Systemic lupus erythematosus

The cause of systemic lupus erythematosus is still unclear. It is generally believed to be related to genetics, viral infection, endocrine factors, drugs and other factors.

(1) Clinical manifestations Systemic lupus erythematosus mostly occurs in women, especially in adolescence and childbearing period. The disease mostly starts slowly, and the common manifestations are: 1) Fever is mostly irregular and low-grade. 2) Skin damage is very common, with characteristic butterfly-shaped erythema on the face; it spreads from the bridge of the nose to the cheekbones, like a butterfly, with clear or unclear edges, bright red or purple, aggravated by sun exposure; other skin lesions appear extensive , symmetrical, polymorphous rash; superficial ulcers may occur on the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, vagina and other parts of the body. 3) Joint pain is mostly migratory pain in large and small joints, and myalgia may occur. 4) Urinary tract damage may include persistent or intermittent proteinuria, hematuria, cast urine, hypertension, edema, and renal function damage. 5) Cardiovascular system damage may cause pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, arrhythmia, cardiac insufficiency, etc. 6) Respiratory system damage may include pleural effusion, pneumonia, pulmonary arteritis, etc. 7) Digestive system damage, loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in the stool and ascites, etc. 8) Nervous system damage can cause encephalitis, meningitis, cerebrovascular accident, myelitis, etc.; superficial lymphadenopathy can also occur.

Immunological examination; about 95% of patients with this disease are positive for anti-nuclear antibody tests. Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies and anti-Sm antibodies are extremely helpful for the early diagnosis of this disease

(2) Treatment measures include:

1) Eliminate suspected causes and triggers such as infection control, and avoid the use of influential drugs (such as oral contraceptives, hydralazine, phenytoin, penicillin, streptomycin, isoforms, etc.) Niazid, sulfa drugs, etc.) Avoid sun exposure, etc.

2) Immunosuppressive adrenocortical hormones, such as prednisone 10-20 mg or dexamethasone 3 mg orally, 3 times a day, and gradually reduce the dosage after effectiveness; azathioprine 50 mg, daily Take 3 times orally.

3) Use transfer factor and levamisole 50 mg, 3 times a day, for 3 days and 10 days off for the course of treatment.

4) Symptomatic treatment such as using aspirin to reduce fever and relieve pain, in addition to lowering blood pressure, diuresis, anti-cardiac and renal insufficiency, etc.

Lupus erythematosus

1. General treatment

The cases presented here were all diagnosed in hospitals from various places and treated with typical systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with ineffective treatment. )patient. Among them, there were 28 female cases and 1 male case; the youngest was 18 years old and the oldest was 42 years old; the shortest time for the disease was 1 year, the longest was 11 years, and the rest were all between 3 and 5 years.

2. Treatment methods

According to the severity of the disease, the length of the disease and the extent of the disease's erosion of the internal organs, the type and syndrome differentiation are carried out according to the "three roots" theory of Mongolian medicine

Treat. According to the rise and fall of the "three roots", if it belongs to Badagan, Heyi type or Heyi partial-excessive type, it is mainly used to aid digestion and distinguish turbidity. Use 5 flavors of Dangma, 10 flavors of Garina or Saoji. De oral. For people with excessive Shila (heat) type, the main purpose is to reduce liver fire, relieve heat and detoxify. Take Gurigumu 13 flavors, Bater 7 flavors, Garidi 5 flavors, etc. orally, and add Maribu 3 decoction as a primer. To increase its antibacterial and detoxifying effects, it is better to add an appropriate amount of bezoar and musk deer. For patients with rheumatism and heat paralysis, take Gugule 11 and Da'ao De Nao Richong; take it orally alternately in the afternoon and evening. For those with irregular menstruation, take Uliji 18 and Xigongna 6 by mouth in the evening. In this group of cases, 17 cases all had varying degrees of renal damage, and showed oliguria, edema, and proteinuria (++-+++). If uremia is used, we refer to Sali Chong'a and Ji Zhaomu·Dao. Erji is taken orally alternately, and at the same time, the daily urine output is used according to the degree of edema, combined with Sema 3 decoction, Heriga 4 decoction, and Siji 8 and other diuretics as a primer. Due to the complicated clinical symptoms of this disease, the treatment of shame should not be limited to one side. The clinical characteristics should be used according to the different stages of the disease, and treatment should be dialectical.

3. Judgment of efficacy

Basically cured: Symptoms and signs disappear completely, and laboratory test indicators reach normal ranges: Markedly effective: Symptoms and signs are significantly reduced, and laboratory tests show most of the symptoms Return to normal: Improve: Symptoms are alleviated and the functions of damaged organs are improved before treatment: Ineffective; Symptoms and signs are not improved after adequate treatment.

4. Treatment results

Among the 29 cases of treatment observation in this group, 13 cases were basically cured, accounting for 44.8%; 6 cases were markedly effective, accounting for 20.6%; 5 cases were improved, accounting for 17.2% %, 5 cases were ineffective, accounting for 17.2%, and the total effective rate was 82.6%.

5. Clinical experience

Mongolian medicine believes that the cause of lupus erythematosus is mainly due to imbalance of the three roots, malnutrition of the seven elements, leading to the proliferation of bad blood, or damage to the liver and gallbladder. Causes blood heat to become excessive and produces bad blood and yellow water; or due to bad blood and bad blood spreading throughout the body, the body's resistance to corrosive substances decreases, resulting in corresponding abnormalities and weakened functions of all internal organs. . When hemata is abundant, it can cause disease alone, or it can mix with other pathogens to become the cause of multiple complications and convergence syndromes, causing complex lesions. Its treatment is based on the rise and fall of the "three roots" and is treated with dialectical medication. If kidney erosion is the main problem, the principle is to reconcile kidney cold and kidney heat, unblock water channels, and warm and nourish kidney qi. When liver erosion is significant, the treatment should be based on the principles of clearing away heat and detoxifying, clearing yellow water and heat, and using dry yellow water to benefit the liver and protect the liver. The medication should be used according to the degree and location of the organ erosion.

The average treatment course of the 29 patients in this group was 6 months. This is closely related to the extent to which the disease affects the heart, liver and kidneys, and the amount and time of adrenocortical hormones taken. Those with mild disease involvement of organs, less hormone dosage, and shorter course of treatment will have better curative effect and better prognosis. According to the author's comprehensive analysis and data review, SLE is closely related to pituitary cell secretion dysfunction, especially the concentration of prolactin and thyroxine secretion. For example, the high proportion of lupus nephritis is closely related to the secretion dysfunction of antidiuretic hormone. Mongolian medicine is used to balance the "three roots" in the body and regulate the endocrine mechanism of the body. The treatment has achieved good results, which may be related to the improvement of the secretion function of pituitary cells, which needs further study. If Heyi is smooth, blood will flow, and if Heyi is stagnant, blood will be stagnant. When the three roots compete with each other, especially when the general Heyi function is disordered, the blood vessels that nourish the heart become stagnant, and symptoms such as chest pain or chest tightness and shortness of breath may occur. The medicine that regulates Heyi can regulate Heyi and make it run smoothly, which is beneficial to blood circulation. Drugs that promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis can eliminate and improve blood stasis in the blood vessels, which is beneficial to smooth blood circulation and is also conducive to the recovery of the arteries damaged by stasis and turbidity. As a result, the circulation of Heyi blood in the blood vessels that nourish the heart can be improved and smooth, and the symptoms of chest and chest pain can be alleviated.

Lupus erythematosus

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that is more common in women and affects multiple organs throughout the body.

[Main clinical manifestations ]

1. Characteristic skin lesions, such as saucer-shaped erythema on the face. There may be arc-shaped spots under the fingertips, red spots or bleeding spots on the fingertips, and high sensitivity to sunlight and ultraviolet radiation.

2. Irregular and irregular fever.

3. Joint pain, showing redness, swelling, heat and pain or multiple joint pain.

4. Oral mucosa erythema, erosion, and ulcers.

5. Kidney damage, manifested as nephritis or nephrotic syndrome.

6. Heart damage, often pericarditis, can lead to heart failure.

7. Respiratory system damage, pleurisy and respiratory failure may occur.

8. Mental and nervous system disorders.

[Treatment principles]

1. DLE, SCLE; Lukui treatment.

2. SLE treatment

(1) Corticosteroids.

(2) Apply immune modulators.

3. Symptomatic treatment.

[Nursing Key Points]

1. Closely observe changes in the condition.

(1) Changes in vital signs and urine routine.

(2) Whether there are any symptoms of dyspnea and myocardial damage.

(3) Whether there is swelling and pain in the joints of the limbs.

(4) Side effects of corticosteroids.

2. Avoid sunlight and wear long-sleeved clothes when going out.

3. Avoid fatigue.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

What are the main symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus: 1. Unexplained fever, joint pain, arthritis, and no joint deformity. 2. Butterfly-shaped erythema on the face, aggravated by sun exposure. 3. Oral ulcers. 4. Muscle pain and muscle weakness. 5. The tips of the fingers (toes) become blue and purple, which is more obvious in winter. 6. Hair loss. 7. Lymphadenopathy. 8. Epilepsy or mental symptoms. 9. If you find yourself with the above symptoms due to hemolytic anemia, proteinuria or tubular urine, you must go to a dermatologist immediately for further examination and clear diagnosis, so as not to delay the disease and miss the opportunity for diagnosis and treatment, because early treatment of this disease is very important. of.

Progress in Modern Medical Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2001-09-0514: 53 Northern Network Excerpt

Currently modern medicine mainly uses hormones, immunosuppressants, gamma globulin, plasma exchange, etc. Methods of treating systemic lupus erythematosus.

1. Adrenocortical hormone; it has rapid suppression of immune response and strong anti-inflammatory effect. It is the most commonly used therapeutic drug. The hormone pulse therapy used in recent years has improved the remission rate of critical illness, but hormones also have many side effects, leading to obesity, hirsutism, various infections, hypertension, glaucoma, diabetes, peptic ulcers, bleeding, mental symptoms, osteoporosis, Femoral head necrosis, etc.

2. Immunosuppressants: reduce the production of autoantibodies by suppressing the immune response. They are used to treat high-dose hormone therapy with poor results or reduction of hormones, recurrence of the disease, or damage to important organs such as the heart, kidneys, and brain. of critically ill patients. In recent years, the application of cyclophosphamide pulse therapy or double pulse therapy combined with methylprednisolone, intrathecal methotrexate injection, and cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil and other drugs have improved the efficacy of refractory diseases. However, there are many toxic and side effects, which can lead to hair loss, gastrointestinal reactions, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, liver and kidney function damage, menstrual disorders or amenorrhea, and various infections. In addition, cyclosporine A and mycophenolate mofetil are expensive and subject to certain employment restrictions.

3. Gamma globulin; high-dose globulin intravenous injection uses antibody blocking effect to treat refractory patients who cannot be controlled by hormones and immunosuppressants. There are successful experiences at home and abroad. However, the efficacy of this method varies greatly for different patients, and it also has certain side effects. Expensive and limited applications.

4. Plasma exchange, double filtration, and plasma adsorption; they can quickly reduce antibodies and immune complexes in the blood and improve the condition quickly, but they are still expedient therapies for short-term relief of the condition and need to be combined with hormones and immune Use with inhibitors. There are also side effects such as infections, coagulation disorders, and water and electrolyte imbalances. And it's expensive.

5. Bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy; still in preliminary research.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is the most typical autoimmune disease, which can damage the skin, mucous membranes, serosa, blood vessels, joints, heart, kidneys, liver, and spleen , lungs, gastrointestinal, plasma, lymph and other tissues and organs throughout the body. The condition is complex and dangerous, and treatment is difficult. It is currently believed that the disease is caused by the excessive production of autoantibodies due to immune dysfunction caused by genetic, endocrine and environmental factors. Western medicine, such as hormones and immunosuppressants, focuses on suppressing hyperactive immune responses, while traditional Chinese medicine focuses on rebuilding the homeostasis of immune function through overall regulation. Therefore, hormones and immunosuppressants treat the symptoms rather than the root cause, and have strong advantages in alleviating the disease. They have important therapeutic significance for the early and active stages of the disease, especially for acute and severe cases where traditional Chinese medicine alone is used for short-term maintenance to block the progression of the disease. However, lupus erythematosus is a chronic and difficult disease that is easy to relapse. From a long-term perspective, the overall adjustment and dialectical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine treat the root cause more than the symptoms. It enhances the efficacy and reduces the side effects of hormones, prevents infections, and removes hormones to stabilize the condition. It has many advantages in preventing relapse, maintaining long-term remission, correcting susceptible constitutions, and achieving overall recovery. A large number of clinical practices and experimental studies have proven that the therapeutic effect of integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine to maximize strengths and avoid weaknesses is significantly better than pure Western medicine or pure Chinese medicine. It is currently the best treatment for recovering lupus patients.

What are the fever characteristics of lupus erythematosus?

Systemic lupus is an autoimmune disease that often affects many systems and organs. It is more common in female school-age children and is often accompanied by fever and other symptoms in clinical practice. The fever characteristics and treatment principles of this disease are introduced as follows.

Clinically, if a school-age female child develops unexplained irregular fever, with body temperature ranging from low to high, and is ineffective after antibiotic treatment, and is accompanied by the following symptoms, we should be highly vigilant about this disease. Its main clinical manifestations are butterfly-shaped or disc-shaped erythema, joint pain with multiple organ damage, alopecia, oral ulcers, vasculitis, etc. At this time, further relevant laboratory tests should be performed. If the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is significantly increased, anti-DNA and ENA antibodies are positive, anti-nuclear bodies are positive with high titers, lupus cells are positive, and complement C3 is reduced, the disease can be diagnosed.

Both the fever of this disease and the fever of juvenile rheumatoid disease can be accompanied by rash, joint pain and other symptoms, and clinical differentiation should be paid attention to. Juvenile rheumatism usually does not affect the kidneys, but systemic lupus erythematosus is most likely to affect the kidneys and often causes more severe damage. In addition, the complement C3 test for juvenile rheumatoid disease did not decrease, and anti-DNA antibodies were negative.

For fever caused by systemic lupus erythematosus, in addition to high body temperature and the need for symptomatic cooling treatment, currently Western medicine mainly uses prednisone, methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide and other drugs to treat this disease. Disease, as the overall condition improves, the body fever will gradually ease. Because the disease is a chronic disease and treatment may take several years, clinical practice should encourage children to actively cooperate with treatment.

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that this disease is mostly caused by exogenous evils, sun exposure, improper medication, etc. The fever may be due to excessive heat toxins, or due to yin deficiency and excessive fire. The clinical symptoms should be carefully investigated. .

Fever is caused by excessive heat toxin, usually with high body temperature, accompanied by polydipsia, bright red rash and other symptoms. Clinical treatment can be modified with Xijiao Dihuang Decoction. Fever caused by yin deficiency and excessive fire is generally low-grade fever, accompanied by symptoms such as dry mouth and throat, dark red rashes, etc. Clinical treatment can be treated with modified Liuwei Dihuang Pills.

In addition, Chinese patent medicines such as Xijiao Dihuang Pills, Xijiao Huadu Pills, Lupus Pills, and Lithospermum Pills can be used in clinical practice to clear away heat, detoxify and cool blood, and have certain effects on reducing fever and cooling. Early manifestations of lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus is a severe connective tissue disease that affects multiple organs such as skin, blood, bones, joints, liver, kidneys, heart, brain, etc. Uremia often occurs in the late stages and is life-threatening. Early lupus erythematosus has ideal treatments and can even be cured, so early detection and diagnosis are the keys to curing the disease.

The early manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus are often non-specific. Although systemic lupus erythematosus is more likely to occur in young and middle-aged women, the prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus has also been increasing in the elderly recently. The onset of systemic lupus erythematosus The disease mostly occurs in spring. The first symptom of most patients is a bright red rash on the face, which is limited to the cheeks and the bridge of the nose on both sides, with clear edges. The rash looks like a butterfly, commonly known as butterfly erythema. This rash is also associated with cosmetic dermatitis caused by photosensitivity. However, although the rash of cosmetic dermatitis also exhibits photosensitivity, the erythema often does not involve the bridge of the nose. The edge of the erythema does not feel soft when touched, and patients with cosmetic dermatitis have obvious itching. In addition, patients with early-stage lupus erythematosus often have chilblain-like skin disease on the backs of their hands. There are edematous red spots of different sizes and irregular shapes on the backs of both hands, which are symmetrically distributed and generally do not ulcerate, are not itchy, and have burning pain. They are called erythema multiforme. This rash is not affected by the season and exists all year round. Chilblains tend to occur in winter, often causing ulcers and obvious itching.

More importantly, early lupus erythematosus is often accompanied by many unobtrusive systemic symptoms.

Such as circumferential joint pain, low fever, fatigue, anemia, etc. Because there is a disease factor in the blood of early-stage lupus erythematosus patients - lupus erythematosus factor, which can destroy the body's blood cells, joint cavities, liver, kidneys, heart, brain tissue, etc. At this time, a blood test was performed, and the following laboratory changes were found: red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and platelets were significantly reduced, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was increased. Then an immune test was performed, and the following laboratory indicators appeared; antinuclear cell antibody was positive, rheumatoid arthritis Factor positive, lupus cells can be found in the blood. Young and middle-aged and elderly women who have rash symptoms of early lupus erythematosus and are accompanied by the above systemic symptoms must go to the hospital in time for relevant laboratory examinations. (Excerpted from Health News)

What are the methods of traditional Chinese medicine in treating lupus erythematosus?

There are many ways to treat lupus erythematosus using traditional Chinese medicine, including drug therapy and other therapies. Drug therapy is commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. Other therapies include acupuncture, massage, local sealing, physical therapy, etc. Most of these therapies are symptomatic treatments for a certain symptom of lupus erythematosus.

Oral traditional Chinese medicine can be used to treat lupus erythematosus, including the dialectical treatment method of traditional Chinese medicine, the method of treating one disease with one medicine, the method of single-prescription treatment, and the treatment of proprietary Chinese medicines. Among them, the debate treatment method covers a wide range of areas, is highly flexible, and has the characteristics of seeking treatment. It is one of the treatment measures worth taking. However, because systemic lupus erythematosus has extensive damage and complex and changeable symptoms, every doctor in clinical practice has a certain understanding of this disease. The understanding of TCM is not consistent, so doctors have different opinions on dialectical classification and selection of prescriptions and medications. Based on the various clinical dialectical treatment types summarized by most doctors across the country, and integrating the opinions and clinical experience of each doctor, China's National Traditional Chinese Medicine The Administration issued the dialectical standards for red butterfly spots, which are divided into six syndrome types, namely, excessive heat toxin type, yin deficiency and internal heat type, liver and kidney yin deficiency type, evil heat damaging liver type, spleen and kidney yin deficiency type, and rheumatic paralysis. Types roughly include the acute active phase, stable phase and organ damage of systemic lupus erythematosus. Different treatment prescriptions and drugs are selected according to the clinical manifestations of each type. The rule of medication for one disease is based on the changing pattern of lupus erythematosus, grasping the main pathogenesis of the disease, setting up treatment prescriptions according to the pathogenesis, and governing them with one main method. Some of them use the method of nourishing yin and nourishing the kidney, and some use the method of promoting blood circulation. For blood stasis methods, some use the method of detoxifying and clearing away heat, and some use the method of dispelling wind and removing numbness, etc. The most commonly used traditional prescriptions in the treatment of different types and the use of medicines for one disease include Qingre Dihuang Decoction, Liuwei Dihuang Decoction, Buzhong Yiqi Decoction, Jisheng Shenqi Pills, Shengmai Yin, Guipi Decoction, Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, Siwu Decoction, Yougui Pills, Zuogui Pills, etc. Most of the applications are self-made prescriptions created by each doctor based on his or her own experience. Commonly used drugs in these prescriptions include rehmannia root, ginseng, cornus officinale, wolfberry, polygonatum, ophiopogon japonicus, rhizome, and ligustrum lucidum. , Astragalus, Radix Pseudostellariae, Ginseng, Astragalus, Poria, Yam, Atractylodes, Codonopsis, Coptidis, Skullcap, Silver Flower, Forsythia, Gypsum, Anemarrhena, Antelope horn, Buffalo horn, Angelica, Lithospermum, red peony root, Salvia miltiorrhiza , Zizi, Bupleurum, Digupi, centipede, Eucommia ulmoides, Sichuan bark, aconite, cinnamon, cassia twig, Artemisia annua, paeonol, licorice, Alisma, Polyporus, etc. Commonly used single prescriptions include Tripterygium wilfordii and its preparations. Among them are Tripterygium wilfordii tablets, Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside tablets, Tripterygium wilfordii syrup, Santeng drink, etc. Kunming Shanhaitang is used for systemic lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus. In the 1970s and 1980s, a factory was contracted to produce its tablets. Each tablet contains 50 mg of crude drug; Artemisia annua and its preparations have certain curative effects on discoid lupus. The preparations include Qinghao pills, Qinghao extract tablets, etc., which are taken orally, while artemisinin is an injection, 90 The application has been reduced in the 1970s; in addition, some preparations such as compound golden buckwheat tablets, Sanshe syrup, gallnut and mitoseng powder, safflower preparations, salvia preparations, rhubarb preparations, etc. are also in clinical use.

In addition to oral Chinese medicine decoctions and application of patent medicines, there are also different treatment methods such as acupuncture, ear acupuncture, acupoint sealing, pick therapy, diet therapy, and physical therapy. These treatments can be used as auxiliary therapies in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

In summary, there are many ways to treat lupus erythematosus using traditional Chinese medicine. In clinical application, one or several treatment methods should be selected according to the different symptoms of the patient.

About the treatment of lupus erythematosus

Treatment mainly focuses on relieving symptoms and inhibiting the pathological process. Due to the large individual differences in the condition, it should be different according to each patient's situation.

1. In general treatment, bed rest should be performed during the acute active period. Those in the chronic stage or whose condition has stabilized can participate in work as appropriate. Mental and psychological treatment is very important. Patients should be followed up regularly to avoid triggering factors and irritation, and to avoid direct exposure of the skin to sunlight. Women during childbearing period should strictly use contraception.

2. Drug treatment

(1) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which can resist the synthesis of prostaglandins, can be used as symptomatic treatment for fever, joint pain, and myalgia. For example, indomethacin has a good effect on SLE fever, pleura, and pericardial lesions. Since these drugs affect renal blood flow, they should be used with caution when combined with nephritis.

The antimalarial drug chloroquine mainly accumulates in the skin after oral administration. It can inhibit the binding of DNA and anti-DNA antibodies, and has a certain effect on photosensitivity of rashes and joint symptoms. Chloroquine phosphate 250 -500mg/d. Long-term use may cause retinal degeneration due to accumulation in the body. Early discontinuation of medication may cause recurrence, and fundus should be checked regularly.

(3) Glucocorticoids are currently the main drug for the treatment of this disease. They are suitable for acute or fulminant cases, or when major organs such as the heart, brain, lungs, kidneys, and serosa are involved. Glucocorticoids are also used when immune hemolysis or thrombocytopenia causes bleeding tendencies.

There are two ways to use it. One is a small dose, such as 0.5mg/kg/d, or even half the amount can relieve the condition. The other is a large dose, starting with 10-15mg/d. Maintenance. If a rebound occurs during dose reduction, the dose before reduction should be increased by 5 mg for maintenance. High-dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy can be used for fulminant or refractory lupus nephritis and central nervous system lesions. , 1000mg/d intravenous infusion, halved after 3 days, and then maintained with prednisone. Some cases can achieve good results, but side effects such as high blood pressure and susceptibility to infection should be treated.

(4) Immunosuppressants are mainly used first for cases where the disease develops after reducing the dose of hormones, or where hormones are effective but require excessive dosage and cause serious side effects, as well as cases of lupus nephritis, lupus encephalopathy and other diseases that are difficult to control with hormones alone. For example, cyclosquamamide 15-2.5 mg/kg/d, intravenously or orally, or 200 mg used every other day. The main toxic and side effects are bone marrow suppression, gonadal atrophy, teratogenesis, hemorrhagic cystitis, alopecia, etc. It should be noted that cytotoxic drugs do not replace hormones.

(5) Other drugs, such as levamisole, can enhance immune responses below normal and may be helpful for SLE patients with infections. The dosage is 50mg/d, for three consecutive days, followed by 11 days of rest. Side effects are anorexia and leukopenia.

Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) or antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is an immunosuppressant widely used in the treatment of aplastic anemia in recent years. It has high activity of T lymphocyte toxicity and suppression. The function of T lymphocyte immune response, some saline, slow intravenous drip, continuous use for 5-7 days, side effects are rash, fever, body joint pain, transient thrombocytopenia and serum sickness. If hormones are added at the same time, it can be alleviated.

(6) Plasma exchange therapy removes the patient's plasma to remove immune complexes, autoantibodies, etc. contained in the plasma, and then infuses normal plasma. The effect is significant, but difficult to last and expensive. It is suitable for acute and severe cases.