Abstract: This review summarizes the development status of the red date industry in southern Xinjiang, analyzes the development advantages, and proposes to formulate a scientific development plan and optimize the industrial layout; establish a standardized breeding system for improved varieties; build high-standard and standardized gardens to improve The quality of garden construction; vigorously promote green fruit production technology; promote reasonable shaping and pruning technology; implement pollution-free prevention and control of pests and diseases; promote jujube orchard grass growing and spray and drip irrigation technologies; actively promote low-density cultivation and facility cultivation; establish ecological jujube orchards and strengthen Jujube culture construction; implement quality projects, create famous brands, strengthen market competitiveness and gradually strengthen post-production processing capabilities and other suggestions.

Keywords: Southern Xinjiang; jujube; production status; development advantages; suggestions

CLC classification number: S665.1 Document identification code: A Article number: 1002-2910 ( 2008)03-0034-03

1 The development status and advantages of the red date industry in southern Xinjiang

1.1 Development Current situation

In recent years, the cultivation area of ??red dates in southern Xinjiang has increased rapidly. As early as 1988, the autonomous region planned the three counties of Luopu, Zepu and Shufu in southern Xinjiang as red date bases. In 1999, Ruoqiang County of Bazhou transferred 500,000 jujube seedlings from Xinzheng, Henan Province to promote their cultivation, with remarkable results. As of 2006, more than 13 million seedlings of more than 20 varieties, including gray jujube, Jun jujube, Zanhuang jujube, winter jujube, golden jujube and pear jujube, have been introduced, with a cultivation area of ??8,000hm2. Driven by Ruoqiang, counties such as Qiemo, Wensu, Shaya, Bachu, Shufu, Minfeng and Luopu and the Production and Construction Corps also began to vigorously develop red date cultivation. At present, the date cultivation area in southern Xinjiang has reached 93,000 It has more than hm2, among which the area of ??fruit-bearing trees reaches 40,000hm2, with an annual output of about 50,000t of fresh dates. It is expected that after 2010, the red date cultivation area in southern Xinjiang will reach 300,000 hm2, establishing the world's largest red date production base.

1.2 Analysis of development advantages

1.2.1 Superior geographical environment Southern Xinjiang is located around the Taklimakan Desert, with sky and mountains in the north. , with the Kunlun Mountains in the south, is located in a vast area between 36° to 42° north latitude and 72° to 90° east longitude. It is far away from pollution sources (cities, factories, mining areas), has good air quality and irrigation water quality, and the planting area There are very few pests and diseases, which can significantly reduce the use of pesticides. Therefore, compared with inland areas, southern Xinjiang has unique pollution-free cultivation conditions.

1.2.2 Rich in light and heat resources. Southern Xinjiang is located in the hinterland of Eurasia and around the Tarim Basin. It has droughts, little rain, many sunny days, high air transparency, and very rich light and heat resources. It is a typical example. arid irrigated agricultural area. Taking Ruoqiang County as an example, its annual total radiation reaches 147.5 kcal/cm2, and its photosynthetically active radiation reaches 73.7 kcal/cm2; the average sunshine hours during the growing season of jujube trees reach more than 10 hours, and the annual sunshine hours are 3103.2 hours, 4 The cumulative sunshine hours from September to September reached 1733.6 hours, which is much higher than the 1500 hours required for general dried varieties; the effective accumulated temperature for 10 months throughout the year is 4956°C, which is much higher than the upper limit of temperature requirements of jujube trees; during the fruit growth period, From June to September, the daily temperature range gradually increases, reaching an average of 17.4°C and a maximum of 27.8°C. The number of days with a daily temperature range of 20°C is 39, which is unique in the country; the frost-free period reaches more than 200 days. Climatic conditions are suitable for the cultivation of high-quality and high-yielding red dates.

1.2.3 The quality of red dates is good. According to the measurement results of Ruoqiang gray dates and other varieties by the Agricultural Products Metrology Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, the total sugar content of Ruoqiang gray dates dried fruits reached 68.73%, and the Vc content It reaches 15.41 mg/100g, which is 21.62 percentage points and 12.48 mg/100g respectively higher than the gray dates produced in Xinzheng City, Henan Province. The sugar content of the fresh fruit reaches 41.9%, the drying rate reaches 51.8%, and the edible rate reaches 97%. The sugar content of fresh winter dates reaches 35.4%. The dried variety has thick and solid meat, delicate texture and elasticity; the fresh variety has a crisp texture, sweet and juicy texture, and strong storage stability. All indicators exceed those of the mainland's origin areas.

1.2.4 Rich land resources Southern Xinjiang has a vast territory and very rich land resources. In addition to abundant arable land in various states, there is also a large amount of land to be cultivated, and a large number of low-yield fields with low economic benefits to be further developed. Water resources are the primary limiting factor in land development in Xinjiang. Drought-resistant and barren-tolerant red dates are planted. As long as appropriate water-saving measures are adopted, most of the land can be developed and utilized, which is a reliable guarantee for the development of the red date industry in Xinjiang.

　2 Suggestions for the development of the red date industry

　2.1 Formulate a scientific development plan and optimize the industrial layout

Although the development of red dates in southern Xinjiang has begun to take shape, its development history is very short. It is necessary to formulate a scientific and feasible development plan based on the principles of regional layout and industrial development, based on the soil, climate conditions and variety characteristics of the region. , adaptability and regional advantages, clarify the development direction, and determine the main varieties and cultivation scale in the region.

In the past few years, Qiemo County blindly introduced a large amount of Zanhuang jujube; because its economic properties were obviously inferior to those of gray jujube, many fruit farmers cut down trees and replaced them with new species, causing economic losses. To develop the red date industry in southern Xinjiang, we should focus on excellent dried varieties and develop other varieties in an appropriate amount. In addition, while introducing the species, a number of demonstration gardens should be established in suitable areas as early as possible to guide fruit farmers to standardize garden construction and management, so that the red date industry can embark on a standardized, standardized and scientific development track from the beginning.

2.2 Establishing a standardized breeding system for improved seeds

Improved seeds are the basis and key for high-yielding, high-quality, and efficient cultivation of jujube trees. Cultivating excellent seedlings is the key to cultivating jujube trees. The primary task of establishing industrialization. It is necessary to establish a complete standardized breeding system for improved seeds to ensure the purity and quality of the improved seeds from the source and to ensure the first step of industrialization. In recent years, due to the rapid development of red dates in southern Xinjiang, there is a large gap in seedlings, and a large number of seedlings and scions need to be transferred from the mainland. Driven by profit, many low-quality seedlings or scions have entered our area, resulting in many jujube orchards and nurseries with impure varieties, serious mixing, and poor quality of garden construction, which has affected the development of the jujube industry. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a local standardized seedling breeding base. According to their own development plans, various states in southern Xinjiang can establish standardized red date seedling breeding bases of corresponding scale in concentrated red date planting areas to prevent the disorderly introduction and free reproduction of seedlings in the shortest possible time.

2.3 Standardize the construction of gardens with high standards and improve the quality of garden construction

The cultivation of red dates in southern Xinjiang has reached a certain scale, but the There are many problems in jujube orchards: ① The purity of varieties is not high, and the varieties in some jujube orchards are very mixed; ② The construction of orchards is not standardized, such as unreasonable spacing between plants and poor uniformity of seedlings; ③ The survival rate of planting is low and the speed of gardening is slow. Some orchards require replanting for 3 to 5 years before they can be basically completed; ④ The level of post-planting management technology is low. To sum up, the southern Xinjiang jujube area must formulate a set of standardized cultivation technology models suitable for the local area as early as possible in accordance with the requirements of industrialization, build gardens with high standards and standardization, and achieve pure seedlings, improved varieties and strong seedlings, scientific planting, and precise management. Improve the level of garden construction and speed up the completion of gardens.

2.4 Vigorously promote green fruit production technology

Producing pollution-free fruits is to enable products to gain more shares in the competition in the international market and to achieve the goal of jujube. A reliable guarantee for the sustainable development of the industry.

2.4.1 Increase the application of organic fertilizer and formula fertilization. Scientific fertilization is the basic requirement to achieve high yield, high quality, low consumption, high efficiency, pollution reduction and green fruit production of jujube trees. At present, there is a widespread problem of blind fertilization in the vast red date production areas in southern Xinjiang. The amount of chemical fertilizers used is too large, the ratio of various nutrients is unreasonable, and the amount of organic fertilizers is very small, resulting in a lack or excess of different nutrients in the soil. Organic matter content is generally low. Taking Ruoqiang County as an example, the average soil organic matter content of jujube orchards in the county is only 0.3% to 0.33%, which is significantly less than the lowest standard value of 0.8%. Therefore, organic fertilizer must be accumulated and applied through various ways to increase the organic matter content of the soil. The amount of fertilizer must be half a pound of fertilizer. On this basis, appropriate amounts of fertilizer must be applied according to the deficiency of soil nutrients. . Soil and fertilizer stations can be established in some areas where conditions permit, and leaf nutrition analysis and soil testing can be conducted regularly to provide jujube farmers with scientific fertilization formulas and avoid blind fertilization.

2.4.2 Promote reasonable shaping and pruning technology There are many problems in shaping and pruning in the jujube area of ??southern Xinjiang: ① Due to the short time for large-scale development of red dates, shaping and pruning is unreasonable or not done. Many jujube trees have been left to grow for a long time, resulting in disordered tree shapes, dense branches, poor ventilation and light transmission, and the fruiting parts have moved outward; ② The new jujube orchards are not fixed and reshaped in time, and the jujube trees are uniaxially extended, resulting in small fruiting area and slender and soft skeletons. , is not firm, and the stem must be re-cut and cultivated for reshaping, resulting in slow formation and late fruiting; ③ Heavy winter pruning and neglect of pruning during the growth period. These problems have seriously affected the early fruit yield and fruit quality of red dates. We must attach great importance to it, take various measures, and vigorously promote reasonable shaping and pruning techniques.

2.4.3 Promote standardized flower and fruit management technology Southern Xinjiang is droughty and rainless in spring, and the air humidity is relatively low, which affects the differentiation of jujube flower buds and can easily cause scorched flowers and severe flower and fruit drop. The natural fruit setting rate of trees in the red date production area of ??Ruoqiang County is only 1% to 2%, and even lower for young trees. Therefore, a variety of technical measures should be taken, such as water spraying or irrigation during flowering, bee release during flowering, jujube head topping, opening angle, boron spraying during flowering, nail opening, etc., to prevent flower and fruit drop to the greatest extent, increase fruit setting rate, and ensure yield. On the other hand, in order to improve the quality and first-level fruit rate of red dates, it is necessary to implement thinning of flowers and fruits and control the load while ensuring the yield. Generally, the output of 666.7m2 of trees during the fruiting period should be controlled at around 1000kg. The fruit** Control it at around 2~3:1. If fruit setting is normal in the early stage, all flowers or young fruits after the end of June should be thinned out to reduce defective fruits and produce high-quality fruits.

2.4.4 Implement pollution-free prevention and control of pests and diseases Under the special climatic conditions of southern Xinjiang, red date pests and diseases are relatively rare. At present, the main pests and diseases include pear orchard scales, spider mites, jujube ticks, etc.

In order to produce green fruits, we must make full use of physical control, agricultural control, artificial control, biological control and other methods for prevention and control; pay attention to pre-germination control; choose biological pesticides, mineral pesticides and low-toxic chemical pesticides, and strictly prohibit the use of highly toxic pesticides; fully understand According to the occurrence pattern of pests and diseases, pesticides should be used during the critical period of prevention and control, and the dosage of pesticides should be reduced to reduce pesticide residues.

　2.4.5 Promote the technology of growing grass in jujube orchards and spray and drip irrigation. In the arid and water-scarce southern Xinjiang, the implementation of water-saving irrigation technologies such as growing grass in jujube orchards and spray and drip irrigation can fertilize the soil and regulate the ground temperature. It plays an important role in improving the ecological environment of jujube orchards, increasing the number of natural enemies, and increasing yield and fruit quality. It is advocated to intercrop alfalfa, clover and other leguminous grass plants, which can not only improve the ecological environment of jujube orchards, but also increase the application of green manure and improve soil fertility. It can also be used as forage to develop animal husbandry, using grass to raise livestock and livestock to raise gardens, forming a sustainable Continue to develop a virtuous cycle.

2.5 Actively promote low-density cultivation and facility cultivation

Implementing low-density cultivation of jujube trees can achieve early fruit and high yield and improve early land utilization. , improve economic efficiency. It is necessary to make full use of the relatively mature technology of short-dense cultivation. In jujube orchards where jujube and grain are mostly intercropped, the planned dense planting cultivation mode should be adopted to carry out wide-row and dense plant cultivation. Jujube tree facility cultivation can be used to bring fresh jujubes to market earlier or later, extend the supply period of fresh jujubes, meet market needs, and improve economic benefits. It should be actively tested and promoted.

2.6 Establish ecological jujube orchards and strengthen the construction of red jujube culture

Develop ecological jujube orchards and transform jujube orchards from simple production-oriented operations It is a compound operation that organically combines production, ecology, tourism and culture. The establishment of leisure and tourist jujube orchards is also a need for the development of modern fruit industrialization. There are many varieties of red dates with extremely high ornamental value, such as Longzhao date, Feilihong, Sanbianhong, Teapot date, Mopan date, etc., each with its own characteristics. Use these varieties and excellent large-fruit fresh food varieties (such as July fresh, pear dates, winter dates, etc.) to make reasonable combinations and match them organically with the pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, mountains, flowers, grass, and streams in the jujube garden. Combined together, a leisure resort with the theme of red dates is formed, integrating tourism, culture, ecology and appreciation; a red date museum and exhibition hall are set up in the park to introduce red date products (including varieties and series of processed products) and health care to tourists The nutritional effect can guide the consumption of red dates, which can not only enrich people's life content, but also improve economic benefits. The market potential cannot be underestimated.

2.7 Implement high-quality projects, create famous brands, and strengthen market competitiveness

In order to improve the competitiveness with the major red date provinces in the mainland, create brands, Registering trademarks, implementing high-quality projects, expanding the popularity of southern Xinjiang red dates, and occupying the market with brands are the only way for the sustainable development of the southern Xinjiang red date industry. The Loulan brand red dates and Qiang brand red dates founded in Ruoqiang County have taken the lead in obtaining the green food certificate issued by the China Green Food Development Center, becoming famous brands of red dates in southern Xinjiang.

2.8 Gradually strengthen the ability to process red dates after production

The production of red dates in southern Xinjiang is still in its infancy. Ruoqiang County's total output in 2006 was about 5,000 tons, almost all of which was used for drying, and the processed products were very single. We must consider the long-term future of the red date industry, gradually and in a planned way introduce funds, and set up processing, storage, preservation, and marketing enterprises in various forms. In addition to producing dried products, we can also consider producing other red date series products, such as sugar products. (Jujube jam, jujube puree, etc.), jujube beverages (jujube juice, jujube tea, etc.), jujube fermented products (jujube wine, jujube vinegar), etc., develop the red jujube industry through various channels and methods.