In general, it takes 3-6 years for cherry trees to grow from saplings to blossom and bear fruit. In order to improve economic benefits and realize rapid mass production. More and more fruit farmers are now planting cherry trees by grafting. Let's talk about how to manage cherry trees.
Management and propagation of cherry tree 1
China cherry has strong rooting ability, and the survival rate can reach 80 {BF} ~ 90 {BF} by cutting propagation. It is advisable to use annual branches for cutting, and cut before the juice flows out in spring. The cutting length is 1.5 cm ~ 20 cm, buried for 2/3, and then the top or tip height of the cutting is leveled with soil cover 1 cm ~ 2 cm. When propagating a small number of seedlings, the method of dividing plants or layering can also be used.
Seedlings can be planted in autumn or spring. Watering once immediately after planting, raising soil and keeping moisture, or covering the tree tray with plastic film are beneficial to improve the survival rate of planting and the early growth of plants. The row spacing varies according to the crown size. The crown of cherry in China is small, generally 4-5 meters, and the crown of sweet cherry is large, which should be 4-6 meters. On barren land or when dwarfing culture is adopted, the plant spacing can be appropriately reduced.
It should be noted that the grafting method is suitable for sweet cherries. Rootstock is grass cherry (a kind of China cherry with strong affinity for sweet cherry), and others can be green cherry, sour cherry and Mahali cherry. The latter two kinds of rootstocks have a certain dwarfing effect.
2. Planting environment
Cherry in China has strong adaptability and can be planted in Jianghuai area. Sweet cherry has poor adaptability and high temperature and humidity south of Huaihe River, so it is not suitable for planting. Otherwise, it will easily lead to too many branches and leaves, poor fruit, and the fruit maturity is in the rainy season, which will also easily lead to fruit cracking and rotten fruit. The best soil is loam with good ventilation and drainage, which can keep it moist. The planting area also directly chooses frosting to avoid the wind.
3. Planting varieties
To plant sweet cherries, we should choose good pollination trees and plant them at the same time. When Naong and Binku are the main varieties, topaz, Dazi and Zaozi can be used as pollination trees. When red light and big purple are the main varieties, they can be matched with Nahong and Topaz. However, Naong and Binku showed incompatibility after cross-pollination. Guahong and Hong Ju can pollinate each other. In addition, Steiner and Rubins are good pollinators because of their strong pollen affinity. Pollination trees generally account for 30 {BF} ~ 40 {BF}. Canned sweet cherries should also be yellow varieties with large fruits and hard flesh, such as Naong, banana and Rainie.
4. Dressing and shaping
The cherries in China are not dry enough, but they have many branches. Generally, natural trees are used. There is no trunk or the trunk is extremely short. Cultivate 4 ~ 5 oblique main branches from near the ground, shorten the crown appropriately in winter, and choose auxiliary main branches (lateral branches). In the growth period, those with strong new shoots can pick the core early (before June), promote secondary branching and accelerate the formation of crown. Plastic surgery can generally be completed within three years.
Sweet cherry has strong dryness, and it is generally considered that natural open-heart or natural clump trees form quickly, lightly prune and bear fruit early, which is suitable for close planting. You can refer to the previous tree shaping process.
When pruning, in order to promote the early fruiting and high yield of young trees, except the trunk branches are cut short according to the plastic requirements, the other branches with moderate growth are slowly placed to promote the formation of short and medium fruit branches and bear fruit at an early date. Erect branches and over-dense branches need thinning. Branches with small angles should adjust their angles during the growing period. 2-3-year-old branches with short fruit branches and short bouquets should be properly retracted in full fruit stage to stimulate vegetative growth and the formation of new fruit branches, and delay the senescence of fruit branches and the outward migration of fruiting parts. After entering the senescence stage, China cherry can often use the forecast rate to update the main branches; Sweet cherry can be regenerated year by year by using hidden shoots. Pruning should be done after fruit picking.
5. Fertilizer and water management
Cherry root system distribution is shallow, especially sweet cherry, which is often vulnerable to drought, wind and freezing with the growth of tree age. After planting, the holes should be expanded year by year to dig deep into the soil and deepen the distribution of roots. According to the characteristics of early and short growth period of cherry blossom, fertilization should be based on post-harvest fertilizer and base fertilizer before winter to promote flower bud differentiation and increase storage nutrition of trees. In addition, appropriate topdressing (mainly nitrogen fertilizer) and topdressing outside the roots (spraying 0. L {BF} ~ 0.3 {BF} urea or 600 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate at flowering stage can improve fruit setting rate and promote the growth of branches and leaves.
6. Controlling length and promoting flowers
Lack of water in the soil is easy to cause cherry fruit dropping, so irrigation should be done frequently from flowering to harvest. Cherry roots have strict requirements on soil ventilation conditions, and the amount of irrigation should be less each time, and intertillage should be done in time to preserve soil moisture. In places without irrigation conditions, trees can be covered with grass to keep water. This has a good effect on improving the fruit setting rate and berry quality of cherry. After entering the mature stage, repeated rainfall is easy to cause fruit cracking. In addition to selecting varieties resistant to fruit cracking and well draining in the field, 72 {BF} calcium hydroxide or 54 {BF} calcium chloride solution should be sprayed 2-3 weeks before berry harvesting, and sprayed again every 5-7 days to reduce fruit cracking.
Peach 1 cultivation should pay attention to four points, first try planting and then develop.
Big cherry likes warmth, is not cold-resistant, drought-resistant, waterlogging-resistant and strong wind-resistant, and is suitable for cultivation in areas with annual average temperature 10℃~ 15℃. Practice has proved that when the average temperature is higher than 15℃ in that year, big cherries tend to bloom more and set fewer fruits. The introduction and development of big cherry not only depends on the local annual average temperature, precipitation, sunshine, frost-free period and other factors, but also carefully analyzes the local microclimate characteristics, and tries to plant first and then develop.
2. Develop hard meat storage and transportation varieties.
At present, only a dozen excellent cherry varieties have been cultivated and verified, and each variety has certain shortcomings. For example, the red light cultivated in our country has large fruit, bright color, sweet juice and high and stable yield. However, it entered the full fruit stage late, and the fruit was thin and soft, which was not suitable for processing, storage and transportation, but only suitable for small-scale planting. In the future, we should choose varieties with beautiful appearance, hard pulp, good quality, light crack, storage and transportation resistance and fresh food processing.
3. Focus on preventing root cancer and viral diseases.
Choosing excellent rootstocks suitable for local cultivation is the key to the success of big cherry cultivation. The most important thing is to see if the rootstock is resistant to root cancer and has virus disease. In the old producing areas of big cherry, we must not use continuous cropping to develop big cherry, let alone cultivate big cherry seedlings; In the newly developed big cherry producing areas, root cancer and virus diseases should be strictly controlled on the premise of determining improved varieties and excellent rootstocks.
4. Both pollination and fruit thinning are needed.
Most cherry varieties are not self-pollinated or have low seed setting rate, so cross pollination is needed. Some big cherry orchards do not bear fruit all the year round, and there are few fruits of the right age, which are not affected by freezing damage, mainly because of unreasonable pollination tree configuration, poor flowering period and poor pollination. Pioneer and Rubins are ideal pollinators. It is also necessary to remove weak fruit branches, smaller flowers, small fruits and deformed fruits with incorrect shapes and positions in time. It is advisable to leave 2~3 fruits on each fruiting branch.