Peach is a small deciduous tree, which belongs to Rosaceae, Peach and Peach Subgenus in plant taxonomy. Generally, trees are 3-4 meters high. Weak and dry, open crown. Young trees grow vigorously, with 1 year growth branches reaching 1 meter or more. Buds are precocious and the crown forms rapidly. It begins to bear fruit early, starting to bear fruit 2-3 years after planting, and reaching the full fruit stage in 6-7 years. /kloc-aged gradually after 0/5 ~ 20 years, and its life span was short. General management can maintain high yield for 25 ~ 30 years.
Peaches first grew in China and can be traced back to BC 10 century. At that time, there were documents about peaches. Peaches were first discovered in western countries around 300 BC. Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher, thought that peaches came from Persia, so he called them Persian apples. In the first century, some Romans mentioned that they imported peaches from Persia, assuming that peaches arrived in Europe in AD 0. As for Britain, peaches were not recorded until 1650 BC. As for English Peach, it comes from Latin persica. 1779, peaches were harvested in the mountainous area of Niagara Valley in the northeastern United States, becoming the earliest peach consumer goods in the United States.
Peach is rich in nutrition: the flesh is rich in sweet juice and iron, which can increase the amount of hemoglobin in human body. According to legend, eating peaches often can "benefit color", which may be the reason. The contribution of peach, in addition to peach meat can enrich blood and nourish skin, peach kernel also has the functions of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving asthma and relieving cough. There is a prescription in Chinese medicine called Wuren decoction, which can moisten the intestines and relax the bowels and promote blood circulation. Ingredients include peach kernel, hemp seed, Prunus mume kernel, Platycladus orientalis kernel and almond, which is especially helpful for people with dry stool, stagnation of liver blood and amenorrhea. It should be noted that peach kernel can promote blood circulation, and it is not suitable for menorrhagia or menstrual period. Gum from peach trees is also a panacea, which can strengthen and nourish and regulate blood sugar levels.
Peach varieties are divided into five categories according to maturity: extremely early maturity, early maturity, medium maturity, late maturity and extremely late maturity. The fruit development period (that is, the days from full flowering to fruit ripening) is very early, 80 ~ 85 days early, 100 ~ 120 days middle, 120 ~ 150 days late, 150 days or more. In addition, peach fruit can be divided into yellow peach and white peach according to pulp color; According to the use, it is divided into fresh food varieties, processed varieties, dual-purpose varieties and ornamental peaches. According to the fruit characteristics, it is divided into peach, nectarine and flat peach.
[Edit this paragraph] Select a radix.
1. Seedling selection: according to the soil, climate, management level and local market conditions, select excellent varieties with high yield and suitable production and marketing, and do a good job in matching early, middle and late maturity varieties.
2. Garden planting: select slightly acidic sandy soil or sandy loam with good drainage, deep soil layer and PH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5, and dig big holes for planting; Terraces should be built on low hills and slopes, with planting density of 40-50 plants per mu in flat land and 50-60 plants in mountainous areas.
3. Apply sufficient base fertilizer and timely topdressing: the base fertilizer advocates winter fertilizer and autumn fertilizer, mainly organic fertilizer, accounting for 60% ~ 70% of the annual fertilization, and generally apply 2000kg or150 kg of stable fertilizer per mu; Special fertilizer for fruit trees per mu; The frequency, time and dosage of topdressing vary according to varieties, tree ages, cultivation management methods, growth and development periods and external conditions. Generally, pre-bud fertilizer, strong fruit fertilizer and post-harvest fertilizer are the main fertilizers.
4, plastic pruning technology:
(1) Tree and tree structure: Tree is naturally happy with three main branches. Tree structure: the height of adult trees is about 2.5 ~ 3 meters, the trunk is 30 ~ 40 cm high, and there are three main branches, each of which occupies the direction of 120. Each main branch is equipped with 1 ~ 2 auxiliary branches, and the opening angle is about 75.
(2) Tree culture: the stem should be fixed at 50 ~ 60 cm in the year of planting, and there should be more than three robust buds in the plastic belt under the incision. In the first year of growth after planting, new shoots with strong growth and good orientation are selected as main branches for cultivation, and the remaining new shoots can be thinned or twisted as auxiliary branches. In the second year after planting, select strong lateral branches 50 ~ 60 cm away from the main branches with good opening angle, cultivate auxiliary main branches, and cultivate large and small fruiting branches on both main branches and auxiliary main branches.
(3) Pruning: Pruning during hibernation (winter). It can be carried out after defoliation and before germination, and pruning adopts the combination of short cutting and thinning, as well as measures such as long laying, shrinking branches and winding branches. Pruning of fruit branches: long fruit branches, about one-third of the branch length; The middle fruit branches are generally not short except for sparse branches and dense branches; Short fruit branches should be left 10 cm/branch. The amount of branches left depends on site conditions, management level, tree age, tree potential and yield requirements. Pruning in growth period mainly includes technical measures such as re-pruning, de-sprouting, thinning, twisting, pinching, pulling, cutting tips and moving branches after flowering.
5. Fruit management technology: peach has a high fruit setting rate, so it is necessary to thin the fruit and control the amount of fruit left. Fruit thinning should be carried out twice, from late April to early May and middle and late May respectively. Generally, short fruit branches leave 1 fruit, middle fruit branches leave 2 fruits, and long fruit branches leave 3 ~ 5 fruits. Spraying and bagging in time after fruit setting. The harvest time of fruit depends on the characteristics of varieties, and it is appropriate to harvest eight-ripe fruits.
6, pest control: to prevent diseases, we must first do a good job of clearing the garden in winter, combined with winter pruning to remove diseased branches and leaves in time; Before and after beginning of winter, the trunk was painted white; Spraying Pomei 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination in early spring to control brown rot, anthracnose, scab, leaf shrinkage and other diseases in the growing period. Pests that harm peach trees include aphids, pear moth, green leafhopper, peach moth, thorn moth, military pest, mulberry white scale and so on. , should be sprayed in time according to the situation.
[Edit this paragraph] Save and save
Peach is a kind of fruit that is difficult to store and transport. At present, the Institute of Botany of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Food Nutrition and Hygiene of Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine and other relevant units have basically solved the technical difficulties through repeated experiments. The main methods are as follows: the peaches in Feicheng county, Shandong province were wrapped with AF-2 paper containing broad-spectrum antifungal drugs, and then stored in the cold storage at 3 ~ 5℃ for 40 days, and the good fruit rate reached 97%; Using modified atmosphere packaging with silicon window instead of ordinary cold storage, the shelf life of Beijing peach can be extended to 35 days, and the good fruit rate can reach over 95%.
[Edit this paragraph] Excellent varieties
According to the varieties of peaches, they can be divided into early-maturing peaches (early peaches), middle-maturing peaches (middle peaches), July peaches and late-maturing peaches (late peaches), also known as August peaches. Because of different uses, it can be divided into fresh food and canned varieties. The peaches picked in this hometown are all fresh and edible. When purchasing peaches, we should pay attention to the unique color and elasticity of the peel, and the ones with full fruit, high maturity and sweetness and rich aroma are the best.
Peach in Fenghua, Zhejiang
Fenghua Peach is known as "the first in China". It is a famous specialty of Fenghua. Peach has formed 25 supporting systems of early, middle and late maturing peach varieties, such as early dew, rain and snow dew, early sand, lake view honey dew, Taqiao, Yulu and Yingqing. The supply period of peaches is as long as 120 days. Fenghua peach is known as "manna". The unique quality makes people memorable and enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. 1996, the quality appraisal conclusion of Fenghua peach by domestic peach experts is that "Chinese peach is the best, which can be called the first peach in China".
Jiangsu famous specialty Wuxi Tao
Wuxi peach is a famous specialty in Jiangsu Province. Vegetarian meat is famous for its tender juice, rich flavor, mellow taste and fresh sweetness. So it is also called "Yulu Peach". Wuxi peach was born earlier in Fenghua, Zhejiang. Due to the superior natural conditions in Taihu Lake area of Wuxi, peaches flourish on the shores of Taihu Lake. Now it can be divided into two categories: white peaches and white peaches. There is also a kind called "pen tube red", which has red circles of different sizes on the skin after maturity. The top is as red as blood, and the juice is sweet, but the yield is less and more valuable.
Nakajima peach in Xinchuan
Introduced from Japan, it is a super-large peach with gorgeous appearance and extremely sweet taste. The average sugar content is 265,438+0%, and the highest is 26%, which is as sweet as sugar. The self-flowering and fruit-setting rate is high, which can replace the pollen-free white flower series varieties and has broad prospects. Young trees grow vigorously and new buds branch many times. If coring is carried out 2-3 times, a stable and high-yield tree structure can be formed in that year. Young trees tend to blossom and bear fruit early. It blooms in the second year after planting, and the fruit setting rate is 100%. Early fruit trees mainly bear fruit from long and middle branches, and middle and short branches bear fruit at full fruit stage. The self-pollination rate is extremely high, so the fruit should be strictly thinned, and the fruit will mature in late July and early August.
Xiangshan peach
Xiangshan Shuimi alias has been preserved for a long time, and the tree has a medium potential. The tree is semi-open, the fruit is nearly round, and there are many pollen. The average fruit weight is 204 grams, and the maximum fruit weight is 290 grams. The flesh is milky white and the skin near the stone is red. The meat is soft, juicy, sweet, fragrant and sticky. The soluble solid content is 65438 02%, and the fruit development period is 965438.
Common high-altitude varieties on the market:
1. white peach: 1924 In the agricultural experiment in Chennai, Japan, it was bred by crossing Okayama white and Tang Zaosheng as parents, and became the main variety in high altitude areas after being introduced to Taiwan Province Province. White peach has a large fruit shape and weighs about150 ~ 200g. Its skin is milky white, round, slightly flat and yellow-green, with two small peaks at the top flush with the suture. Its appearance is extremely beautiful, the flesh is white, the core is reddish, the solute and fiber are less, and the juice is sweet.
2. Okubo: It was introduced from Japan and was discovered in 1920 by Zonggoro, Okubo, Japan, and named as 1927. It is the largest cultivated variety in Japan. Okubo is a big fruit, weighing about 230-280g. It is round, but it is not straight. The skin is milky white, with redness on the sunny side, top and seams. The pulp is white, solute, dense, less fiber, more juice, moderate aroma, sweet and sour, and rose near the core.
3. Admiralty white peach: It was discovered from the seedlings of white peach in Zheng Zhi in the Western Jin Dynasty. It is a late-maturing variety with huge fruit, weighing about 250-300g, round and even fruit shape, milky skin, not easy to be colored, and some redness at the top of the fruit. The pulp is dense, less fiber, soft, high in sugar content, low in acidity, juicy and medium in flavor.
Hebei shenzhou peach
Shenzhou peach is well-known at home and abroad, and has been cultivated for more than 2,000 years since the Han and Tang Dynasties. The poet Cui Hu's "Peach Blossoms Set each other off in Red" has become a masterpiece through the ages. In order to explore the development road of Shenzhou peach to the market and occupy the high-end market of peach, Shenzhou City has innovated its ideas and cooperated with Hebei Fruit Research Institute for many years to comprehensively promote Shenzhou peach in a green, pollution-free and technologically improved way, and cultivated a new variety of Shenzhou peach, also known as "Deep Honey 1". In this city's peach ecological planting base, 80 mu of white land suitable for peach growth is selected from the best, and a peach characteristic planting field in Taocheng District is established, all of which are planted with "2 1 century" peaches. Because of its huge size, dignified fruit shape, gorgeous color and thick flesh, unique taste and sweet juice as honey, it is known as the "king of fruits" and has become a tribute to the courts of past dynasties. Adopt small crown close planting, all use farm manure and special compound fertilizer, fruit bagging, to ensure that every detail of green pollution-free production technology is implemented. Now, the "2 1 century" peach cultivated in Shenzhou is huge, with a single fruit weighing 400-600g. They are bright in color, with red in yellow. "2 1 century" peaches not only give full play to the advantages of the original Shenzhou peaches, but also overcome the shortcomings of long-term storage and transportation. Since its listing, it has been unanimously favored by merchants all over the country.
Performance and advantages: large size, dignified fruit shape, bright color, thin skin and thick meat, unique taste and sweet juice as honey.
Packing: Cartons can also be used at will.
Product use: wholesale and retail in shopping malls, supermarkets and bazaars!