Each of us throws a lot of rubbish every day. They are sent to the dump first, and then to the landfill. The cost of landfill is high, and the garbage is increasing at the rate of 3-5% every year. People consume a lot of resources, mass production and consumption, resulting in a lot of waste. The reason for the increase of garbage is the improvement of people's living standards and the increase of various consumption.
At present, another garbage disposal method widely used in western countries is incineration. Although the garbage burned at high temperature will not occupy a lot of land, it not only has high cost, but also increases the risk of secondary pollution. Dioxin, a highly toxic carcinogen that makes people talk about "evil" color change, is one of the main gas components produced after garbage incineration. In addition, landfill and incineration are unnecessary waste of resources.
The effective way to solve the problem is to classify the garbage and then classify it to achieve the purpose of recycling. Garbage classification is to put garbage into the source, and make it become a resource again through sorting, cleaning and recycling. The benefits of garbage sorting are obvious. After sorting, the garbage is sent to the factory instead of landfill, which not only saves land, but also avoids the pollution caused by landfill or incineration, and can also turn waste into treasure.
Garbage sorting is no stranger to thrifty people in China. Perhaps you still remember the scene of waste recycling in 1950s and 1960s: toothpaste peels were reserved for recycling, orange peels were used for pharmacy, and biological wastes were used for composting, waste cloth ends, ink bottles and so on, all of which can be reused. China has a historical tradition of recycling waste products. In the past, recycling waste products may only be the last resort restricted by the economic downturn. In today's increasingly affluent society, recycling waste paper is a conscious awareness and action to protect the environment. Because we clearly know that we recycle not only pieces of waste paper, but also forests and rivers where our children and grandchildren can live. The sorted garbage not only avoids the pollution of garbage, but also provides raw materials for industry and agriculture. In the United States, which is known as a big country of garbage production, garbage classification has gradually penetrated into citizens' lives. Walking on the street, you can see all kinds of colorful classified trash cans everywhere. The government provides various conveniences for garbage sorting. In addition to setting up classified garbage bins on both sides of the street, each community regularly sends special personnel to clear and transport the classified garbage of each household. Residents also expressed great support for the government's garbage sorting work. This is not only reflected in their familiarity with the knowledge of garbage classification, but also in the fact that it is as natural for them to pay for garbage classification treatment here as it is for drinking clean tap water. As an industry, garbage recycling has developed rapidly. In many developed countries, recycling industry plays an increasingly important role in the national industrial structure. Garbage sorting is not only a fashion in developed countries like the United States, but also a trend in many developing countries. In Brazil, many communities have implemented garbage sorting. In some areas of the Philippines, villagers spontaneously organized themselves to clean their living environment, and garbage sorting was the main content of this movement. Garbage sorting is becoming a worldwide trend in both rich and poor countries, and China, once a world leader in this field, has almost lost this good tradition. We should be the managers of garbage pollution, and each of us can overcome garbage pollution through garbage classification.
Garbage is garbage only when it is mixed together. Once sorted and recycled, they are all treasures. Even the used batteries called mini killers can turn waste into treasure. Batteries used in our life usually contain toxic heavy metals, such as mercury or cadmium. If these heavy metals are left underground, they can easily penetrate into groundwater through rainwater. This kind of pollution is difficult to eliminate. The biological half-life is about 30 years, which means that you can only excrete half of it in 30 years. So this is particularly harmful to people. Waste batteries contain a variety of useful metal minerals, and their recycling value is very high. It is precisely because of the serious harm and special recycling value of waste batteries that many countries prohibit them from being mixed with garbage. Japanese communities have this kind of yellow bucket, which separates button cell from others. The remaining kitchen waste such as lettuce, eggshell skin and picked leaves is used to make organic fertilizer. Some rubbish can also be used to generate electricity.
Suggestions, methods and requirements: Garbage classification is a systematic project, which requires the joint efforts of citizens, enterprises and government decision-making. As the key to the completion of this project, public participation needs a series of social conditions, policies and regulations and publicity and education related to each link.
Through garbage sorting, citizens can easily understand their relationship with environmental protection. Everyone is a producer, victim and manager of garbage pollution. Environmental protection is not only a government act, but also a citizen act and an individual act. To protect the survival foundation of the nation, we must start from everyone.
To do this: first, use media means to call for garbage classification; The second is the combination of publicity and the establishment of pilot projects. A series of publicity activities have been carried out, such as lectures, cartoons, sending publicity materials and providing consultation. For example, organize college students to enter the community to publicize garbage classification, publish a series of advertising posters on garbage classification, and hold garbage classification exhibitions. Third, contact the enterprise. For a long time, it was difficult for the government to complete the garbage sorting and removal, so it contacted some recycling enterprises to support the citizens' garbage sorting action. Constantly explore practical and easy-to-operate new ways to recycle classified garbage: Fourth, put forward policy suggestions. Non-governmental environmental protection organizations have the responsibility and obligation to assist the government to promote the implementation of garbage classification policies and regulations.
Garbage sorting is also a kind of quality education and patriotism education. When people realize that garbage sorting is a sign of a person's cultural quality and civilized education level, this behavior is easily accepted. In fact, environmental awareness is becoming an important symbol of a person's quality in modern society. No matter how highly educated you are or what degree you have, you are illiterate if you don't do environmental protection. No matter how rich you are, you have the responsibility to recycle. This little thing is actually a fashion, a very glorious and fashionable thing.
To strengthen the publicity effect, we must strengthen the power of folk education. Garbage classification education should not be understood as a matter only for the environmental protection department of the government and the press. Various non-governmental organizations, volunteers and some enterprises and individuals willing to invest and contribute can all play a role. Because it was put forward by the people themselves, it also has a special infection, influence and demonstration role. In order to strengthen the publicity effect, there must be extensive participation of journalists. The advantage of newspapers and periodicals is the communication power of the media. In order to widely promote waste sorting, the government and various social forces must also strengthen publicity and education, such as going deep into the community to carry out publicity and education, implementing waste sorting in families, and establishing family files related to waste sorting; Organize community garbage classification and training; Organize citizens to visit the "garbage and environment exhibition", garbage sorting stations and landfills to personally feel the harm caused by garbage to the environment; Organize "green propaganda group for college students" to publicize garbage classification to residents in the community; Let children drive families through primary and secondary education; Organize the media to follow up on the units and communities that have done a good job in garbage sorting, and give publicity and encouragement to families and individuals that have done a good job in garbage sorting; Set up a garbage sorting hotline, cancel garbage sorting consultation, collect public opinions and suggestions on garbage sorting, and communicate with relevant departments in time to make garbage sorting work go smoothly; Print "Garbage Classification Manual", publicity materials and posters and distribute them to units, schools and communities to facilitate people to effectively implement garbage classification. Post posters on garbage classification in communities, campuses and institutions to create a propaganda atmosphere.
Garbage sorting and recycling is not only a behavior and habit, but also an economic system. Its establishment can not be separated from the establishment of relevant laws. However, a series of specific laws and regulations of departments and localities are needed to establish a domestic waste classification and recycling system. These laws and regulations can be roughly divided into the following four categories:
1. Garbage packaging: At present, the government sanitation department requires residents to change their garbage from scattered to bagged, and the effect is quite good. However, the mixed bag can only solve the health problem, and the single bag can solve the environmental problem. It should be clearly stipulated that garbage should be divided into bags and put in every once in a while, so that garbage classification becomes a national behavior and a citizen's responsibility and obligation.
2. Garbage charge: According to the "polluter pays" principle, the garbage recovery fee is borne by the garbage producer to solve the problems of source classification and recovery cost. The greater the garbage output, the higher the cost. The role of the law is not only to restrain garbage makers, but also to help the recycling industry. The fees collected can be used for cleaning and recycling.
3. Responsibility for recycling: For example, units or individuals that produce and distribute disposable plastic lunch boxes in this city must be responsible for recycling discarded lunch boxes or entrust other units to recycle them.
4. Supervision and punishment: In China, the sanitation department should have the power to impose a fine: if the garbage is not classified and the recycling department cannot accept it, the sanitation department should have the power to impose a fine.
Establishing civic awareness and behavior of garbage sorting through education and publicity and laws is the basic premise of implementing garbage sorting and recycling, and two specific problems must be solved at the same time. One is container setting, and the other is cleaning and recycling.
There are several ways to solve this problem: first, it is provided by the government. Relevant government departments, as representatives of social public utilities, should take the setting of garbage sorting list as part of their own work and municipal construction, and treat it as an urban civilization project that is beneficial to both health and environment. Unified design, unified management and unified planning of garbage bins in public places such as communities, shopping malls, streets and stations are conducive to the appearance of the city. The second type: provided by the property recycling unit responsible for community management. I hope to recover the cost of buying trash cans as soon as possible by recycling the value obtained. The third type: the municipal government has unified requirements and formulated unified standards, requiring all units to purchase classified trash cans by themselves. Especially the heads of profit-making units, such as large and small companies, shopping malls, restaurants and so on. , is required to take the lead and be responsible for the corresponding garbage classification publicity to customers. Fourth, in the early stage of garbage sorting, the citizens will solve the problem themselves when various facilities are not complete.
Full-time technical and management personnel are responsible for the removal and recovery, which may be the government sanitation department or the government and enterprises. In order to make the classified delivery of citizens a habit and fashion, it is necessary to ensure the smooth collection and recycling channels. If an effective clearing and recycling system cannot be established, the citizens' enthusiasm for classification will be dampened, and the whole garbage classification system cannot be established.
Garbage classification is different from other environmental protection issues such as water pollution control and air pollution control, and is restricted by technology, capital and economic development level. In the past, China's economy and technology were far behind now, but it established the most advanced recycling system in the world at that time. Garbage classification depends more on social organization and social culture, which is the advantage and potential of China. After all, China people have the tradition and habit of recycling waste products, which is a kind of survival perseverance and wisdom of a nation in a specific cultural ecology. No matter journalists or government officials, the first one is a member of China's cultural atmosphere and soil. Culture is a kind of history, a kind of accumulation and a kind of potential. As long as our education, laws and policies are in place, this potential can be ignited. There is every reason to give full play to the advantages of cultural traditions and establish a garbage classification system as soon as possible. In the specific field of environmental protection, it is to go to the forefront of the country for survival and sustainable development.
Helsinki, the capital of Finland, has 3 15 kg of domestic garbage per capita every year. The effective classification and recovery of municipal waste is not only beneficial to maintaining the urban environment, but also can turn waste into treasure. According to Finland's garbage law (1994), garbage makers must sort the garbage, and then send it to the garbage treatment plant by garbage trucks for sorting and recycling. According to the Waste Law, the Capital Waste Management Bureau has formulated specific regulations: for apartment buildings, office buildings, shops and restaurants that produce more than 50 kilograms of waste paper and cardboard every week, waste paper and cardboard must be classified and put into special garbage bins; If there are more than 10 households in residential buildings that produce more than 50 kilograms of biological waste every week, special biological garbage bins must be set up. Biological waste refers to degradable organic compounds, such as leftover food, weeds and plants. The booklet "Guide to Domestic Waste" printed by the Waste Management Bureau specifically guides residents on how to sort and recycle garbage.
In residential areas and shopping centers of various towns in Finland, there are garbage sorting and recycling bins with different colors. Finns are used to putting old newspapers, empty glass bottles and old clothes accumulated at home into sorting and recycling bins when they go out, or sending the garbage directly to the sorting and recycling points of three garbage disposal centers in Helsinki. The recycling point sends metal waste to the metal treatment plant for recycling, glass bottles to the glass factory for raw materials, waste wood to the thermal power plant for fuel, and waste paper and cardboard to be reused by the paper mill. For harmful waste, such as waste oil, sulfuric acid, batteries, medicines, etc., the waste management bureau sends a special car to recycle them in spring and autumn every year, and then sends them to a factory specializing in harmful waste for special incineration, and uses the heat generated by incineration to generate electricity.
Take it from the people and use it for the people. The cost of treating urban garbage comes from the garbage disposal fee paid by residents, and the amount of the fee is determined according to the capacity of the garbage bin and the dumping times. In order to encourage residents to sort garbage, the fees for sorting garbage are generally much lower than those for mixed garbage.
Relevant departments in Finland attach great importance to environmental protection in the process of garbage disposal. Aimersoo garbage disposal center, 25 kilometers from Helsinki, the capital, is the largest garbage disposal center in Northern Europe. Built in 1987, * * * has 30 employees and covers an area of 190 hectares. In 200 1 year, the garbage disposal capacity of the center reached 680,000 tons, of which 36,543,800 tons were recovered.
In August this year, a newly designed garbage sorting and recycling station was put into use in this center. Residents and enterprises in the nearby area can directly drive to the garbage sorting platform of the recycling station and put the garbage into the corresponding recycling trailer box according to the signs on the sorting signs.
There is also a biological waste decomposition plant in the center, which specializes in degrading biological waste and finally making it into fertilizer soil. In 200 1 year, the high-quality garden fertile soil produced by this factory reached10.5 million cubic meters.
After all kinds of garbage are classified and recycled, a considerable amount of mixed garbage is still dumped in the landfill. In order to further reduce the amount of garbage dumped into the landfill, the center plans to build a new mixed garbage treatment plant in 2005, reclassify the remaining mixed garbage, and finally transport only the unrecoverable garbage (such as plastics) to the landfill. This not only greatly reduces the land area of the landfill, but also does not produce odor to pollute the air because the biological waste is completely separated. In addition, the mixed waste treatment plant will separate nearly 200,000 tons of combustible waste every year, which can generate 600,000 kWh of energy.
In recent years, the center has paid special attention to improving environmental protection measures to minimize the impact on the surrounding environment. The center monitors the air quality and underground seepage in the surrounding areas, collects the seepage generated by garbage disposal in temporary reservoirs and introduces it to nearby sewage treatment plants for treatment. At the same time, advanced equipment will be installed in landfill sites to recover biogas, and biogas power stations will be built for residents in surrounding areas.
According to the planning of relevant departments, by 2007, the traditional way of dumping and burying garbage will be completely abandoned, all kinds of garbage will be used to the maximum extent, and the remaining garbage will also be used as fuel to generate heat energy.
In recent years, waste reduction has become the starting point of urban waste treatment in Finland. On August 14 this year, the Finnish government adopted a plan to nearly double the garbage tax within three years to reduce the amount of garbage in the country.
In order to reduce the amount of garbage as soon as possible and improve the utilization rate of garbage, the Finnish government will also take other effective measures. For example, impose certain restrictions on the biological waste dumped into the garbage dump; Increase the responsibility of product manufacturers and importers in dealing with their related garbage and so on. In addition, relevant government departments will further participate in and promote the development of garbage disposal industry and strengthen scientific research and training on garbage disposal.
Items that can be recycled as resources:
After the paper is transported to the paper mill, the ink is removed, dissolved and treated, and then new paper is made from pulp. Six large milk cartons can produce 1 package of toilet paper.
After distinguishing colors, break or dissolve them and make a new bottle. Glass bottles can be cleaned and reused.
(cloth) can be used to cover the machines in the factory. If it is disassembled into threads, it can be made into blankets, thick cloth, cotton gloves and so on.
After dissolution, it can be reduced to the original raw material-aluminum. The energy used to make a new aluminum can can be made into 33 recycled aluminum cans.
Garbage classification is to put garbage into the source, and make it become a resource again through sorting, cleaning and recycling.
The benefits of garbage sorting are obvious. After sorting, the garbage is sent to the factory instead of landfill, which not only saves land, but also avoids the pollution caused by landfill or incineration, and can also turn waste into treasure.
Garbage sorting is not only a fashion in developed countries like the United States, but also a trend in many developing countries. In Brazil, many communities carry out garbage sorting, and the mayor regards the sorting trash can at the main entrance of the city hall as the glory of the city. In more than 20 beaches nearby, sorting garbage bins is more like a beautiful landscape.
Regardless of poor countries or rich countries, garbage sorting is becoming a worldwide trend. However, China, once a world leader in this field, almost lost this good tradition.
The cost of landfill is high, and the cost of treating one ton of garbage is about RMB from 200 yuan to 300 yuan. The daily garbage output in Beijing alone is10.2 million tons. At present, there are more than 700 garbage dumps with an area of more than 36 square meters in the Fifth Ring Road of Beijing, with an area of more than 5 million square meters, increasing at a rate of 3-5% every year. People consume a lot of resources, mass production and consumption, resulting in a lot of waste.
The reason for the increase of garbage is the improvement of people's living standards and the increase of various consumption. According to statistics, 1979, the national urban garbage removal capacity was more than 25 million tons, and 1. 16 tons in 1996, four times that of 1979.
How much land does it take to turn such a large amount of garbage into a landfill? Asuwei Landfill, which covers an area of 60 hectares and has a daily handling capacity of 2,000 tons, can only handle one-sixth of the garbage in Beijing, and 1 1 year will be full. The abandoned landfill is no longer cultivated land, and the living quarters cannot be built.
Each of us is a garbage maker. Isn't the garbage mountain all piled by our family?
We are also victims of garbage. Should we and our descendants bear the consequences of these garbage mountains devouring resources and polluting the environment?
We should be the managers of garbage pollution, and each of us can overcome garbage pollution through garbage classification. Coke bottles, plastic bags and disposable plastic lunch boxes that we throw away every day belong to polymer organic matter. If buried underground, it will not rot for 200 years even if 100 years. It will also harden the soil, reduce soil fertility, and even make the soil lose its farming ability. In our life, we often throw away all kinds of waste plastics. Waste plastics can also be made into buttons, pen containers and other supplies after treatment. Waste plastics are also good raw materials for oil refining.
In the recycling station, we saw all kinds of waste paper sent here, including these humble little pieces of paper ... We know that good paper is made of wood. One ton of waste paper can be recycled into 700 kilograms of good paper, which can cut down less 17 trees and reduce water pollution in pulp production.
However, because the recycling rate of waste paper in China is still very low, only about 20%, we import a lot of waste paper every year. In 1996 alone, we imported 6.5438+0.37 million tons of waste paper. You may still remember the sensational "foreign garbage" incident in the 1980s, in which a ship of foreign garbage was mixed in under the banner of imported waste paper.
The foreign garbage was driven away, but it left a reflection. Why do you want to import waste paper from other countries as raw materials for papermaking? Why not recycle waste paper to the maximum extent, but let them be buried or burned in the garbage dump? The forest resources in China are only 1/4 of the world average, and the rivers and lakes in China have been seriously polluted by early sewage discharge. If everyone throws away half a kilogram of waste paper every week, then Beijing alone will throw away more than 6,000 tons of waste paper every week.
China has a historical tradition of recycling waste products. In the past, recycling waste products may only be a last resort because of the economic downturn. In today's increasingly affluent society, recycling waste paper is our conscious awareness and action to protect the environment. Because we clearly know that we recycle not only pieces of waste paper, but also forests and rivers where our children and grandchildren can live.
Garbage is garbage only when it is mixed together. Once sorted and recycled, they are all treasures. Even the used batteries called mini killers can turn waste into treasure. In this humble photo studio, we saw such a waste battery recycling box. Batteries used in our life usually contain toxic heavy metals, such as mercury or cadmium. If these heavy metals are left underground, they can easily enter the groundwater through the leaching of rainwater.
This kind of pollution is difficult to eliminate. The biological half-life is about 30 years, which means that you can only excrete half of it in 30 years. So this is particularly harmful to people. Waste batteries contain a variety of useful metal minerals, and their recycling value is very high.
It is precisely because of the serious harm and special recycling value of waste batteries that many countries prohibit them from being mixed with garbage. Japanese communities have this kind of yellow bucket, which separates button cell from others. In some areas of the Philippines, villagers spontaneously organized themselves to clean their living environment, and garbage sorting was the main content of this movement.
Do you know what biological waste is? Biological waste is kitchen waste, such as leftover lettuce, eggshell skin, picked cabbage leaves, etc. What can these seemingly insignificant wastes do? In fact, they can be used to make high-quality organic fertilizers. Like this big nano-dream biological waste processor in Huaibai community, biological waste can be dried and crushed to make efficient organic fertilizer. Residents can use it to grow flowers and grass.
Compared with fertilizer food, vegetables grown with them are safe and healthy, and are quite popular in supermarkets. Biological waste usually accounts for 40% of the total waste. If all of them can be turned into organic fertilizers, it can not only save land for landfill, but also save vehicles and energy for transporting them and prevent them from breeding mosquitoes, flies and bacteria. Experts discussed and suggested that the government should install bio-waste processors in all communities and set up workshops to deal with bio-waste in newly-built communities.
Garbage classification is the improvement of people's civilization and the performance of progress, which is conducive to treatment and recycling. It has been implemented abroad for a long time, and it has been advocated at home. Of course, Beijingers have a high cultural literacy, and they started sorting garbage as early as last year.
At first, we were not used to it. The garbage was thrown into the nearest trash can. All the rubbish, whether in the kitchen, bathroom, living room or restaurant, is packed in a big bag or carried together. We opened the lid of the trash can and threw them all in. Many people remember to go back to the trash can, take out the thrown garbage and sort it on the spot, ignoring the garbage full of hands. Later people got used to it. This habit has formed two kinds of habits. One is to throw it into the trash can without sorting, and the other is to sort it at home.
No matter how many people put garbage in categories, after all, some people have made progress. But these progressives will definitely vomit blood when they see this scene. The garbage truck drove into the community and dumped all the garbage in the three trash cans into one car. ...
The formulation and implementation of any system is a systematic project, including many links, each of which is indispensable, and the later links are more important. If the last link is not implemented, all the previous links will be in vain, resulting in huge social cost waste. And if a system is formulated by the government, the image of the government will be greatly reduced and the authority of the government will be lost. Many systems in our country were stuck at the beginning, all officials kept appearing in the camera, the people of the whole country were busy for a while, the media were busy for a while, and then they fell silent, wasting people and money.
Recyclable garbage mainly includes waste paper, plastic, glass, metal and cloth. Waste paper: mainly includes newspapers, periodicals, books, various wrapping papers, office paper, advertising paper, cartons and so on. However, it should be noted that paper towels and toilet paper are too water soluble to be recycled. Plastics: mainly include all kinds of plastic bags, plastic packaging materials, disposable plastic lunch boxes and tableware, toothbrushes, cups and so on. Glass: mainly includes all kinds of glass bottles, broken glass pieces, mirrors, light bulbs, thermos bottles and so on. Metal objects: mainly include cans, cans, toothpaste skins, etc. Cloth: mainly includes discarded clothes, tablecloths, towels, schoolbags, shoes, etc. Hazardous wastes include waste batteries, waste fluorescent tubes, waste water silver thermometers, expired drugs, etc. These wastes need special safety treatment. Other wastes include bricks and tiles, waste residue, toilet waste paper and other wastes that are difficult to recycle. Sanitary landfill can effectively reduce the pollution of groundwater, surface water, soil and air.
Garbage is a misplaced treasure. Recycling garbage not only beautifies the environment, but also saves the exploitation of new resources, thus fundamentally reducing garbage. It's easy to participate in environmental protection. Let's start with the little things around us and start with the correct dumping of garbage.
Food, vegetation and fabrics can be composted to produce organic fertilizer; Garbage incineration can generate electricity, heat or cool; Bricks and lime soil can be processed into building materials and so on. So the garbage mountain can be turned into a golden mountain. All kinds of solid wastes are garbage when mixed together, and resources when separated. If we can fully tap the resource potential contained in the recycling of domestic waste, Beijing alone will get an economic benefit of 1 1000 billion yuan every year.