mainboard

The reason why this thing is put in the first place is because it is too important. Our common motherboard is ATX motherboard. It is made of printed circuit board (PCB). It is made on insulating material by electronic printing process. There are mainly four-layer boards and six-layer boards in the market. There are four common boards. The motherboard designed with 6-layer PCB is not easy to deform and its stability is greatly improved. If you are lucky enough to buy a 6-ply board, it is definitely worth it! Ha! Every layer of the motherboard is covered with circuits, so if the PCB board is burnt out, it can be repaired by wiring with our engineers' superb technology. If it is serious, the life of this motherboard will be over! The parts on the motherboard look dazzling, but they are all arranged in a well-organized way. Mainly includes a CPU socket; North bridge chip, south bridge chip, BIOS chip and other three chips; Front-end system bus FSB, memory bus, graphic bus AGP, data exchange bus HUB, peripheral bus PCI, etc. There are seven interfaces: FDD, USB and IDE. First, the main chip on the motherboard is 1, and the northbridge chip MCH is a memory control chip on the left side of the CPU socket, also called northbridge chip, and generally has an aluminum heat sink on it. The main functions of Northbridge chip are data transmission and signal control. On the one hand, it exchanges signals with CPU through the front-end bus, on the other hand, it exchanges signals with memory, AGP and South Bridge. After the North Bridge chip is broken, most of the phenomena are not bright, and sometimes it will crash when it is bright. If the engineer decides that your north bridge chip is broken and your motherboard is old, there is basically no maintenance value. 2. South Bridge Chip ICH4 South Bridge Chip is mainly responsible for data processing and transmission of external devices. There were ICH 1, ICH2, ICH3 before ICH4, but it didn't support USB2.0. While ICH4 supported USB2.0, it was easy to distinguish them: there were 82801ab82801bb82801cb8280/kloc-0 on the South Bridge chip. Most of the phenomena after the South Bridge chip is broken are not bright, and some peripheral devices can't be used, such as IDE port and FDD port, or the South Bridge is broken. Because the chips of the North-South Bridge are expensive and the welding is special, it needs special BGA instruments to take them down, and the North-South Bridge can't be repaired in general maintenance points. 3. The 3.BIOS chip FWH solidifies some direct hardware information in the read-only memory. It is an important interface between software and hardware. When the system starts, some hardware information is first called from it, and its performance directly affects the compatibility of system hardware and software. For example, some early motherboards do not support hard disks larger than 20G, which can be solved by upgrading the BIOS. Some problems encountered in daily use that are incompatible with new equipment can also be solved by upgrading. If your motherboard shuts down suddenly and the CPU fan is still running, then you should first consider whether the BIOS chip is damaged. 4. The system clock generator CLK has a crystal oscillator in the middle of the motherboard, which will generate a series of high-frequency pulse waves. These original pulse waves are input into the clock generator chip, shaped and divided, and then distributed to various frequencies needed by the computer. 5. Super I/O interface chip I/O is generally located at the lower left or upper left of the motherboard. The main chips are Winbond and ITE, which are responsible for converting serial data of keyboard, mouse and serial port into parallel data. At the same time, the data of parallel port and floppy drive port are also processed. In our maintenance site, some peripherals, such as keyboard and mouse ports, printer ports, etc., can't be used, most of which are I/O chips, and sometimes even cause the phenomenon of not lighting up. 6. Sound card chip Because most motherboards now have integrated sound cards, and most of them are AC'97 sound card chips. Of course, there is CMI's 8738 sound card chip. If your integrated sound card has no sound, it is most likely that it is broken here. Second, the main socket on the motherboard

1, CPU socket At present, all motherboards adopt socket series zero-pull sockets. Socket370 socket was used in P3 in the early days, now socket478 socket is used in P4, and socket423 socket is also used in P4 in the early days. Intel's server CPU, such as Xeon, uses socket603 socket. Intel keeps changing the CPU package format, which makes us fans send him a lot of money! However, I recently heard that the packaging format of intel's next-generation CPU is still socket478, which is good news for DIYer, who is constantly pursuing performance.

2. Memory bus sockets There are three kinds of memory we can see in the market: SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and RAMBUS. Due to the price reduction of DDR memory, SDRAM memory gradually faded out of the market. It uses 168 line socket, and there are two anti-blocking fractures in the middle and left side. DDR SDRAM has become the mainstream of the market because of its high cost performance. Using 184 line socket, there is only one anti-reverse plug fracture in the middle; RAMBUS memory performance is good, but the price has been high, and Intel has given up support, so its future is still only suspense! Its socket adopts 184 RIMM socket, and there are two anti-reverse-insertion fractures in the middle. Some customers have repeatedly reported that the memory on the 845 motherboard is sometimes incomplete. This is because Intel 845 series motherboards can only support four memory banks (a memory bank can be understood as one side of a memory stick). 845 series motherboards generally have three memory slots, and the second slot and the third slot * * * share two banks. Therefore, if the banks inserted in the second and third slots are double-sided 256M, only one 256M can be identified. 3.AGP graphic bus socket It is located on the left side of the CPU socket and is brown. Its frequency is 64 MHz. In terms of speed, it is divided into AGP2X, and now most of them are AGP4X, and some motherboards already support AGP8X. Because different speeds require different voltages, some motherboards don't light up mainly because users plug the old AGP2X graphics card into the new AGP2X motherboard, thus burning out the AGP socket! Thankfully, some new motherboards have integrated automatic voltage regulators on the motherboard, which can automatically identify the voltage of the graphics card.

4. The 4.PCI bus socket is white, next to the AGP socket, which varies with the motherboard. Its frequency is 32 MHz. Insert more network cards, sound cards and other peripherals.

5, IDE device interface It is generally located below the motherboard. There are forty stitches and eighty threads. Two IDE ports are connected together, and sometimes one is green, which means IDE 1. Because the system first detected IDE 1, IDE 1 should be connected to the system boot hard disk. At present, most motherboards already support ATA 100, and some motherboards already support ATA 133, but higher-end motherboards already support serial ATA, which is a new technology with higher transmission speed and will be the mainstream technology of the next generation if the parallel transmission rate cannot be further improved. Having said so much in one breath, my mouth is thirsty. Let's take a look at our motherboard. Do you feel that they are much more familiar than before? Ha ha! It's time for us to say goodbye, that is, the motherboard. Today, I'll tell you another news about the motherboard. Our technical service center recently accepted a batch of boards for maintenance, and our engineers found it particularly difficult to maintain them. Later, it was pointed out by people familiar with the matter that the PCB edge of these motherboards had a hole the size of an eye of a needle. You can't tell the difference without looking carefully. Don't underestimate this small mouth, it is Lenovo's special mark on the scrapped motherboard! We have actually repaired many films, and we have to admire our technical level! This is not bragging! Therefore, everyone must be cautious when buying second-hand motherboards!

cpu

Mainly talking about frequency. 1. Anyone who knows something about computers should be familiar with the word "frequency"! As the core of the machine, the frequency of CPU is of course important, because it can directly affect the performance of the machine. So, do you have a thorough understanding of CPU frequency? The so-called main frequency, that is, the clock frequency when the CPU works normally, theoretically speaking, the higher the main frequency of the CPU, the faster it will be, because the higher the frequency, the more instructions will be completed in a unit clock cycle, and the faster it will be. However, the same clock frequency does not mean the same speed because of the differences of various CPU internal structures (such as cache and instruction set). For example, PIII and Celeron, Thunderbird and Duron, Celeron and Duron, PIII and Thunderbird all have different performances under the same main frequency. At present, the main frequency of the mainstream CPU is above 600MHz, while P4 with the highest frequency (note that it is not the fastest) has reached 1.7GHz, and AMD's Thunderbird has reached 1.3GHz, and will continue to improve.

After the emergence of 486, the working frequency of CPU has been increasing, but some other devices of PC (such as cards, hard disks, etc. Limited by technology, it can't bear higher frequency, which limits the further improvement of CPU frequency. So the frequency doubling technology appeared, which can make the internal working frequency of CPU become a multiple of the external frequency, thus achieving the purpose of improving the main frequency by increasing the frequency doubling. So after 486, we came into contact with two new concepts-external frequency and frequency doubling. Their relationship with the main frequency is external frequency x frequency doubling = main frequency. The external frequency of a CPU is the same as FSB (Front Side Bus) that we often say today (note that the frequency is the same). At present, the external frequencies of CPU in the market are mainly 66MHz (Celeron series), 100MHz (part PIII and part Thunderbird and all P4 and duron) and 133MHz (part PIII and part Thunderbird). It is worth mentioning that there are media reports that the external frequency of some CPU has reached 200MHz (Duron), 266MHz (Thunderbird) or even 400MHz(P4), which actually confuses the external frequency with the front-end bus. In fact, their external frequencies are still 100MHz and 133MHz, but due to the special process, the front-end bus can be used. However, from the definition of external frequency and frequency doubling, their external frequency has not changed. I hope everyone will pay attention to this. Today, the external frequency has not been greatly improved, but the frequency doubling technology has developed to a very high stage today. In the past, the frequency doubling could only reach 2-3 times, but now P4 and Thunderbird have reached more than 10 times. I really don't know if it will be higher in the future. At present, CPU frequency multipliers are usually locked before leaving the factory (except for some engineering samples), while external frequencies are not locked. Some CPUs, such as AMD's DURON and Thunderbird, can unlock their own frequency doubling by special means, but INTEL's CPU can't.

Due to the continuous improvement of external frequency, it has gradually increased to the point where other equipment can't bear it, so the frequency division technology has appeared (in fact, this is the function of the motherboard North Bridge chip). Frequency division technology is to reduce the external frequency of CPU through the north bridge chip of the motherboard, and then provide it to cards, hard disks and other devices. In the early era of 66MHz external frequency, PCI equipment divided by 2 and AGP equipment did not divide by 2. Later, in the era of 100MHz external frequency, PCI devices divided by 3 and AGP devices by 2/3 (some 100MHz north bridge chips also supported PCI devices divided by 4); At present, Northbridge chips generally support 133MHz external frequency, that is, PCI devices divide by 4 and AGP devices divide by 2. In short, under the standard external frequency (66MHz, 100MHz, 133MHz), the Northbridge chip must make the PCI device work at 33MHz and the AGP device work at 66MHz, so that the chip can officially support this external frequency.

Finally, talk about the problem of CPU overclocking. In fact, CPU overclocking is to increase the main frequency of CPU by increasing the external frequency or frequency doubling, thus improving the performance of the whole system. Overclocking has a long history (in fact, it is only a few years), but it has really been loved by everyone since the production of Celeron series, of which Celeron is over 300 a 450 and over 366 550, and it is still talked about by people. And they just increased the external frequency of Celeron CPU to 100 66MHz, thus increasing the main frequency of CPU. The early Duron overclocking is different from Celeron, which is to increase the frequency by breaking the frequency doubling lock and then increasing the frequency doubling. Generally speaking, overclocking is more stable than overclocking, because overclocking does not change the external frequency, so it will not affect the normal work of other equipment; However, if it exceeds the external frequency, it may encounter non-standard external frequencies such as 75MHz, 83MHz, 1 12MHz. In these cases, due to the limitation of frequency division technology, other devices can't work at normal frequency, which may lead to system instability, even hard disk data loss and serious possible damage. Therefore, the author warns everyone here: overclocking is good, but it is also very dangerous. Please overclocking carefully!

2. About overclocking If AMD's CPU wants to overclock, find out its frequency limit.

AMD recently released their brand-new Athlon XP processors with frequencies of XP 1500+, 1600+, 1700+ and 1800+. In order to counter the Intel Pentium4 processor, Athlon XP uses PR value (performance index) to name the processor, while Ahlon XP 1600+ means that it has the same performance as Pentium 4 1600MHz.

Athlon XP adopts a new Palonmino core based on 0. 18 micron process, and the core area is increased from Thunderbird's 120mm2 to 128mm2. This packaging method has also become OPGA packaging similar to FC-PGA PentiumIII. AMD claims that after adopting the new core, the calorific value of Athlon XP will be 20% lower than that of Thunderbird with the same frequency. And lower heat dissipation naturally means stronger overclocking performance.

So, we decided to test the overclocking ability of Athlon XP. We choose Athlon XP 1600+ with better cost performance. It is much cheaper than 1800+, but the overclocking ability seems to be above 1900Mhz.

Athlon XP also has an L 1 bridge similar to Thunderbird, but it was cut off by the laser.