The standards of orchard production modernization in China are improved varieties, mechanization, water conservancy, close planting and excellent soil. Among them, soil improvement is one of the important links in soil management of orchard rights, and it is also the basic condition for building high-quality, high-yield, high-efficiency and high-standard orchards. Therefore, the existing cultivation techniques should be reformed, orchard infrastructure and main fruit tree breeding should be strengthened, and the precision and automation level of orchard management in different ecological areas should be improved.
Soil is one of the important eco-environmental conditions of fruit trees. As the site condition of fruit trees, the physical and chemical properties and management level of soil are closely related to the growth, development and fruit of fruit trees. The main purposes of orchard management are as follows.
① Expand the scope and depth of the root zone to create a good soil ecological environment for the growth of fruit trees.
(2) Supply and coordinate fruit trees to absorb water and various nutrients from the soil.
③ Increase soil organic matter and nutrient content, and improve soil fertility.
(4) Loosening the soil and enhancing the permeability of the soil are beneficial to the lateral and longitudinal extension of the root system.
⑤ Maintain water and soil and water conservancy facilities.
Main courses of chain operation specialty
The main courses include logistics management foundation, chain enterprise commodity purchasing management, economics foundation, management edition foundation, commodity rights science, basic accounting, economic law, tax law, consumer psychology, chain operation, chain enterprise store operation management, chain enterprise distribution and marketing management, e-commerce, chain enterprise store layout and commodity display, supply chain management, etc.
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Chain management specialty refers to the cultivation of chain management talents in the new economic period. Different from the talent demand of industrial economy with product economy as the main body, it pays more attention to the marketing and management of new economic business forms such as knowledge goods, brand goods, right goods, enterprises as a whole and social resources as a whole. The new economy calls for a new business model, in which chain operation is the mainstream development model and franchising is a compound, practical and internationally leading new discipline. The specialty of chain operation trains international, practical, compound and innovative professionals who master the basic theory and practical operation ability of chain operation. Chain operation is a new specialty, which conforms to the development of modern business model and has great influence and development potential at present.
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Chain management specialty
How to manage orchards
1. Young tree management and shaping
The purpose of young orchard management is to promote vegetative growth, put into production early, and form a good crown at the same time, creating conditions for high yield, high quality and easy management in the future. Young trees mainly apply nitrogen fertilizer, and apply thin fertilizer frequently (about once every two months) to accelerate the formation of crown. Young orchards should be intercropped and interplanted, with soybeans and peanuts planted in spring and sweet potatoes and vegetables planted in summer and autumn.
In Taiwan Province Province, China, fruit farmers often use cup-shaped or hollow round-headed pruning to increase the bearing area, reduce wind damage and facilitate management. (1) Cup-shaped: it is mostly used in windy areas on sloping fields and varieties suitable for opening (such as Tanaka). After the seedlings are planted, 4 ~ 5 lateral branches are left at a height of 40 ~ 60 cm from the ground to cultivate the main branch, which is stretched in all directions and forms an angle of 40 ~ 50 with the main branch. In the second year, 3 ~ 4 secondary branches were left in the proper position of the main branches, and the main branches were truncated and cultured into cups without central stems. In the future, keep some side branches in the center of the trunk to avoid sunburn of the trunk or main branch; ② Hollow round head shape: Suitable for flat orchards with deep soil and upright varieties (such as "Mao Mu"). After the seedlings are planted, leave 3 ~ 4 main branches 30 ~ 40 cm from the ground, and then leave 2 ~ 3 layers, with the spacing between layers of about 60cm, and the main branches of each layer should maintain balanced growth. Finally, the trunk is shortened, so that the plant is no longer tall and forms a hollow round head.
2. Key points of adult tree management
(1) Fertilization and soil management
Adult trees should be fertilized four times a year, in which heavy fertilizer should be applied after fruit picking and before spring shoot germination, accounting for about 70% ~ 80% of the annual fertilization. Common types of fertilizers are human excrement and urine, cake fertilizer, compost, garbage soil, burnt soil, chicken manure and chemical fertilizer. Long-term use of nitrogen fertilizer, the fruit is larger, but the color and fragrance are lighter; More potassium fertilizer, more sugar, but thicker meat. So it should be properly matched. Generally, every hectare of mountain orchards can use nitrogen 180 ~ 220 kg, phosphorus 150 ~ 180 kg and potassium 180 ~ 220 kg. The soil management of adult trees is to loosen the soil by clearing, weeding and loosening the soil 6 ~ 8 times a year, which is beneficial to the growth and absorption of roots and has the function of preserving moisture and preventing drought. In autumn and winter, ploughing outside the canopy (depth 10 ~ 15 cm) increases air permeability and water retention capacity. In rainy season, loquat orchards should be well drained to prevent root rot and stem rot near tree heads. In autumn and winter, water should be diverted for irrigation once or twice where conditions permit.
(2) Pruning
After fruit picking (May) and at the end of flower bud differentiation (September). Cut off weak branches, pests and diseases, overlapping branches, cross branches, drooping branches and dead branches, and cut the mouth flat. Sparse 2 new buds from fruit-picking branches or short-cut branches, and cut off or short-cut long branches.
(3) thinning ears and fruits
Thinning flowers and fruits is an effective technical measure to increase fruits and prevent fruits of loquat in different years. During the period from 65438+1early October to165438+1early October, the ear is obvious, but before flowering, the ear cannot be thinned where there is freezing damage, but it can be thinned at the same time. Usually, if there are 4 ears on a branch, 1 ~ 2 ears should be sparse, and if there are 5 ears, 2 ears should be sparse. Varieties with large fruit shapes should be appropriately sparse. One, sparse leaves, stunted, or flowers with pests and diseases, master the principle of staying outside, staying late, staying weak and staying strong, and thinning the upper part of the crown. The "New Year Tree" with high heading rate should be thinned more. Sparse spikes are usually broken off from the base by hand, and leaves are kept as much as possible.
There are three methods for thinning flower buds in Japan: ① removing the upper part of flower spike; (2) Remove two supporting shafts at the bottom and several supporting shafts at the top, and keep 3-4 supporting shafts in the middle; (3) On the basis of the above two methods, the terminal buds left on the supporting shaft are removed. Usually, only 2 ~ 3 supporting axial leaves are left per panicle for varieties with large fruit shape, and 3 ~ 5 supporting axial leaves are left per panicle for small and medium-sized varieties to ensure 4 ~ 6 fruits per panicle in the future.
The fruit setting rate of loquat is high, even though the ear is sparse, there are still too many fruits. Fruit thinning can obviously increase the fruit size, make the fruit size and maturity uniform, improve the fruit quality and facilitate harvesting. The fruit thinning in Putian, Fujian Province was mostly carried out at the end of February, when the residual flowers were exhausted and the young fruit was the size of broad bean. First, break off a part of the extra ear, then thin the fruit one by one, and thin the diseased fruit, deformed fruit, small fruit and over-dense fruit. Large fruit varieties (such as Jiefangzhong) keep 4 ~ 6 grains per panicle, while small fruit varieties (such as Wei Sen Zaosheng) keep 6 ~ 10 grains per panicle. Short and thick fruit branches with strong trees and many leaves can be properly reserved, and the fruits in the middle of the ear can be reserved, and attention should be paid to selecting young fruits with uniform size, so as to make the maturity consistent in the future and facilitate harvesting.
(4) bagging
The purpose of bagging is to prevent rust spots, fruit cracking, sunburn and bird damage on the fruit surface. 1 bagging in January, mid and February has the best antirust effect. Paper bags are made of old newspapers and coated with vegetable oil (such as palm oil) to prolong their life. There are air holes in the corner of the bag to prevent the fruit from rotting. After bagging, tie a small iron wire on the upper part of the paper bag, which can improve the efficiency.
How to manage orchards
The following is the management experience of He Zhiliang, Apple's top scholar:
1. Variety is the key to orchard management. For example, varieties such as Red Fuji and New Red Star are very popular in the market because of their advantages in color, taste, appearance and storage. Red Star, Guoguang, Green Banana and other apples are not suitable for bagging, gelatinization and other technical means, so their prices are low in the market. There are 320 red fujis in He Zhiliang's 0.5 hectare orchard, and only 10 is miscellaneous fruit.
2. Adopting new technologies In recent years, new technologies for fruit tree production have been introduced continuously. If bagging technology, fruit gelatinization technology and pollution-free production technology are applied, the market competitiveness will be improved to varying degrees. He Zhiliang is very active in the application of new technologies. It can be said that every new technology was introduced by him first. 1995 began to paste words on apples; 1996 began bagging apples; Starting from 1997, bagging and pasting technology are adopted at the same time; Since 2000, pollution-free production technology has been adopted, and the quality of apples is among the best in the county, and the price per kilogram is higher than that of other fruit farmers 1-2 yuan.
3. Take the lead in applying fruit production technology. Whoever applies it early will benefit. Judging from his experience in orchard management, He Zhiliang is ahead of others in flower and fruit thinning, irrigation and pollution-free production technology 1-3 years. This took the lead, and his 1 apple was sold to 2 yuan.
4. Planned production Some fruit farmers are very passive in managing orchards, resulting in the phenomenon of large and small years, and at the same time, the phenomenon of too many fruits and poor quality has appeared. He Zhiliang is very active in orchard management. He implements "family planning" for fruit trees and strictly controls the number of fruits per tree, which not only avoids the phenomenon of low commodity rate of fruits, but also prevents the occurrence of big and small years.
5, pay attention to marketing strategy Many fruit farmers only pay attention to the production link, not the sales link, and have suffered a lot. He Zhiliang is very particular about sales. He learned market information through newspapers, fruit markets, fruit brokers and other channels, trying to avoid intermediate links and seize the initiative in sales.
6. To enrich yourself, you must talk about technology. Where does the technology come from? The best way is to keep learning. Since he planted fruits in the mid-1980s, He Zhiliang has participated in more than 40 classes, and spent more than 50,000 yuan on learning technology, subscribing to newspapers and periodicals, and going out to learn from the classics. Moreover, he also takes orchard notes, integrating theory with practice. Constant learning has turned him from a layman into an expert and a "soil expert".
How to manage farmhouse music?
Today's farmhouses are like the Revolutionary Red Army in those days, all over the country! In particular, the rapid development of tourism has directly accelerated the pace of farmhouse music! Newspapers and news websites all over the country report every day where the farmhouse music is very successful and where * * * strongly supports the construction of farmhouse music! However, there is no professional expert to guide how to do a good job of characteristic farmhouse music, how to do it well according to local characteristics, and there is no corresponding course or training to guide! Therefore, blindly running a large number of farmhouses will eventually lead to several successes, and most of them may die!
The traditional meaning of farmhouse music is: eat farmhouse music, taste farmhouse music, live in farmhouse music, do farm work, enjoy farmhouse music and buy farm work. But with the improvement of people's consumption level, these farming activities can no longer arouse their interest! How to innovate, how to plan and how to guide, should be the primary problem facing farmhouse music now!
Four elements that a farmhouse must have: leisure, entertainment, vacation, light scenery and special food!
The prosperity of farmhouse music depends largely on the local tourism industry, so the location is particularly important. If it is not idyllic scenery or beautiful scenery, the location must have a geographical advantage! People in the city can't go all the way to the farmhouse for a meal!
Since tourism is emphasized, the house decoration of farmhouse should also echo the tourist attractions, and must not imitate the reinforced concrete buildings in big cities!
At the same time, farmhouse music should also reflect a happy word, not only to let customers come to watch, but also to let customers eat delicious food and leave. If you want him to come this time, the temptation to come again next time is the various activities you host. If you want your customer to be happy, then he will linger!
As a new catering industry, farmhouse music is facing good development opportunities under the general trend of vigorous development of tourism in China. However, if the farmhouse management is not good, it may bring great negative effects to the emerging farmhouse! Therefore, the professional knowledge and corresponding training courses of farmhouse music are urgently needed to guide the operation of farmhouse music!
What are the main courses of chain operation and management?
Chain operation and management mainly involve management science and economics, including marketing and other related professional courses.
If you thoroughly understand these courses, it will be of great help to your future study. But also good for employment. As long as those things are carefully applied to specific work, they can show great advantages.
What courses are there for business management?
Management, management psychology, organization and operation, leadership, human resource management, marketing, macroeconomics, international trade, financial management, finance and so on.
How to manage orchards
1. Fertilization
Avocado consumes a lot of fertilizer, but the proportion and dosage of fertilizer should be determined according to soil fertility, tree age, plant growth and yield. Gary and others suggested that in the first year after planting, the mixed fertilizer should be applied once every 1 ~ 2 months, and the amount of fertilizer should be gradually increased from 1 10g per plant to 450g, and then applied 3 ~ 4 times a year. Pure nitrogen and pure potassium 165 ~ 225 kg /hm2 are applied to adult trees for 3 ~ 4 times (< 300 plants /hm2) every year. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium applied to young trees is1:1:1:0.33; The ratio of adult trees is 1: 0.4: 1.2: 0.4. In California, USA, the nutritional value of pear trees was determined by nutritional analysis of mature and healthy leaves of non-hanging fruit branches (see Table 2-22).
On the basis of planting hole base fertilizer, a small amount of fertilization scheme was adopted in the first year of planting in China, mainly liquid nitrogen fertilizer. Mature trees are mainly nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, which are applied 3-4 times a year in February-April, April-May and July-September respectively. Phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer are mixed and applied once before and after fruit picking.
Table 2-22 Diagnostic Indicators of Nutritional Components in Adult Leaves of Avocado