Fresh longan-fruit, dried longan-tonic, which means dried longan.
Because fruits could not be stored in the past, which was not conducive to transportation, longan was always dried before being transported to the north. Because longan is produced in Guangxi (Guangxi) and is round, northerners call it longan. (I don't know if it was taboo to say dragon in feudal times, so it can't be called longan, so the official name (North) is also called longan), so they don't know that the original form of longan is longan.
Later, fruits can be stored and transported conveniently. Longan was transported to the north as a fruit, but northerners never touched it, only touched its mummy "Longan", so Longan is also called Longan.
So there are many longan in the south, and there are many longan in the central plains and the north. (sxm)
Features and characteristics
Evergreen trees with tall trees. Most of them are even pinnate compound leaves, and the leaflets are opposite or alternate; Panicle terminal or axillary; The fruit is spherical and the seeds are black and shiny. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from July to August. Like temperature and avoid freezing, the average annual temperature is 20 ~ 22℃, which is sensitive to low temperature; Generally, the annual average temperature is < 17.5 ~ 18℃, the Leng Yue average temperature is < 10℃, and the absolute low temperature is
Wild longan is a common tree species in semi-evergreen monsoon forest in hilly plateau of southwest Hainan. The annual average temperature in the distribution area is 24-26℃, and the annual precipitation is 900-1700 mm. Like dry and hot habitats, in the process of annual growth and development, winter and spring (11-April) need the temperature of 18-25℃ and suitable drought, and summer. As a light-loving tree, seedlings are not tolerant of excessive shading, and mature trees need plenty of sunshine. Natural regeneration is good, belonging to deep-rooted tree species, which can take root and grow in arid and barren soil. Strong germination, and the stumps that have been cut or burned can germinate and renew quickly. Natural growth is slow. The 83-year-old tree is only 20.2 meters high and DBH is 27 cm. It blooms in March-April and matures in July-August.
Distribution
Longan originated in south and southwest China, and now it is mainly distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces (regions). In addition, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces also have small-scale cultivation. Longan is planted in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Madagascar, Queensland, Australia, Hawaii and Florida.
Category: Big Black Circle, Shek Kip Mei, Yan Fu, Chu Liang and Yan Guang.
use
Pharmacological research shows that longan contains many nutrients such as glucose, sucrose, vitamins A and B, among which protein, fat and various minerals are more. These nutrients are very necessary for the human body. Especially for hard-working people, it is more effective to consume sad temper and blood.
Longan can treat weakness or mental decline after illness. It is also suitable for women's postpartum makeup. Li Shizhen recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica: "Litchi is the most expensive food, and longan is the best resource". I admire longan even more.
Longan is rich in nutrition and is a precious nutritional fortifier. Besides being eaten raw, fruits can also be made into canned food, wine, sauce, sauce and so on. , can also be processed into dried meat in longan. In addition, the leaves, flowers, roots and cores of longan can be used as medicine. Longan tree has hard wood and delicate texture. It is the raw material for making high-grade furniture and can be carved into various exquisite handicrafts. Longan contains a variety of nutrients, and has the effects of nourishing blood, calming the nerves, strengthening the brain and improving intelligence, nourishing the heart and strengthening the spleen; It was found that the inhibition rate of longan on uterine cancer cells was over 90%, and female menopause was a stage prone to gynecological tumors, so eating longan properly was beneficial to health. Longan has a nourishing effect, and it has an auxiliary effect on people who need to recuperate after illness and are weak.
raise
Picking in July and August when the fruit is ripe and yellow-brown. The life span of seeds is very short. Remove the aril after shelling, and sow immediately after washing with clear water. When the height of seedlings is 8- 10 cm, the seedlings are planted in separate beds or moved into nutrient bags in spring rain or autumn, and the seedling age is six months or 1 year. The forest land is selected in the hilly platform below 500 meters above sea level. Cultivated varieties must be propagated by grafting.
How to grow longan?
The most suitable period for planting longan in a year is from late February to mid-March or early June 10. It is best to choose nutritious cup seedlings or knotweed seedlings, and the requirements are pure, strong and upright grafted seedlings. The row spacing of planting is 5-6 meters, and the plant spacing is 4-5 meters. Before planting dragons, the planting pits should be dug, and the specifications of the planting pits are 1m, width 1m and depth1m. When digging a pit, the topsoil and subsoil should be stacked separately, and the soil should be put back into the planting pit 1-2 months before planting. Add weeds and green manure, sprinkle with lime and mix with topsoil evenly before putting into agriculture. When planting seedlings, dig a small pit in the center of the planting pit, put the seedlings in the pit into the pit, plant them in the soil, and then spray the root water. The whole tree tray is covered with straw. If you encounter dry weather after planting, spray water 1 time every 2-3 days to keep the tree tray moist. Check and drain accumulated water in time after rain.
2. How to manage young longan trees?
(1) fertilizer and water management. Fertilizer and water are the material basis for longan growth. Applying sufficient fertilizer to young longan trees in time can make them grow faster, form a crown and bear fruit early.
The first fertilization started 1 month after planting longan saplings. In the future, every time a new bud grows and a new leaf turns green, it is necessary to apply fertilizer once. When topdressing, biogas slurry, pig manure water and other water fertilizers can be used, each tree can be sprayed with 20-25 kg of water fertilizer, and 0. 1 kg of urea or compound fertilizer can be added. Young longan trees have weak cold tolerance, so they need to apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer when they enter the low temperature period in winter. In addition to adding compound fertilizer in the pit after applying organic fertilizer 1 1 month, it can also be sprayed on the back of leaves with topdressing outside the roots, which can spray 0.6% potassium chloride and 0.2% urea fertilizer solution.
Because the young tree crown and root system of longan are small, the water demand for fertilizer is not great, and the young tree root system is sensitive to fertilizer, so the principle of fertilization for young tree of longan should be diligent and sparse, that is, the concentration of fertilization should not be too large each time, but the number of fertilization should be more to ensure its growth and long-term need of fertilizer.
The rainfall in China's longan producing areas can fully meet the demand of longan growth, but due to the uneven distribution of rainfall throughout the year, it is often more in May-August and less in September-April. Therefore, attention should be paid to the drainage of the orchard in rainy season, but attention should be paid to the irrigation of the orchard, especially in August-10, which is the period when the autumn shoots of longan germinate.
(2) Crown management. Young longan trees should undergo necessary shaping and pruning. This is to cultivate a tree with high and stable yield, concentrate nutrients for the effective growth of young trees, and make them crown and bear fruit as soon as possible.
After the longan seedlings are planted and survive, select 3-5 new buds evenly distributed at different angles and cultivate them 30-50 cm from the ground to become the main branches of the crown. When the main branch germinates, 3-5 buds are selected according to the tree shape and cultured into lateral branches. In the next spring, if the seedlings grow spikes, they should be cut off to ensure that the branches and leaves are long and the crown grows fast.
How to fertilize longan fruit trees?
Longan can bear fruit in the third year after planting. From the third year after planting, you can refer to the following methods to manage longan trees.
Step 3 apply fertilizer
① Flower-promoting fertilizer: 0.25-0.5 kg of potassium chloride, 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.25-0.5 kg of bran fertilizer are applied to plants after picking flower heads in late February to promote the quantity and quality of flower bud differentiation, improve heading rate and increase flower heads.
② Pre-flowering fertilizer: from late March to early April, topdressing should be applied on 10- 15 days before flowering, with more flowers, fewer flowers or no topdressing. Spraying 0.2-0.3kg of bran fertilizer, 0.2-0.3kg of potassium chloride, 0.11-0.2kg of compound fertilizer, 0.2-0.3kg of urea and 30-50kg of water.
(3) Fruit-preserving and fruit-strengthening fertilizer: Longan consumes a lot of nutrients when it blooms, and the summer shoots are sprouting at the same time when the fruit grows and expands, so it is very important to replenish nutrients in time. When the flowers wither and the fruit is as big as soybeans, plant and apply 30-50 kilograms of decomposed human excrement. 0.2-0.3kg of bran fertilizer and 0.2-0.3kg of compound fertilizer are added.
(4) Fertilization before fruit picking: 5-7 days before fruit picking, 0.3-0.5 kg of rotten peanut bran, 0.2-0.3 kg of potassium chloride and 0.2-0.3 kg of compound fertilizer are retted, and water spraying is used to promote the first autumn shoot from late August to early September, so as to facilitate the second autumn shoot from late June to early June.
⑤ autumn shoots: When autumn shoots turn green for the first time in the first half of September, apply 0.3-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer to the plants in time, and then spray water. In late September-65438+1early October, when the first autumn shoot is fully mature, apply water and fertilizer to the second autumn shoot in time, and water each plant with 0.3-0.5 kg of bran (retting) and 30 kg of water.
4. How to prune and manage longan fruit trees?
① flower thinning and fruit thinning: before and after Tomb-Sweeping Day, flower thinning and fruit thinning and weak branches of pests and diseases; Short-cut fruiting branch group, the branches are erect and the growth potential is too strong, and the inflorescence is sparse.
(2) Pruning after fruit picking: After fruit picking, cut off branches that are too dense, too weak, sick, dead, crossed and shady.
(3) Leave autumn shoots in time: the normal release period of autumn shoots is generally from late June 10 to early October110, and autumn shoots will be produced at the latest in years with high temperature in autumn and winter. Trees that bear little or no fruit in that year will leave autumn shoots twice, the first autumn shoot will mature in late September, and the second autumn shoot will be produced in the middle and late June of 65438+ 10. In those years, the age-appropriate trees with moderate fruit and general tree potential only put autumn shoots once. After picking the fruit, they can apply enough water and fertilizer after picking the fruit in late August, prune it in mid-September, and let the water and fertilizer soak thoroughly, so that the autumn shoots germinate in the middle and late June of 10.
(4) Winter pruning: Winter pruning is mainly carried out from the end of 65438+February after the autumn shoots turn green to the time when the flower heads are pulled out and the buds appear obviously. Prune only shady branches, excessively drooping branches, insect and disease branches and weak branches (less than 0.5cm, below 10 compound leaves), but not short fruiting mother branches and big branches.
5. How should longan control the growth of new branches and leaves in winter?
If longan grows new branches and leaves in winter, it will be difficult to blossom and bear fruit in the next year, so it is necessary to control the fruit-bearing trees to grow new branches and leaves in winter. Commonly used methods are:
① Circular cutting. From the middle of 165438 10+the middle of February of 65438, cut the annual rings on the trunk or the first-class branches with a sharp knife, cut the strong trees once, and cut the middle trees for 3/4 times, reaching the xylem, with a width of about 0.3cm, which should not be too deep or too wide.
② Root cutting to produce water. 65438+Mid-late February, combined with deep excavation and soil improvement. Tillage 15-20 cm can cut off the root system, reduce the water supply, make the soil dry properly, control the appearance of winter shoots and promote the differentiation of flower buds.
③ Drug control. In the first half of June, when longan leaves turn green 1 1, use 40% ethyl ester10-15ml water 15 kg to spray buds. Ethephon should not be sprayed repeatedly on the same crown or the whole tree, nor should it be sprayed repeatedly within one month, so as not to cause the leaves to turn yellow. In severe cases, a large number of fallen leaves will appear and the tree will decline.
④ Artificial coring of winter buds: For sporadic winter buds, 1-2 cm buds should be left at the base of the buds in time for coring.
6. How to control longan pests and diseases?
The diseases that harm longan fruit trees mainly include anthracnose, Phytophthora freeze injury, mildew spot disease, brown spot disease, ghost sweep disease, etc. The pests mainly include litchi stinkbug, scarab, longicorn beetle, aphid, leaf curl moth, fruit sucking moth, longan and so on. The control of litchi stem borer, scarab and leaf roller moth can all be killed by dichlorvos 1500 times solution, dichlorvos 800 times solution+trichlorfon 600 times solution or bisultap 600 times solution. In March and April, the scarab coated carbofuran on the tree disk and root neck, and lime on the trunk. Anoplophora longicorn mainly catches adults from March to May. Pay attention to check the base of the trunk and scrape off eggs and larvae. If the larvae have entered the hole, 50 times of dichlorvos can be injected into the hole and sealed with yellow mud to poison the larvae. Be careful not to spray pesticides during flowering.
Protection and protection
Wild longan is a valuable germplasm resource for longan breeding. Wood has a fine and firm structure, is extremely resistant to corrosion and moth, and is a solid industrial material, which is suitable for vehicles, ships, bridges, water conservancy, furniture and other materials. Fruit is edible.
It is suggested that semi-evergreen monsoon forest, which is undamaged and widely distributed, should be designated as wild longan nature reserve, and seed orchards should be established in nearby state-owned forest farms to provide germplasm resources for cultivation and breeding.
Yu Sheng
Longan is the southern fruit of China, mainly produced in Guangdong and Guangxi. Together with litchi, banana and pineapple, they are the four precious fruits in southern China. Its tree is one or two feet high, with long and slightly smaller leaves and white flowers, which became a reality in early autumn. In fact, it was a heavy fall and its shape was round and rolling. For example, the projectile is slightly smaller than litchi, and the skin is green and brown. Peeling crystal white, faintly visible inside the red and black stones, very similar to the eyes, hence the name "longan".
Quanzhou is one of the main longan producing areas in China, which has been rich in longan since ancient times. Quanzhou people generally call longan fresh fruit longan, which is a roasted longan. Merchants often refer to both as "longan".
history
Longan originated in the south of China, and its cultivation history can be traced back to the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago. Qi Yao Min Shu in the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) said: "Longan is a mystery and a comparison." Because it matures in the season when osmanthus trees are fragrant, it is commonly known as longan. It was listed as an important tribute in ancient times. Wei Wendi (535-55 1) once wrote to his ministers: "Longan and litchi are rare fruits in the south, so please pay tribute to the old people."
Longan was widely planted in Quanzhou in Song Dynasty.
Su Song, a native of Tongan County, quanzhou county in the Northern Song Dynasty, recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica (106 1): "Longan was born in the valley of the South China Sea, and litchi can be found everywhere in Fujian, Guangzhou and Sichuan today.
Wang Zan Guiyuan, the secretariat of Quanzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, said: "There is no light red sweeping the floor, and thousands of trees are whistling. Just like a puzzle that is not a medicine, the taste is really servile than lychee. "
Huang Ming Zhao Zhong's "Eight Min Tong Zhi" describes: "The longan tree is like a plum branch, but its leaves are small and its skin is yellow-brown. Longan is ripe as soon as the litchi branch passes, so southerners call it litchi branch slave. There are all counties in Quanzhou, and counties (now Licheng District and Fengze District) are especially prosperous. "
In "Shu Min" written by Quanzhou Ren He in the Ming Dynasty, "there are lychee longan in the garden, and the trip to the world is dried."
Quanzhou longan has a long history of grafting propagation. Grafting propagation of longan is recorded in Bo (1597) and Deng Daoxie (1628). In the early Qing Dynasty, Zhou Lianggong's Notes on Fujian (1666— 1668) and Guo Baicang's Records of Fujian's Production are different in types and are still in use today. The old method is to fill the soil with hanging bowls. There are many varieties of longan in Quanzhou with different flavors. There are more than 50 famous varieties such as Puming Anben and Hon Hai Er Benben. Longan, the most acclaimed pioneer, 1993 Gold Award of China Agricultural Fair.
"Dongbi" longan originated from the corner of the original Dongbi Temple next to the East Tower of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, hence the name. Her mother was planted by monks in Kaiyuan Temple during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620) and died in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression for more than 300 years. There is an ancient longan tree in Chengtian Temple in Quanzhou, which has a history of more than 200 years. It is the oldest tree in the eyes of the existing "Dongbi" dragon. Today, "Dongbi" longan is widely propagated in Quanzhou and other longan producing areas in the province. Legend has it that in the early days of Xianyou, a monk took "East Wall" longan seedlings from Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou and planted them in Xianyou. Now, 20,000 adult trees have been cultivated and named as "Quanzhou Ben", but the quality is not as good as the original "Dongbi" longan.
"Dongbi" longan is of good quality. Its skin has a pale yellow tiger pattern, which is called "flower shell" by Ren Quan, which is the most remarkable difference between its appearance and other longan varieties. "East wall" longan, also known as "candied melon honey", has pale white flesh, transparent if frozen, thick and tender, sweet and delicious, with the characteristics of "paper is not wet, dust can not afford sand", which is called the treasure of the fruit.
There is also a kind of "lucky eye", formerly known as "tiger eye". "Quanzhou Prefecture Records" records that "a great man is famous for his tiger eyes". The sound of "tiger" and "blessing" in spring language is similar, so "blessing eye" is used instead of "tiger eye" to take its auspicious and beautiful meaning. Yanfu is the main cultivated variety in Quanzhou, which has been cultivated for more than 800 years. He has won the International Paris Tourism Food Gold Award and the China Agricultural Fair Quality Award. In recent years, longan has been planted in all producing areas in the province, which is the largest variety planted in our province. It is said that the big longan planted in Taiwan Province is also called "Yan Fu" by local compatriots.
Medicinal longan
Longan is longan (longan, longan meat). Different from litchi, which belongs to damp heat, longan can be used as medicine, which has many functions such as strengthening yang and benefiting qi, nourishing heart and strengthening spleen, nourishing blood and calming nerves, moistening skin and beautifying face, and can be used to treat anemia, palpitation, insomnia, amnesia, neurasthenia, physical weakness after illness and postpartum.
The origin of longan
It is said that a long time ago, there was a dragon in Fujian. Every August, when the tide comes, it sets off waves, destroys crops, destroys houses and kills countless people and animals. People around had to flee their homes and hide in caves.
There is a local boy with strong martial arts, named longan. When he saw the dragon making waves, he was determined to kill the people and fight the dragon. In August, the tide came, and he prepared good wine and pork and mutton and put them together. When the dragon came ashore, he saw the pork and mutton drooling and ate them up in a few mouthfuls. Because pork and mutton were soaked in a lot of wine, they lay motionless on the ground before the dragon went away. Just then, longan raised the steel knife and stabbed the dragon's left eye. Longan was poked out and the dragon rolled back and forth in pain. When he was about to escape, longan caught the dragon horn and rode on it. When the dragon tried to get rid of the longan, the longan stabbed the dragon in the right eye with a steel knife. The dragon lost his eyes and screamed in pain. After a fight, the dragon bled to death. Longan died because he was seriously injured in the fight.
As a result, this place has grown a kind of fruit called "longan" or "longan".
On the other hand, the ancients compared longan, a spherical fruit, to various eyes. The big longan is called longan, the middle one is called tiger eye, and the smallest one is called ghost eye, but modern people call longan or longan.
Introduction of raw materials
Longan Longan is the aril of Longan, a plant of Sapindaceae. Location: Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places. In addition, it is also produced in Taiwan Province Province, Yunnan and southern Guizhou. Among them, Fujian's output accounts for 50% of the national total output.
Longan is named after its round black luster and white umbilical protuberance, which resembles the eyes of the legendary "dragon". Fresh longan is tender, juicy and delicious, which is beyond the reach of other fruits. Fresh longan becomes longan in traditional Chinese medicine after drying.
Nutritional analysis
1. Longan contains a variety of nutrients, and has the effects of nourishing blood, calming the nerves, strengthening the brain and improving intelligence, nourishing the heart and strengthening the spleen;
2. It was found that the inhibition rate of longan on uterine cancer cells was more than 90%, and female menopause was a stage prone to gynecological tumors, so eating longan properly was beneficial to health.
Longan has a nourishing effect, which is helpful for people who need to be nursed back to health after illness and are weak.
Related population
The general population can eat it.
1. Suitable for the elderly, people with poor memory, people with dizziness and insomnia, and women.
2. It should not be eaten when there are inflammatory symptoms, and it should not be eaten too much after pregnancy.
food therapy
Longan is sweet and warm; Centering on the heart and spleen meridians;
Has effects in stimulating appetite, nourishing blood, invigorating spleen, nourishing heart, tranquilizing mind, tonifying deficiency and improving intelligence;
It can be used to treat anemia, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and even mental disorders caused by nicotinic acid deficiency, and has certain inhibitory effect on cancer cells.
Other related
Longan, native to southern China, is one of the rare fruits in subtropical areas. It was cultivated before the Han Dynasty. Legend has it that Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, paid tribute to Emperor Gaozu with longan. "Shen Nong's Classic of Materia Medica" contains longan's "long service, strong spirit and intelligence, intellectual fit and not old". "Southern Vegetation" records that "Wei Wendi called his ministers and said: longan and litchi are the true fruits of the south", and its birth and shape are described in detail. Regarding its health care function, Li Shizhen said, "Litchi is beautiful in food, and longan is good for nourishing". And recorded food records. Today, it is one of the nourishing foods commonly used by people.
Reserve bill
1. Pay attention to distinguish it from crazy fruit when you buy it. Crazy fruit is also called Longli, which is poisonous. Its shell is smoother than longan, and there is no real longan-like scaly shell. The pulp is sticky, not easy to peel, and not as tough as longan meat, only a little bitter and sweet.
2. Longan should be eaten fresh as a fruit, and don't eat stale fruit;
3. Some scholars in China have published some papers about the anti-aging of longan, suggesting that longan will become a rare anti-aging food.
[Edit this paragraph] Dietotherapy value
The aril (pulp) of longan is a tree plant of Sapindaceae. Longan is also called Longmu, Asian litchi and Longan. More than 30 varieties such as Tiger Eye, Shek Kip Longan, etc. Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan are all distributed. Harvest the fruit when it is ripe in autumn, and use it rarely after peeling, or peel off the aril after drying the fruit.
[Attribute] Sweet in taste and flat in nature. It can nourish the spleen and stomach, nourish blood and soothe the nerves.
[Reference] Contains glucose, sucrose, protein, fat, vitamins B and C, phosphorus, calcium, iron, tartaric acid, adenine and choline.
【 Usage 】 Used for spleen and stomach weakness, loss of appetite, or deficiency of qi and blood, physical weakness; Deficiency of heart and spleen blood, insomnia, forgetfulness, fright and anxiety.
[Usage] Raw food, decoction, ointment or wine soaked clothes.
【 Precautions 】 Stagnation of phlegm-fire and cough with excessive phlegm are not suitable.
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1, Daishen Ointment: 30g longan meat, put in a bowl, add a little sugar, and steam together to form a thick paste. Take it twice with boiling water.
Originated from the "Resting Diet Spectrum", it is said that it can "greatly tonify qi and blood and suppress kidney qi" and is used for "the elderly, the weak and the sick", especially for pregnant women when they are in clinic.
2. Heart and spleen nourishing soup: longan meat 15g, lotus seed 30g, jujube 10. Add a proper amount of water and fry it.
This prescription is mainly longan meat and lotus seeds, which strengthen the spleen, nourish the heart and soothe the nerves; Jujube has a similar effect. Used for deficiency of both heart and spleen, anorexia, palpitation and spontaneous sweating.