "Gaullism" of the European Union and France and the "New Oriental Policy" of the Federal Republic of Germany as the most prominent manifestations.
The third stage is to accelerate the pace of Western European integration and strengthen diplomatic initiative (since the mid-1980s). 1 991February,1established three pillars: economic and monetary union, foreign and security policy cooperation, and judicial and social policy, which made European integration leap to a new level.
At present, the EU is actively striving to become an important "one pole" in the world multipolarization, and its strategic move is: (1) actively "eastward expansion". The Nice Treaty adopted at the end of 2000 set the strategic goal of accepting Central and Eastern European countries and realizing "Greater Europe". (2) Promote the strategy of going south. 1995165438+10 The "EU- Mediterranean Foreign Ministers' Meeting" was held in Spain, announcing the establishment of "all-round partnership" between the EU and the countries along the southeast coast of the Mediterranean, and striving to build a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area by 20 10. (3) Implementing the "New Asia Strategy". 1At the end of 1994, the European Union Summit in Essen approved the document "New Asia Strategy" formulated by the European Commission. Since 1996, EU 15 countries and Asia 10 countries have held four "Asia-Europe meetings" successively, and reached a * * * understanding on extensive exchanges and cooperation between Asia and Europe, pushing bilateral relations to a new realm of mutual benefit and common development. (4) improve and strengthen relations with China. The EU published its China policy documents in 1995 and 1998 respectively, and made strengthening cooperation with China the focus of its new Asia strategy. (5) Seeking to establish a new equal partnership with the United States. (6) Pursuing the policy of "cooperation and prevention" towards Russia.