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Comparison table of common grammatical differences between Putonghua and dialects
1. This material is used for the third item of the Putonghua proficiency test-the choice judgment test.
2. The content is roughly arranged according to the classification of morphology and syntax, with morphology coming first and syntax coming last. For a list of quantifiers and nouns, please refer to another document.
3. Several groups of sentences listed in various grammatical categories in this material are just examples, far from all grammatical differences between Putonghua and dialects. Moreover, sentences (or words) with the same format should not be quoted as much as possible, so analogy can be replaced with the same format in proposition.
4. The listed sentences are multiple-choice questions, and the answers are usually Mandarin (marked with * on the right side of the question number) at the front, dialect (marked with "Fang" after the question number) at the back, and the arrangement order of the propositions should be randomly changed.
5.a≠b* means that when A and B express different meanings, both sentences are in Mandarin. A = B, which means that when two sentences, A and B, have the same meaning, sentence B is a dialect.
Generally speaking, the difference between Mandarin and dialect is the most prominent in pronunciation. Therefore, in the process of teaching and training Putonghua, it is completely correct to first grasp the phonetic difficulties in dialect areas. The second is vocabulary, which is smaller than pronunciation. Compared with the first two, the grammatical differences between Putonghua and dialects are much smaller, but they must not be ignored. In fact, although the grammatical differences are small, some outstanding phenomena must be paid special attention to. For example, when people in some dialect areas learn to speak Mandarin, it is easy to say sentences such as "You go first", "I have seen it" and "You talk less". The format of these sentences does not conform to the grammatical norms of Putonghua, which directly affects the expression effect.
In fact, the difference between dialects and Putonghua here mainly refers to the difference between local Putonghua (which refers to an "intermediary state" in the transition from dialects to Putonghua) and standard Putonghua. Both are differences and problems, but the pronunciation and grammar are different. Phonetic differences are mainly manifested in regions, and different regions have different differences and problems, mainly local accents with different accents. However, the grammatical differences are different. Sometimes different dialect areas will infiltrate some dialect sentence patterns or expression habits, and several different dialect areas may have the same grammatical problems. Therefore, when comparing grammatical differences, we don't classify them by region, but by different types of questions.
There are some sentence patterns in the dialect, which seem to be the same as Mandarin. For example, the Guangxi saying "I am not better than him" means "I am not as good as him". In isolation, there is no grammatical error in this sentence, because there is such a sentence pattern in Mandarin. But "I'm not better than him" in Mandarin has two meanings: one is "I'm not as good as him" and the other is "I'm just like him". In Guangxi dialect, "I am not better than him" can only express the former meaning, but it is wrong to express the latter meaning. Therefore, for this kind of sentence pattern, only in a certain language environment can we judge right or wrong.
First, the suffix
Both Mandarin and dialects have some suffixes, such as "zi, er, tou" and so on, but in what words these suffixes are used, Mandarin and dialects are different. The most common suffix is word, but Mandarin says "shrimp" without word, and many places in Jiangsu say "shrimp". On the contrary, the word "socks" in Putonghua is often called "socks" or "foreign socks" in Wu dialect. The "nose" in Putonghua is called "nose head" in Wu dialect. In Jianghuai dialect, nouns have many "zi" endings, which are generally less than those in Mandarin or even have no "zi" endings. In Mandarin, "next year's ears of wheat, beans, chickens, butterflies, washbasins, lips, soles of feet, belly buttons, pants and noodles" is called "next year's ears of wheat, beans, chickens, butterflies, washbasins, lips, soles of feet, belly buttons and pants" in Jianghuai dialect. Pants and hats are called "hats", "pants" or "hats" in some areas of Shanxi Province, and "foxes" are called "foxes" and "foxes'. Shanxi dialect also tends to remove the "er" tail of the word "er", and the previous words overlap. There are also some suffixes that can't be found in Putonghua in various dialect areas. For example, Wu dialect generally has the expression "kitchen room, toilet room and living room", while Mandarin does not have the word "room". The suffix "zi" of overlapping adverbs in Nanchang dialect is equivalent to "er" in Beijing dialect. Generally speaking, suffixes are used much more in dialects than in Putonghua. When we speak Mandarin, we should pay more attention to removing these suffixes or replacing them.
A, the legs are getting thicker. B, the legs are getting thicker. (Select Party A * Party B)
I bought a hat and trousers. I bought a hat and trousers. I bought a hat and trousers. (choose the right a* b c party)
A nest of chickens was eaten by a fox. A nest of chickens was eaten by a fox. A nest of chickens was eaten by a fox. (choose the right a* b c party)
A, the filament is broken again. The filament is broken again. C. The filament is broken again. (choose the right a* b c party)
There is an eye on the door. B, there is an eye on the door. (Select Party A * Party B)
A. unscrew the bottle cap. Unscrew the lid of the bottle. (Select Party A * Party B)
A, I grabbed its calf and carried it back. I caught its calf and brought it back. (Select Party A * Party B)
A That's how I spent my childhood. B, that's how I spent my childhood. (Select Party A * Party B)
Secondly, in this mandarin, the demonstrative pronoun "this" is used to refer to people and things, indicating "near reference" as opposed to "that" (far reference). There is often no "this" in some dialects.
Whose pen is this? Whose pen is this? (Select Party A * Party B)
This flower is really beautiful. This flower is really beautiful. (Select Party A * Party B)
This book is mine. This book is mine. (Select Party A * Party B)
Third, quantity.
The notation of some dialects, such as Fujian, is different from that of Putonghua, and people in some dialect areas often use Putonghua to replace or omit Putonghua in numbers.
He is twenty-one years old. B, he is 2 1 year old this year. (Select Party A * Party B)
I have 1 18 yuan. B, I have 1 18 yuan. (Select Party A * Party B)
This kind of rice is 1300 kg. B, this rice 1300 Jin. (Select Party A * Party B)
The mountain is1950m high. The mountain is1950m high. C the height of this mountain is1950m. (choose the right a* b c party)
A, there is still more than a month before the exam. B, how many days/months before the exam? (Select Party A * Party B)
It took us more than a month to do our homework. We spent half past one doing our homework. We spent half past one doing our homework. (choose the right a* b c party)
He reviewed 2 13 plans. B, he reviewed 2 13 schemes. (Select Party A * Party B)
Four, two, two.
In Putonghua, the word "two" is generally only used as a cardinal number. Besides being used as a cardinal number, the word "two" can also be used as an ordinal number. But in front of general quantifiers such as "layer", the word "two" can only be used as ordinal number, and "second floor" means second floor. When both "er" and "er" are used as cardinal words, their meanings are the same, but according to the habits of Putonghua, their usages are also different. Idioms in some dialects are also different from Mandarin.
A, two to two (game score). Two to two. (Select Party A * Party B)
A: Two to five. Two to five. (Select Party A * Party B)
It will take him about two or three months to come back. B, it will take him about two or three months to come back. (Select Party A * Party B)
A, there are two kinds of oils. B, there are two kinds of oils. (Select Party A * Party B)
A: After two in the afternoon. B, after two p. m. (Select Party A * Party B)
My family lives on the second floor. B, my family lives on the second floor. (Select Party A * Party B)
First, the world of two people. B, a world for two. (Select Party A * Party B)
V. Right
The verb "gei" is often called "ba" in Hubei, Hunan and other places, and it also has different structures in Nanchang dialect.
Give him this book. Give him this book. Give me the book. (choose the right a* b c party)
A. give me a book. B, bring me a book (choose Party A * b)
Six, can (good at)
"Neng" means "good at" in Mandarin, which can be modified by degree adverbs "hen" and "hen". In some dialect areas, "hui" is used instead of "neng", and "degree adverb+hui" in Putonghua also means "good at", so "neng" and "hui" are universal in this case. "Degree Adverb+Can't" means that you are not good at it, but you can't use degree adverb before "Can't". "Can't" and "Can't" without adverbs of degree have different meanings.
He is very talkative. He is good at speaking. He is very stupid. D, he's not very talkative. (Select Party A * b* c* d)
Mom is very capable of working. B, mom is good at work. C, mom doesn't work well. D, mom doesn't work much.
(Select Party A * b* c* d)
He's not coming. He can't help coming. (Be sure to come) (choose Party A ≠ B * A = B)
Seven, can (can)
"Neng" also means "Neng" in Mandarin. Sichuan and other places add "de" after the verb in the sentence to indicate that you can, maybe do some action. Minnan dialect also uses "hui" to mean that you can or may do an action.
This stool can seat three people. This stool can seat three people. This stool can seat three people. This stool can seat three people. (choose the right a* b c d party)
Can you walk? Can walk. Will you leave? Yes C have you left? Go well. (Choose the correct A * A = Party B and Party C)
You can wear these pants. You can wear these pants. C, these pants are yours. (Choose the correct A * A = Party B and Party C)
A, opened the knife, he can't even Lian Xiao. B, opened the knife, he can't even Lian Xiao. (Select Party A * Party B)
He is badly hurt and can walk. B, he is badly injured and can't walk. He is badly hurt and can walk. D. he can't walk because of injury. (choose right A * A = C party B = D party)
A, you can see it, but you can't touch it. B, visible, intangible. (Select Party A * Party B)
The road is too slippery for me to drive fast. The road is too slippery for me to drive fast. (Select Party A ≠ B * A = B)
First, he can understand. He'll listen. C, he will come. D he can hear. He knows how to listen. (Choose the right Party A * Party B c d e)
Eight, come, go
"Lai" and "Qu" have two functions in Putonghua sentences: one is a real verb, the other is a vague meaning, which only indicates a tendency after the verb; But "coming" and "going" indicate opposite trends. In some dialect areas, the word "Lai" often comes from before "Qu". The "go" after some verbs is also called "come". In Minnan, "coming and going" also means "meeting", indicating the intention of taking action now.
A, I'm going to eat. B, I'm going to eat. C, I'll eat. (Select Party A * Party B * Party A)
I told him. I'll tell him. I'll tell him. (Select Party A * Party B * Party A)
Let's go shopping. (Select Party A * Party B * Party A)
Let's ask him. Let's ask him. Let's ask him. Let's ask him. (Choose the correct a≠b* "Different Trends" C * A = Party B and Party D)
Shall we go to the movies together? Shall we go to the movies together? (Select Party A * Party B..
Nine, get up
In Mandarin, the directional verb "Qilai" is usually placed after a verb or adjective to indicate the beginning of an action or state. The format is "verb+qi+object+lai", and sometimes it can be said to be "object+verb+qi". Some dialects put "qi" after the object.
It is raining. B, it's raining (Select Party A * Party B)
First, I can't finish talking. B, it's not over. C, it's not over. (Select Party A * Party B * Party A)
Adjective reduplication
Adjectives can overlap in Putonghua, but monosyllabic overlap usually needs to be followed by the word "de", such as "red" overlapping into "red". However, in some dialects such as Hubei and Zhejiang, there is often no "de". Some dialects have triple meanings. State adjectives and their overlapping forms are also different from those in some dialects. In addition, it should be noted that the overlapping of property adjectives and state adjectives is no longer modified by adverbs of degree.
His hands are white. B, his hands were washed in vain. C, his hands were washed in vain (choose a* b c)
He is dressed in red. He is dressed in light red. He is dressed in red. (In Mandarin, "red" means "very red" and in Minnan dialect "red" means "a little red") (Choose the correct a* b* c)
A, blood red B, blood red C, red pretty red D, red wow (choose the right a* b c d)
A, cold B, cold C, cold D, ice honk (choose the correct a* b c d)
A, Snow White B, Snow White C, Snow White (choose a* b c)
A, spray b, spray c, spray (choose the right side of a* b* c)
A, clear and white B, clear and white C, innocent (choose the right a* b c)
A, earnest B, earnest (choose Party A * b)
A, happy B, happy (choose the right Party a* b)
A, Dafang B, Dafang C, Dafang (choose a* b a≠c*)
A, ordinary B, ordinary (choose the right a* b party)
Xi。 degree adverbs
Adverbs of degree such as "very, too, very" in Putonghua can be placed directly in front of verbs and adjectives to indicate the degree of action and nature, but not directly behind verbs and adjectives. Some dialects (such as Sichuan dialect) often put "hen" directly after verbs and adjectives to express degree. Although in some dialects, adverbs of degree can also be placed directly before verbs and adjectives, they use dialect adverbs different from Mandarin, such as "Hao, Hao, Te, Guo, Lao and Yi".
The food is too old to eat. B. The food is too old to eat. (choose the right a* b c party)
How beautiful these flowers are! What beautiful flowers! (choose the right a* b c party)
A, the sky is really blue! B, what a blue day! (choose the right a* b c party)
A, winter in the north is very cold. B, it's too cold in winter in the north. C it is always cold in the north in winter, and it is unusually cold in the north in winter. (choose the right a* b c d party)
I am so nervous. B, I'm so nervous. C, I'm so nervous. I'm so nervous. (choose the right a* b c d party)
He's cute. He is so cute. C. He is very cute in the world. (choose the right a* b c party)
This flower smells delicious. B, how fragrant is this flower? C, this flower is old and fragrant. (choose the right a* b c party)
This dish is too salty. This dish is salty. C. this dish is salty. This dish is salty. E, this dish is old and salty. (Choose the right Party A * Party B c d e)
Twelve. Range adverb
The scope adverbs "Du" and "Quan" have basically the same meaning in Putonghua, which means "Du" in the format of "Du/Quan+Verb+Complement". Some dialects often use the format of "verb+verb+complement" to express this meaning.
One, you all go out. B, you all get out. C, you all get out. D, you get out. (Select Party A * b* c* d)
One, put them away. B. Put it away. (Select Party A * Party B)
Thirteen, the negative adverb "no"
The adverb "bu" in Putonghua is often said as "no, no" in some dialects such as Fujian.
Mandarin means "the state of completion and existence", and the general verb is followed by the auxiliary word "le, zhe le" In Sichuan and other places, verbs are often followed by "deyou" or "you" followed by an object, indicating the existence of things, that is, "(verb) deyou (object)". Mandarin sometimes needs "you", and dialects also use "you". In some dialects, "you" means to have waited. And put it directly in front of the verb.
He lost his watch and couldn't find it. He lost his watch and was nowhere to be found. (Select Party A ≠ B * A = B)
One, you go, I won't go. B, you went, but I didn't. (Select Party A * Party B)
No, he doesn't. No, he doesn't sing like that. (Select Party A * Party B)
A, this dish is not salty B, this dish is not salty. (Select Party A * Party B)
First, he doesn't go home. He didn't come home. (Select Party A ≠ B * A = B)
I can't eat litchi. B, I didn't eat litchi. (Select Party A * Party B)
A, mom says most of the bonus flowers don't smell good. B, mom says most red flowers have no fragrance. (Select Party A * Party B)
First, he is not stupid. B, he is not stupid. (Select Party A * A = B)
14. Preposition: Bei
The preposition "Bei" is often used in Mandarin (such as "Jiao, Rang" in spoken language) or the agent object is introduced with "Bei" before the predicate verb to form a passive "Bei sentence". In some dialects, the position of prepositions expressing passive meaning is the same as that of Putonghua, but the prepositions used are different from Putonghua. For example, Changsha, Hunan Province, said "North" as "fishing" and Linwu said "North" as "A". Shanxi describes "North" as "Zhao" and "De". Sichuan and other places say "Bei" as "you" and "give". Hubei and other dialect areas say "Jean" as "Jin" and "Ba". Even "ba" is regarded as the public word of "ba sentence" and "Bei sentence", such as "Koda Ge". In Fujian and other areas, "gei" is often used to express passive meaning, which sometimes causes ambiguity.
This book was torn by my brother. This book was torn by my brother. (Select Party A * Party B)
My sister's schoolbag was torn by a branch. B, my sister's schoolbag was torn by a branch. (Select Party A * Party B)
My book was borrowed by someone else. My book was borrowed by someone else. I lent my book to someone else. (choose the right a* b c party)
We were scolded by him. We were scolded by him. C, we let him scold. (choose the right a* b c party)
Everyone was amused by him. B, everyone asked him to talk about music. Everyone made him laugh. Everyone was amused by him. (Select the appropriate Party a* b* c d)
First, don't let him get away. B, don't let him get away. C, don't let him get away. (choose the right a* b c party)
15. Prepositions: from, in, to, to and to.
"Cong" is a preposition indicating the starting point of action in Chinese, and the object often constitutes a prepositional phrase as an adverbial. Fujian often says "from" to "go" and so on. Shanxi area is called "Chao", "Ben", "Fake", "Sui", "Qu" and "Dao".
The prepositions "zai" and "Dao" are commonly used in Putonghua to form prepositional phrases, as adverbials or complements of predicate verbs, indicating places. In some dialect areas, "zai" and "Dao" are described as "lying", "lying" and "shelving", while in others, prepositions are simply omitted, and the predicate verbs are directly combined with the locative nouns behind them.
The preposition "go" indicating the direction is said to be "go" in Shanxi. "Xiang" is said to have been given to Fujian.
A, starting from Hangzhou. B, leave for Hangzhou. C, starting from Hangzhou. (choose the right a* b c party)
One, get out of here. B, go here and leave. C. stand up and leave here. (choose the right a* b c party)
A I'm from Taiyuan. B, I created it in Taiyuan. C, I'm in a hurry. D, I welcome Taiyuan. E, I created it in Taiyuan. F, I created it in Taiyuan. G, I take Taiyuan. (choose the right a* b c d e f g)
A, the bread fell to the ground. The bread fell to the ground. C, the bread fell on the floor. (choose the right a* b c party)
Put the flowers on the windowsill. Put the flowers on the windowsill. C, put the flowers on the windowsill. (choose the right a* b c party)
You put the money on the table! B, you put the money on the table! C, you put the money on the table! (choose the right a* b c party)
A. write on the blackboard. Write on the blackboard. Write on the blackboard. (choose the right a* b c party)
A You go east and I go west. B, you go east and I'll go west. (Select Party A * Party B)
A. borrow books from the teacher. Borrow books from the teacher. (Select Party A ≠ B * A = B)