Historical background
Jurchen nationality is an ancient nationality living in the northeast of China. It was called Shen in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Lou in Western Han Dynasty, unlucky in Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Zhu in Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the Liao Dynasty destroyed the Bohai regime established by the people, Heishui Zhu Zhen was renamed Jurchen. In order to weaken the power of the Jurchen nationality, the rulers of Liao Dynasty adopted the method of divide and conquer, and moved some Jurchen to the south of Liaoyang and incorporated them into the household registration of Liao Dynasty, which was called mature Jurchen.
Those who have not moved are not included in the Liao household registration and are called Nuzhen. They lived in Changbai Mountain, Songhua River and the north of Heilongjiang, and assumed the obligation to pay tribute to Liao Dynasty. When Yelu Hongji was a Taoist priest in the Liao Dynasty, the Nuzhen ministries affiliated to the Liao Dynasty gradually unified, forming a tribal alliance of 6.5438+10,000 households. During the period of Hong Yan Ying Ge, we should concentrate on farming, train horses and gradually become stronger. From then on, a powerful and unified military alliance with Hongyan Department as the core gradually formed. The unification of Jurchen tribes promoted the development of Jurchen society and laid the foundation for the establishment of Jin Dynasty.
As the former minister of Jurchen was subordinate to and ruled by Liao, Liao not only paid tribute to rare products such as mink, birch, Ming and Haidong Qing every year, but also enslaved Jurchen in other ways. However, in the late Liao Dynasty, the court became increasingly corrupt, extravagant and empty, which intensified the oppression and plunder of people of all ethnic groups and forced Nuzhen to pay tribute to different treasures.
The people in various ministries of Jurchen were strongly dissatisfied and demanded to rise up and resist. In the third year of Tianqing (1 1 13), Akuta Wanyan (that is, Jin Taizu) succeeded as the leader of the alliance. Akuta Yan Hong is an outstanding leader of the Jurchen nationality. He adapted to the requirements of the development of Jurchen society and the anti-Liao struggle at that time, and was determined to overthrow the rule of Liao Dynasty and establish his own dynasty.
War process
Jin Taizu citizen (Akuta Yan Hong) proclaimed himself emperor. On the fifth day of the first month of the first year (1 1 15), he led the army to conquer Huanglongfu and returned it to Li. Emperor Youzhi of Liao Dynasty heard the news and ordered Lu Ye to go to Li Duo. The left and right deputy commanders Xiao Yixue and Lu Ye Zhang Nu led 200,000 cavalry and 70,000 infantry to Dalu Ancient City (now Tuchengzi in the northwest of Fuyu, Jilin) to prepare for attacking gold and sent envoys to force gold to make peace.
On the 29th, Jin Taizu led an army to attack the ancient city road. Although the Liao army has a large number, its formation is not complete. Then in the high-voltage array. Make the nephew Hong Yan Zongxiong (Hong Yan seeks a good tiger) attack Zuo Jun, Liaoning with the right army, make Zuo Jun detour to the right army array in Liaoning, and make Hong Yan Loushi and Hong Yan Yin Shu lead the army to attack Liaoning Central Army. Jin Jun rushed into the Liao army camp nine times, but the Liao army still held on. Jin Taizu urged Zongxiong to set up suspected soldiers to divide the Liao army, and Zongxiong took the fighter plane and stormed the Liao right army. The Liao army was defeated and retreated into the ancient city of Dalu. The next morning, the Liao army broke through and fled north. 8 Jin Army chased Alougang.
Destroy the Liao infantry. In February, 8 jin j scored Huanglong mansion, and Jin Taizu ordered LouShi to be ten thousand households, guarding Huanglong mansion. After the fall of Huanglongfu. In that year 1 1 month, Emperor Tianzuo led 700,000 troops to war. Liao Mo and Lin Zara led 50,000 cavalry and 400,000 infantry to the neighboring dragon (now Chaganpao, Da 'an, Jilin) in an attempt to attack from both sides and defeat the 8 Jin Army in one fell swoop. Akuta personally led the army to attack the mountain, but the main forces of the two sides have not yet met. Liao launched a mutiny, and wanted to make Ye Lvchun, the prince of Yan, emperor. Emperor Tianzuo was forced to return to the west from the front after learning about it.
Agoudas led the army to actively pursue the Liao army returning to the west, and joined forces with the Liao army in Ansang (now Wuchang West, Heilongjiang Province). At this point, 8 jin j only twenty thousand, akuta decided to concentrate on attacking Zhong Jun, where the Liao Lord was located, and joined the left and right wings. The Liao army was unprepared and fled in defeat. In the case of repeated battles and defeats of the Liao army, the internal rebellion of the Liao ruling class continued. In the first month of the second year of Jiahe (1 1 16), Gao Yongchang, a general in Tokyo, Liaoning (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), stood on his own feet and occupied more than 50 states in Liaodong. Emperor Sanzuo sent Zhang Lin and Ye Lvchun to recruit soldiers to suppress them. Gao Yongchang sent messengers to Jin for help, trying to unite Jin to destroy Liao, but Jin refused.
In April, Jin Taizu ordered Hong Yan to lead the internal and external armies to attack Gao Yongchang. Wolu led his troops south and joined forces with the Liao Army in Shen Zhou (now Shenyang, Liaoning), defeating the Liao Army and conquering Shen Zhou. Gao Yongchang led the army to repel the 8 Jin Army in the flowing water (Liaoshui) array in Wali. Hong Yan, General Jin, took advantage of the situation and led the army to cross the river by force. He defeated Yongchang Army in Shoushan (now Liaoyang North, Liaoning Province) and Yongchang led down troops to retreat to Tokyo. The next day, Gaoshuichang fought a decisive battle with 8 jin j, and suffered a crushing defeat. The Jin army took advantage of the victory to capture Tokyo. After the Jin army occupied Tokyo, it quickly led the army to the west, ready to seize the Liao country and go to Beijing.
In April of the first year of Jin Tianfu (1 1 17), one day the emperor of Liao ordered Qin Wangye to lead an army to counterattack Liaodong, which was defeated by the troops of Jin (Yan Yan Di Gu Nai), Lou Shi, Bao Lu Huo and Wolugu. In September, in order to deter the 8th Jin Army from marching westward, Emperor Tianzuo appointed Ye Lvchun as the commander-in-chief, recruited 28,000 hungry people in Liaodong, and organized them into eight battalions, which were called "enemy troops" in history, in an attempt to prevent the 8th Jin Army from going directly to Zhongjing (now Daming City in Ningcheng West, Inner Mongolia) and Shanghai.
In December, Jin Jun attacked Zhou Xian in the northeast of Ganzhou in the west, and Ye Luchun led the "complaining army" to defeat by night, so Jin Jun pulled Zhou Xian out. Seven states including Huizhou, Chengdu (all in the northwest of Fuxin, Liaoning), Huizhou (now Jianping North) and Gansu successively reduced their gold. In the fourth year of Tianfu (1 120), Jin Taizu personally led Jin Jun to Gyeonggi and Fufu, the capital of Liao country. In May, Jin Jun arrived at the gates of Beijing and sent envoys to surrender. Liao went to Beijing to stay, but he did not rely on Beijing's strong pool and saved a lot of money in an attempt to hold on to the city. He said that Yue Mu led his troops to the gate. In less than half a day, the outer city was captured by 8 jin j, and the city was hard to protect, so he led the army to surrender.
Emperor Tianzuo fled to Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi). In the first month of the fifth year of Tianfu (1 12 1), I saw the fall of gold in Lu Ye, the governor of Liao. Knowing that there was no one in Liao, the troops were exhausted. In December, Gao Yanhong (Hong Yan), the emperor's younger brother, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the internal and external armies, while Hong Yanyu (Yan Hongpu Jianu) and Hong Yanhan Zong (Hong Yan Zhanhan) were appointed as the deputy commanders, and Yelvyu was the pioneer, leading the army to attack Beijing south. Liao people had no fighting spirit. Before the arrival of Jin Jun, they burned straw and prepared to let the refugees escape. In the first month of six years (1 122), Jinkeliao Gaozhou (now east of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia), Zhou En (now east of Harqin Banner, Inner Mongolia) and Uighur City entered the gate of Dadingfu, Zhongjing (now northwest of Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia). Liao soldiers heard the arrival of Jin Jun and were defeated without fighting. They were in Beijing. Then, 8 jin j entered Zezhou (now Chahan City, Pingquan, Hebei Province). In February, it occupied Bei 'an House (now southwest of Chengde). Forward into Songtingguan (now moved to the northwest of xifengkou) and Gubeikou (now northeast of Miyun). Liao Tianzuo saw that Jin Jun had the potential to take Nanjing (now Beijing) directly, and ordered Ye Lvchun and others to stay in Nanjing, and he led his army to Yuanyanglong (now Gulinao, Bei 'an, Hebei). Zong Hanjun went out of Qingling and chased Tianzuo Emperor, who was in Yuanyang. God knows 8 jin j is coming. Led the troops to escape into Baishuilong (now Huangqihai, right front banner of Chahar, Inner Mongolia). 8 jin j followed.
In April, after Jin took Xijing, the high-rate army pushed Baishui Moon, and Emperor Tianzuo fled into Jiashan (northwest of Tumote, Inner Mongolia) with a light carriage, and all the cities in Jin were trapped. In December, 8 jin j attacked yanjing in two ways. All the way led by Wan entered Shengshengkou (now Changping North, Beijing), and all the way led by Wan entered Juyongguan (now Changping Northwest). Just in case of an earthquake, the Liao army collapsed without a fight. Liao learned that Zuo Qigong and Yu of the Privy Council led hundreds of officials out of the city to surrender, and 8 Jin Army took Nanjing lightly and ordered Zuo Qigong and others to pacify Yanjing State.
At this point, the territory of Liao country was all incorporated into the territory of Jin country. On July 7th, Liao Tianzuo led an army out of Jiashan, trying to recover Yanyun. Liao army stopped water supply in Iman (now Daihai, Inner Mongolia), and was defeated by Jin Army and fled to Yin Shan. In August, he died of illness, and his younger brother Sheng (Wu Qimai) succeeded him as Emperor Taizong. In the third year of Jin Tianhui (1 125), in February, Jin Jun captured Emperor Tianduo in Yingzhou (now Yingxian County, Shanxi Province), and the Liao Dynasty perished.
Comment on war
Before the Jin-Liao War, the Jurchen nationality originally belonged to and was ruled by the Liao State, and assumed the obligation to pay tribute to the Liao State. However, the Jurchen nationality gradually became stronger in the anti-Liao struggle until it got rid of the rule of Liao. The state of Jin was founded, and Lien Chan won the victory in the Jin-Liao War until the demise of the Liao Dynasty. On the contrary, in the face of the increasingly powerful Jin State, the Liao State was defeated repeatedly in the Jin-Liao War, and even retreated and fled until it was destroyed by the Jin State.
In this trend of change, the fundamental reason why the Liao State weakened from strong to weak until it was destroyed by the Jurchen regime ruled by itself was that the Liao State's political affairs were increasingly corrupt, the treasury was empty, and the army had no fighting spirit and fighting capacity. Under the fierce attack of the Jin Army, it collapsed without a fight. However, in the battle against Liao, the Jin State gradually formed a powerful and unified military alliance with the Ministry as the core, and established a national system with the characteristics of the Jurchen nationality. The army was also well-organized and had strong combat effectiveness, especially the anti-Liao struggle adapted to the requirements of the social development of the Jurchen nationality at that time.
Therefore, in the Jin-Liao War, it gradually became stronger from weakness, and from being ruled by the Liao State to its demise, the territory of the Liao State was all incorporated into the territory of the Jin State. In the Jin-Liao War, Akuta gave full play to the advantage of the rapid mobility of the Jin cavalry, taking the initiative to attack and surprise. In the wars of conquering Ningjiangzhou, fighting against He Dian, capturing Huanglongfu, Tokyo, Beijing, Zhongjing, Nanjing, etc., 8 Jin Army took the initiative in the war and defeated the main force of Liao Army many times.
Every time the Liao army fled, the Jin army took the initiative to pursue it, forming an aggressive trend, which caused the Liao army to collapse without fighting and repeatedly fled. In the situation that the Liao army was defeated repeatedly and the Jin army was victorious in Lien Chan, the Jin army always seized the fighter plane, took advantage of the situation to attack Liao, and pressed hard to seize the important towns of Liao Dynasty one by one, and finally defeated Liao Dynasty.