Ethics studies morality or moral behavior.

Moral decision-making

Descriptive ethics

The role of moral norms

metaethics

Biomedical ethics

Medical workers believe that clinical diagnosis and treatment decisions are very important. Few people will consider the ethical and moral impact of their decisions unless they are faced with a thorny moral dilemma and they have no confidence to solve it.

Clinical decision-making is based on weighing and subjective consideration of a series of facts, while moral decision-making is based on weighing and subjective consideration.

There is no absolute right or wrong in moral decision.

This is very important for correct clinical decision. It is best to act according to professional ethics and make the best choice in the moral dilemma.

No matter how practical clinical decision-making is, it involves what is best for others.

There are few clinical decisions, and moral factors will not be considered.

It is best to make ethical decisions with value orientation. After careful consideration and rational analysis, we can't just rely on intuition or emotion.

In reality, common social and cultural rules have developed into moral choices when dealing with patients or colleagues.

For example, the preference for appearance and clothes will directly affect whether the other person's reaction is trust, relaxation or the opposite.

Professional spirit needs moral behavior, which is not available in the profession. Unless there is a higher moral requirement for clinical decision-making, we must follow good moral principles and put patients first.

Ethical situations, ethical problems and moral dilemmas.

Ethical situation, including important value orientation, does not need to solve problems or make difficult decisions, and moral behavior may be part of this situation.

A simple example

If you choose between good and evil, refuse to help or try to prevent a desperate person from committing suicide, you can take part in a group discussion on moral situation, but you don't need to solve it.

The moral dilemma is that you can't do that because of institutional policies and procedural norms, or because of social laws or rules, but you don't have this qualification because you don't have the certification of medical insurance and Medicaid service centers.

Moral dilemma is more difficult. Moral decision-making should deal with what is better and what is worse. For example, a terminally ill patient struggles day after day. Treatment may not be helpful, but visiting can bring some comfort, so I need to continue treatment. This example reflects the struggle between the ethical principle of kindness, the efforts for each patient and the fair distribution of resources.

The most difficult moral decision-making in medical industry is to deal with the reasonable allocation of resources and problems. Who deserves help? On what basis do we make a decision? These examples may describe the response of third-party reimbursement agencies to the fairness of distribution. Only those patients who show regular changes, good or bad, can get the cost of physical therapy.

What should we do in the face of moral choice about some scenes of physical therapy mentioned above?

You can follow the routine, ask your superiors and look for calm policies and rules, or you can follow your own feelings, religious rules and family rules and apply traditional methods by looking for the best moral choice. The last suggestion is of course advocated by biomedical ethics, but many medical and health personnel will choose from the previous suggestions in the hope of finding a better method.

In these moral decisions, there is no single principle to constrain them, and there is no absolutely correct scale to measure whether the choice is optimal.

Bioethics often involves the influence of high technology, such as organ transplantation, embryonic tissue research, euthanasia, abortion and so on. Ethicists who ask these questions can also help guide us to make appropriate decisions.

Our task is to look at different viewpoints and decide which viewpoints and conclusions conform to our own moral standards in logic and inner feelings.

Under forced circumstances, it is impossible to get a satisfactory result if we solve it by the principle of pure rationality, so we need to give priority to the key points, as well as the understanding of the individual situation involved, the character cultivated by long-term decision-making and the balance of influence. These factors work together to help us make decisions.

The most common moral problems are the following nine.

Keywords worrying about overuse, supervision of auxiliary personnel, informed consent right, patient privacy protection, rationality of charging,

The authenticity of advertisements, prevention of sexual harassment and abuse, and maintenance of clinical work ability,

In the study of human subjects, we should follow the ethical guiding principles and the improper support of physical therapists for instruments and other products.

Some experts believe that the main ethical issues in the next decade may be the impact of some equipment on the ozone layer, the response to pollution and health hazards, employment discrimination, reporting allegations of misconduct by colleagues, using unproven treatment methods for personal relationships, and the use of advertisements. This doesn't seem to be true.

Making mature and ethical decisions requires four sustainable development abilities.

Moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation and moral quality.

Moral sensitivity, judgment and motivation can be stimulated and taught, while upholding faith in adversity requires self-discipline, impulse control and resistance to the fear of rejection and unemployment. This is the so-called moral courage, which is the most difficult to cultivate.

Elements of moral decision-making

Simply put, in some cases, someone should do something.

So a simple and complete moral narrative includes what needs to be carried out, by whom and the execution environment.

These roles happen day after day, but new factors are constantly emerging. We should collect as much information as possible, refer to relevant standards and make the best moral choice according to the present situation. Unprincipled methods can help us discover potential beliefs.

What are principled ethical analysis and unprincipled methods?

Traditional principled ethical analysis includes four levels of thinking.

First, make specific moral decisions,

Second, this character tends to some kind of moral code,

Third, norms are subordinate to certain ethical principles.

Fourth, this principle stems from a certain system.

Moral system is the way we look at the world, so it actually comes from our values.

There are two main sources of this moral system.

The result-oriented system believes that the best way to decide the correct action is to optimize the result or maximize the benefit, that is, the goal moral system.

Responsibility or principle-oriented system should not only make the highest moral choice for the result, but also conform to the recognized correct principle. Even if the result may not be satisfactory, then decide how to implement the change result correctly.

One of the principles of the target moral system is to act according to the principle of bringing the greatest benefits to the greatest number of people.

Responsibility-oriented system holds that norms should be generated according to the principles of basic laws and creeds to guide people how to make decisions in specific situations.

Result-oriented is to do whatever it takes to achieve the goal, and another gentleman does something.

Professional ethics and standards should be based on four principles and three norms.

four principles

Including the principles of autonomy, kindness, non-evil and fairness.

Three ethics, including honesty, confidentiality and privacy, loyalty.

Loyalty principle is an act of criticizing colleagues' opinions to patients or their families, which is the corruption of the whole industry. If you don't agree with others, say that you have different ideas, which is also very easy to be ignored.

Sometimes, for the benefit, we will disagree with some patients' demands, and we must prevent paternalism, because we think we know the situation better or force patients to make decisions, so as to ensure patients' right to make their own decisions, even if we disagree with their decisions.

Most of the difficulties in reality occur between autonomy or kindness and self-interest, that is, between moral temptation. Therefore, some treatments are aimed at increasing patients' income, telling patients that it takes at least ten times to achieve the therapeutic effect. In fact, if patients have participated in a comprehensive family medical program, there is no need to treat them so many times. This selfish role has become the norm.

An example is a grandson from other places visiting his grandfather. In this case, whether to arrange a visit, but if it is the target decision-maker, he will think that the interests of more people should be considered, and the responsibility theorist will consider a series of principles to weigh factors and choose the right one. At this time, the principle of benevolence may be the most suitable for the current situation.

Even if we look at the problem from an ethical point of view, we should still consider our upbringing and world outlook.

Non-principled ethicists think that principled ethics is too theoretical to practice, and they are mainly dissatisfied with the fact that only relying on theoretical principles and norms can promote an absolutely objective cognition, an overly rational and unbalanced way of thinking.

Principles themselves often conflict, and unprincipled people try to supplement methods by absorbing ideas such as imagination, beauty, insight and freedom as the highest level of moral decision-making, so as to balance them, so unprincipled freedom and non-decision-making are more flexible.

There is a great difference between principled theorists and unprincipled theorists.

In principle, it is believed that individuals form moral quality by making principled decisions based on rational and moral decisions.

Non-principled, insisting on the formation of moral quality should not be limited to this, but should be cultivated from a young age for a long time, which is broader than ethics. Morality is the result of lifelong behavior, which significantly affects the formation of some personalities. The development of personality is like a good story, which makes ethical decision-making consistent. It is a personal action and comes from the heart.

Cognitive developmental psychologists support moral training. They believe that by cultivating cognitive and reasoning skills, children can make higher moral decisions when they study. The best moral decision-making has logical consistency, recognizes a few exceptions, respects the dignity of all people and treats all people fairly, regardless of race, religion, gender or sexual orientation.

Virtue ethics is the development of morality or consistent moral behavior.

Morality comes from long-term unified choices, some of which are important to remember, while others do not need to be thought about.

Every deception or taxpayer's false income and immoral behavior choices make the development of moral quality deviate from the track. Only by staying calm and listening to the basic self can we find a sincere answer.

American moral standards seem to have entered a stage, and as long as they are not caught, they can do whatever it takes for their own interests.

We need to face this reality, listen to important moral teachings and seldom make our own decisions. The gradually formed personality is related to the morality of clinical decision-making afterwards. If we don't realize that a decision is related to morality, how can we solve the moral dilemma with the highest level of moral behavior?

Ethics refers to being able to identify the moral aspects of problems, be a good person who wants to have enough analytical skills and do the right thing.

Virtue ethicists believe that we should cultivate the virtues of sympathy, generosity, loyalty and love, fairness and prudence, be loyal to and examine the most important virtues that medical and health personnel should have, and be loyal to patients, including the requirements of honesty, trustworthiness, confidentiality and prudence. Medical and health personnel can accurately and objectively judge what they need under any circumstances.

Of course, the theory of virtue also has many criticisms. For example, even if the content of virtue is internalized, individuals may not be able to act according to virtue in all cases. People with high morality will tend to act according to virtue, but personality characteristics cannot guarantee people to make the highest level of moral behavior, so morality with moral sensitivity, judgment and moral motivation is more secure, and insight is also mentioned.

Insight is a part of moral development. The best truth exists among human decision makers and in the real basic self. Every moral decision should combine logical and rational analysis with the ideological dynamics of various impulses and repeated thoughts in consciousness. In our daily ethics, we need to keep a balance between mind and mind, establish good moral quality and give priority to patients. Moral decisions should not be based on intuition. I believe this is helpful for individuals to understand moral life, so learning a life with consistent good virtues is one of the reasons why we live on this planet.

Caring for the patient is reflected in respecting his views, hobbies, customs, habits and mutual acceptance and trust, not just out of the requirements of the principle of benevolence. The feeling of the deepest values and destiny of patients and their living environment will promote the decision-making process. Dealing with the doctor-patient relationship requires moral sensitivity, judgment, insight and excellent interpersonal communication skills. Clinicians must listen carefully to the introduction and description of patients' medical history, current situation and illness, and understand the vocabulary they use.

At present, the economic pressure faced by the health system often restricts doctors' implementation of caring ethics.

Morality requires higher behavior than law. Laws are used to protect citizens and avoid harming morality. As the highest standard of medical and health personnel's behavior, every state in the United States has a law called "Practice Law" to limit their obligations and responsibilities. These laws came into effect only this week, and a document called "Code" is attached to further explain this law. These norms are formulated by legislators for their people in their own States, which are easier to interpret and adjust than laws. This adjustment is really very fast, and medical and health personnel have to consult the law frequently. Now some laws recognize these norms in court.

What is managed medical care?

Medical enterprises have no moral responsibility to customers, just an enterprise. Legally speaking, management is medical treatment, but they are not responsible. The primary responsibility of medical professionals is to correct patients, followed by business agreements, which has caused ethical dilemmas.

You know how to make the right decision, but the organization you work for forbids you to do so.

For example, if you can really serve six patients, it will be difficult for other patients to achieve the target curative effect. Doctors have the responsibility to heal the wounded and rescue the dying, and should also have the right to enjoy sufficient funds to support their diagnosis and treatment of patients and compensation for patients.

The court tends to require medical and health personnel to fulfill the obligation of continuing to treat patients free of charge. Patients who need care but cannot afford to pay should be handed over to their peers who have the obligation of free service at that time.

The concept of promoting the rehabilitation of all patients in the past has disappeared from the medical and health industry. Enterprise managers pay attention to the bottom line of profit and loss and take away the moral bottom line of medical and health personnel. It's just the patients treated by medical and health personnel, how long it took and how much money was collected. The principle of autonomy of this profession requires that medical and health personnel are the only people who have the right to make the above judgments, and they are obliged to serve those in need rather than work for profit.

However, the negative impact of commercialization on medical quality will be further aggravated in the future, and the transformation of commercialization will also bring some benefits, such as the medical expenses are not as much as expected. However, this trend has controlled the medical expenses in remote areas, lightened the burden on patients and their families, and made patients more responsible for the prevention and treatment of their own diseases. However, we should always remember that the principles of kindness and autonomy are higher than self-interest, and patients come to us to ask questions because we have professional knowledge and because we are saving lives.

In the past, when dealing with moral dilemmas, we only paid attention to the relationship between patients and colleagues. In the 2 1 century, the moral dilemma we need to deal with usually involves the relationship between our organization and society. We can deal with all moral dilemmas, taking into account the background, individual process and moral progress of these problems.

Only by considering so much can we be qualified to deal with ethical issues. Ethical norms such as honesty, informed consent and confidentiality have been well practiced at the individual level, but how to realize norms such as system, policy, organization, process, culture and customs is not so clear. In fact, we really need to understand ethical issues from the personal level, organizational level and social level.

So what is our process of solving moral problems? There are about nine processes here.

When all the relevant aspects involved in decision-making are presented to us, we use our insight to judge what is the best moral behavior. In this case, based on our own moral character, traditional beliefs that affect our choice and professional ethics authorization, we should be able to explain your moral analysis process and clear value balance process.

This chapter mentioned a problem, that is, a professional certified rehabilitation therapist contacted the plastic surgery clinic in the local hospital, but the plastic surgery clinic demanded kickbacks. This is also an ethical problem, but the results are inconsistent and no specific answers are given. Many times, we have to oppose the doctor's coercion, but we also need to know that coercion is in the best interest of others. Below, we provide a solution to the application problem, which should have nine items.

This chapter is aimed at the current reality, but it doesn't have much value, so it can be kept and browsed later.

To sum up, moral choice takes some time, not to mention the obvious problems in some cases. When a person's moral integrity is challenged, temptation seems to become more attractive, but the systematic process itself has freed the decision-making process from the muddy water of intuition and subjectivity. I firmly believe that this decision is the best and the most correct, and I can make a decision according to the facts known at the moment. The best moral decision-making process must reflect the needs of patients and their families. No method can be ignored. To understand the importance of the situation from the patient's point of view, the starting point of the decision-making process must be the patient's own story. You have been making your own moral choices all your life. You should pay more attention to yourself and the patients themselves.

I mentioned the most important part in the exercise, that is, how do you understand the values of your family and its influence on your growth? This kind of influence may become a series of natural restrictions on you, which I think can be broken by reading more about the world.