chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum (Latin name: chrysanthemum (Ramat. )Tzvel。 ): In plant taxonomy, it is a perennial herb of Compositae and Chrysanthemum. According to the cultivation form, it can be divided into many cultivation types, such as multi-headed chrysanthemum, single-headed chrysanthemum, big chrysanthemum, cliff chrysanthemum, artistic chrysanthemum, desk chrysanthemum and so on. According to the appearance of petals, it can be divided into garden hug, retreat hug, reverse hug, disorderly hug, happy hug, flying hug and other cultivation types. Different types of chrysanthemums are named after different varieties. Chrysanthemum is one of the top ten famous flowers in China, one of the four gentlemen among flowers (Prunus mume) and one of the four cut flowers in the world (chrysanthemum, rose, carnation and gladiolus), with the highest yield. Because chrysanthemums are cold and proud of snow, there is Tao Yuanming's famous sentence "Pick chrysanthemums under the east fence and see Nanshan leisurely". Chinese people have the custom of enjoying chrysanthemums and drinking chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival. Tang Meng's "Passing the Old Village": "Wait until Shan Ye Holiday, I will come back in the chrysanthemum season." In ancient myths and legends, chrysanthemums are also endowed with the meaning of good luck and longevity. Chrysanthemum is a valuable ornamental flower cultivated by long-term artificial selection. It was introduced to Japan from China as an ornamental chrysanthemum around the eighth century. At the end of 17, Dutch merchants introduced China chrysanthemum to Europe, to France in 18 and to North America in the middle of 19. Since then, chrysanthemums in China have spread all over the world.

Botanical history

Chrysanthemum According to classic records, chrysanthemum has been cultivated in China for more than 3000 years. The earliest records can be found in "? Zhou Guan, Ya Bu. " "Book of Rites and Moon Order": "There are yellow flowers in autumn", indicating that chrysanthemums bloom in autumn, and they were all wild species at that time, and the flowers were yellow. From Zhou Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period? The Book of Songs and Qu Yuan's? There are records of chrysanthemums in Lisao. There is a saying in Lisao, "Drink Mulan in the morning and Qiuju in the evening". It shows that chrysanthemum has long been inextricably linked with the culture of the Chinese nation. In Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty, there was a grand chrysanthemum exhibition market, which showed that chrysanthemums were cultivated at that time.

Han dynasty? Shennong's Herbal Classic records: "Chrysanthemum can strengthen the body and prolong life if taken for a long time". 《? "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes": "Chrysanthemum is suitable, picking stems and leaves and mixing them with millet. Drink it when it is ripe on September 9 next year, so it is called chrysanthemum wine. " At that time, the queen and concubines in the palace called it "longevity wine" and gave it to each other as a tonic. This custom has been popular until the Three Kingdoms period. "Shu people have a variety of chrysanthemums, seedlings can be used as medicine, flowers can be planted in the garden, and wild chrysanthemums can be collected as medicine in the countryside. "As can be seen from these records, chrysanthemum was originally cultivated in China for food and medicine.

Tao Yuanming (355-4 17) in Jin Dynasty was obsessed with chrysanthemums, which was once widely circulated. He has written many poems about chrysanthemums, such as "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely"; Famous sentences such as "Autumn chrysanthemums are more beautiful with bright colors" are still widely circulated today. At that time, doctors all over the world admired its integrity and variety of chrysanthemums, praising chrysanthemums as "fragrant, colorful and brilliant."

Southern and Northern Dynasties? Tao Hongjing (452-536) divided chrysanthemum into "true chrysanthemum" and "bitter barley". The stems are purple, fragrant and sweet, and the leaves can be used as soup for real chrysanthemums; It's purple and big, it's absinthe, and it tastes bitter. People who eat are bitter, but they are not real chrysanthemums. This understanding of chrysanthemum has taken a step further.

By the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907), the cultivation of chrysanthemum was very common, and the cultivation techniques were further improved. Chrysanthemum is propagated by grafting. Purple and white varieties appeared. For example, Li Shangyin's poem: "Stealing the purple, melting to the yellow". Bai Juyi's poem: "There are chrysanthemums in the garden, and there are solitary clumps in it like frost" is proof. At this time, chrysanthemums spread from China to Japan and were appreciated by the Japanese people. Later, they crossed chrysanthemums with several wild chrysanthemums in Japan, forming a Japanese chrysanthemum cultivation system.

In Song Dynasty, chrysanthemum was cultivated more vigorously. With the improvement of cultivation and selection techniques, the varieties of chrysanthemum have also increased greatly, which is an important period from medicinal use to garden appreciation. Chrysanthemum Spectrum in this period classified the varieties planted by color and recorded the flower shapes in detail. Liu Meng's Chrysanthemum Catalogue (1 104) is the earliest monograph on ornamental chrysanthemums, which records 26 chrysanthemum varieties. ? There are 35 species recorded in Fan Chengda Chrysanthemum Tree (10 18), among which "Hechan" and "Hongchangshan" are the earliest recorded species with tube petals. Later, green "green hibiscus" and black "ink chrysanthemum" appeared in the design and color. In terms of cultivation, we have further experience in shaping, coring, maintenance and management of chrysanthemum and obtaining new varieties through seed propagation. "Five Stories of Getting Rich" records: "Lin 'an Garden, every time in the ninth grade, every flower is surprisingly good, called Chrysanthemum Club. " 《? "Hangzhou Fuzhi" "There is a flower market in Lin 'an, and chrysanthemums are used as flower towers". It can be seen that there are flower markets and flower exhibitions in Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. The Chrysanthemum Festival, which has been handed down to this day, began in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty. Wei Song Zhu Shi's? There are 13 1 chrysanthemum varieties recorded in Hundred Chrysanthemums Collection.

In the Ming Dynasty, the technology of planting chrysanthemums was further improved, the varieties of chrysanthemums increased, and the chrysanthemum spectrum also increased. For example, Huang Shengzeng, Ma Bozhou, Zhou, Yue and others all wrote chrysanthemums. Huang Shengzeng's Chrysanthemum Spectrum recorded 220 varieties of chrysanthemum. ? Li Shizhen's? Chrysanthemum is recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica (1580) and Qunfangpu by Wang (1630). Qunfangpu conducted a comprehensive study on chrysanthemum varieties, including 92 yellow varieties, 73 white varieties, 32 purple varieties, 35 red varieties, 22 pink varieties, different varieties 17 varieties, ***6 categories and 27 1 variety. At least 16 patterns.

There are many chrysanthemum monographs in Qing dynasty, including Chen Haozi's? Reading glasses? Liu Hao? Guang's Pu, Xu's Dongli Zhongzheng, Lu Yancan's Yi Ju Zhi, Min's Ju Fa, Su Pu Yi Ju, Yi Ju Notes, Ji Nan's Ju Shuo, Chen Moushan's Yi Ju Keyou, Wu's Xu Huapu and so on. According to the book Flower Mirror, there were 54 species of chrysanthemums, 32 species of white chrysanthemums, 465,438+0 species of red chrysanthemums and 27 species of purple chrysanthemums, accounting for 65,438+054 species. Ji Nan's "Ju Shuo" included 233 varieties of chrysanthemum, including more than 100 newly cultivated varieties, and put forward the methods of chrysanthemum breeding. There are more and more varieties of chrysanthemums in Qing Dynasty. During the Qianlong period, some people presented chrysanthemums with various colors to the Qing emperor. Qianlong once asked Zou, the painter at that time, to paint in the palace and bind it into a book. Painting chrysanthemum poems among literati has also become a common practice. Chrysanthemum was introduced into Europe from China in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1688, Dutch merchants introduced chrysanthemums from China to Europe for cultivation. 1689, Dutch writer Bei Lini wrote a book "Chrysanthemum, a Great Oriental Flower". /kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, the Frenchman Louis Berta brought China's chrysanthemum varieties to France. /kloc-In the 9th century, the British botanist Fortune introduced chrysanthemum varieties to Zhoushan Islands in China, Zhejiang Province and Japan, and conducted cross breeding to form various types of British chrysanthemums. Soon, it spread from England to America. Since then, this famous flower has been planted all over the world. Chrysanthemum cultivated in China has become an important parent of chrysanthemum in the west.

Since the Republic of China, a large number of chrysanthemum varieties have been separated, and there is no official literature to check. After liberation, with the development of horticulture, chrysanthemum has experienced a tortuous course and is growing stronger day by day. The cultivation history of chrysanthemum is a part of the development of flower gardening in China. In recent years, on the basis of inheriting predecessors' experience, improving cultivation techniques and adopting new technologies such as cross breeding, radiation mutation and tissue culture have not only improved the quality of chrysanthemum production, but also increased the number of varieties, which has reached more than 7,000 according to incomplete statistics. A chrysanthemum can bloom more than 5000 flowers. The development of desktop chrysanthemum and bonsai chrysanthemum has further improved the ornamental value of chrysanthemum. Some provinces (cities) also choose chrysanthemums as provincial (city) flowers, such as Beijing. National academic seminars have been held one after another, or chrysanthemum associations have been established, chrysanthemum books and periodicals have been published, and chrysanthemum exhibitions have been held every year, which has greatly popularized chrysanthemum knowledge and exchanged chrysanthemum artistic experience, opening up broad prospects for the cultivation and application of chrysanthemum in China.