Abstract: What are the cutting tools? Tools are tools used for cutting processing in mechanical manufacturing, also known as cutting tools. Cutting tools in a broad sense include both cutting tools and grinding tools. The vast majority of knives are machine-made, but there are also hand-made knives. Since the tools used in mechanical manufacturing are basically used for cutting metal materials, the term "tool" is generally understood to mean metal cutting tools. Tools used for cutting wood are called woodworking tools. What are the cutting tool selection and applications?

1. Cutting tools - product description

Solid carbide tools: drill bits, milling cutters, reamers, drill reamers, boring tools , hole processing tools, etc., and we design and produce various difficult tools for users. The products are suitable for alloy steel, stainless steel, tempered and quenched steel, non-ferrous metal steel, etc. We provide various forming tools for manufacturers producing automobiles, motorcycle engines, diesel engines, carburetors, refrigerator compressors, mold industries and other industries. The products are mainly used in supporting machining centers, CNC machine tools and other high-precision machine tools.

2. Cutting Tools - Introduction

Carbide blades, carbide drawing dies, carbide tools for oil fields, geology, mining and construction, carbide wear-resistant parts .

All kinds of carbide cutting tools, carbide special-shaped products and carbide deep processing products!

3. Cutting Tools - Development

The development of cutting tools occupies an important position in the history of human progress. As early as the 28th to 20th centuries BC, brass and copper cones, drills, knives and other copper tools appeared in China. In the late Warring States period (3rd century BC), copper knives were made due to the mastery of carburizing technology. The drill bits and saws of that time were somewhat similar to modern flat drills and saws.

However, the rapid development of knives came in the late 18th century with the development of machines such as steam engines. In 1783, René of France first produced a milling cutter. In 1792, Maudsley in England produced taps and dies. The earliest documented record of the invention of the twist drill was in 1822, but it was not produced as a commercial product until 1864.

The cutting tools at that time were made of solid high-carbon tool steel, and the allowed cutting speed was about 5 meters/minute. In 1868, the British Muschet made alloy tool steel containing tungsten. In 1898, Taylor and... White invented high-speed steel. In 1923, Schler in Germany. Terr invented cemented carbide.

When alloy tool steel is used, the cutting speed of the tool is increased to about 8 m/min. When high-speed steel is used, the cutting speed is increased by more than twice. When carbide is used, the cutting speed is increased again compared to high-speed steel. More than twice that, the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of the cut workpiece are also greatly improved.

Because high-speed steel and cemented carbide are relatively expensive, tools have welded and mechanically clamped structures. Between 1949 and 1950, the United States began to use indexable inserts on turning tools, and soon they were used on milling cutters and other cutting tools. In 1938, the German company Degussa obtained a patent for ceramic knives. In 1972, General Electric Company of the United States produced polycrystalline synthetic diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride blades. These non-metallic tool materials allow the tool to cut at higher speeds.

In 1969, Sweden's Sandvik Steel Works obtained a patent for using chemical vapor deposition to produce titanium carbide-coated carbide blades. In 1972, Bonsa and Lagolan of the United States developed a physical vapor deposition method to coat the surface of cemented carbide or high-speed steel tools with a hard layer of titanium carbide or titanium nitride. The surface coating method combines the high strength and toughness of the base material with the high hardness and wear resistance of the surface layer, giving the composite material better cutting performance.

4. Cutting Tools - Classification

Tools can be divided into five categories according to the form of the workpiece's surface. Tools for processing various external surfaces, including turning tools, planers, milling cutters, external surface broaches and files, etc.; hole processing tools, including drills, reamers, boring tools, reamers and internal surface broaches, etc.; thread processing Tools, including taps, dies, automatic opening and closing thread cutting heads, thread turning tools and thread milling cutters; gear processing tools, including hobs, gear shaper cutters, shaving cutters, bevel gear processing tools, etc.; cutting tools, including inserts Toothed circular saw blades, band saws, hack saws, cut-off turning tools, saw blade milling cutters and more. In addition, there are combination knives.

Tools can be divided into three categories according to the cutting motion mode and the corresponding blade shape. General tools, such as turning tools, planers, milling cutters (excluding formed turning tools, forming planers and forming milling cutters), boring tools, drill bits, reamers, reamers and saws; forming tools, the cutting edges of such tools Have the same or nearly the same shape as the cross section of the workpiece to be processed, such as forming turning tools, forming planers, forming milling cutters, broaches, cone reamers and various thread processing tools, etc.; generating tools use the generating method to process gears Tooth surfaces or similar workpieces, such as hobs, gear shapers, gear shaving cutters, bevel gear planers and bevel gear milling cutters, etc.

5. Cutting Tools - Composition

The structure of various cutting tools consists of a clamping part and a working part.

6. Cutting tools

The clamping part and working part of the overall structure tool are made on the cutter body; Mounted on the knife body.

The clamping part of the tool is divided into two types: with holes and with handles.

Tools with holes are mounted on the spindle or mandrel of the machine tool according to the inner hole, and use axial keys or end keys to transmit torsional torque, such as cylindrical milling cutters, sleeve-type face milling cutters, etc.

7. Cutting Tools - Shape

Tools with shanks usually have three types: rectangular shank, cylindrical shank and conical shank. Turning tools, planers, etc. generally have rectangular shanks; the taper of the conical shank bears the axial thrust and transmits torque with the help of friction; the cylindrical shank is generally suitable for smaller twist drills, end mills and other tools, and is used for clamping during cutting. The friction generated transmits a torsional moment. The handle of many shank knives is made of low alloy steel, and the working part is made of high-speed steel butt welded together.

The working part of the tool is the part that generates and processes chips, including the blade, the structure that breaks or rolls up the chips, the space for chip removal or storage, and the channels for cutting fluid and other structural elements. The working part of some tools is the cutting part, such as turning tools, planers, boring tools, milling cutters, etc.; the working part of some tools includes the cutting part and the calibration part, such as drills, reamers, reamers, and internal surface drawing tools. Knives and taps etc. The function of the cutting part is to remove chips with the blade, and the function of the calibration part is to smooth the cut surface and guide the tool.

8. Cutting Tool-Structure

The structure of the working part of the tool includes three types: integral type, welding type and mechanical clamping type. The overall structure is to make a cutting edge on the cutter body; the welding structure is to braze the blade to the steel cutter body; there are two mechanical clamping structures, one is to clamp the blade on the cutter body, and the other is to clamp the blade to the cutter body. The brazed cutter head is clamped to the cutter body. Carbide cutting tools are generally made of welded structures or mechanical clamping structures; porcelain cutting tools all use mechanical clamping structures.

The geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool have a great influence on the cutting efficiency and processing quality. Increasing the rake angle can reduce the plastic deformation when the rake face squeezes the cutting layer, and reduces the frictional resistance of chips flowing through the front, thereby reducing cutting force and cutting heat. However, increasing the rake angle will also reduce the strength of the cutting edge and reduce the heat dissipation volume of the tool head.

9. Cutting Tool - Selection

When selecting the angle of the tool, it is necessary to consider the influence of many factors, such as workpiece material, tool material, and processing properties (rough and finish machining) etc., must be chosen reasonably according to the specific circumstances. Generally speaking, the tool angle refers to the marked angle used for manufacturing and measurement. During actual work, due to the different installation positions of the tool and changes in the direction of cutting motion, the actual working angle is different from the marked angle, but the difference is usually very small. .

The materials used to make cutting tools must have high high temperature hardness and wear resistance, necessary bending strength, impact toughness and chemical inertness, good processability (cutting, forging and heat treatment, etc.), and Not easily deformed.

Usually when the hardness of the material is high, the wear resistance is also high; when the flexural strength is high, the impact toughness is also high. But the harder the material, the lower its flexural strength and impact toughness. High-speed steel is still the most widely used tool material in modern times due to its high bending strength, impact toughness, and good machinability, followed by cemented carbide.

Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride is suitable for cutting high-hardness hardened steel and hard cast iron; polycrystalline diamond is suitable for cutting iron-free metals, alloys, plastics, fiberglass, etc.; carbon tool steel and alloy tool steels are now used only for tools such as files, dies and taps.

10. Cutting Tools - Application and Significance

Cemented carbide indexable inserts are now coated with hard layers of titanium carbide, titanium nitride, and aluminum oxide using chemical vapor deposition. Or composite hard layer. The developing physical vapor deposition method can be used not only for carbide cutting tools, but also for high-speed steel cutting tools, such as drill bits, hobs, taps and milling cutters. The hard coating acts as a barrier that hinders chemical diffusion and heat conduction, slowing down the wear rate of the tool during cutting. The life of the coated blade is approximately 1 to 3 times longer than that of the uncoated blade.

Since parts work under high temperature, high pressure, high speed, and in corrosive fluid media, more and more difficult-to-machine materials are used, and the automation level of cutting processing and the requirements for processing accuracy are getting higher and higher. Come higher and higher. In order to adapt to this situation, the development direction of cutting tools will be to develop and apply new cutting tool materials; further develop the vapor deposition coating technology of cutting tools to deposit higher hardness coatings on high toughness and high strength substrates to better solve the problem. The contradiction between the hardness and strength of tool materials; further developing the structure of indexable tools; improving the manufacturing accuracy of tools, reducing the difference in product quality, and optimizing the use of tools.