The surname "Ni" (Tong Yong, Er, Yin Ni) appeared very early and was recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. During the Wuding period of the Yin Ruins (BC 1250-BC192), the word "er" appeared many times in the Oracle bones numbered "the first seven, one six two, two" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, while the word "er" appeared in the Oracle bones numbered "the last two, four and one eleven". The word "er" is regarded by scholars as a country name, place name or person name.
Scholars believe that "Bo Er" at that time may be the name of a tribal country in the east of Shang Dynasty. Shandong area of Shang Dynasty was called Ren Fang. In ancient times, Ren Fang was called Ren Fang, because it was located in the east, so it was also called Dongyi. The interpretation of the word "er" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi is the child's meaning, which is a hieroglyphic symbol of the child's unfinished chimney door. The name of the largest tribe related to Dongyi is Ren Fang, and "Ren" and "Er" belong to the same category. From the perspective of pronunciation, the pronunciation of "Yi" and "You or Tan" is similar or reversed, so it can be concluded that "Bo Er" should be a branch. In the late Shang Dynasty, there was a constant war with Dongyi, and the result of the war was that both sides lost. Zuo Zhuan called it "the downfall of Dongyi" (Eleven Years of Zuo Zhao Zhuan Gong). The New Dynasty and the Zhou Dynasty, which destroyed the Shang Dynasty, took another three years to destroy the country by 50, all the way to the seaside. From then on, "the princes served Zhou with salt" ("Historical Records Duke Lu Zhou").
About 30 years before and after (about 798 BC) (and Li Xueqin said: the first generation of monarch Zhu (friend father, word Yan) was sealed in about three years, that is, in 768 BC, the monarch Xia Fu (son of Iraq) sealed his brother and friend to his hometown (now tengxian East, Shandong Province) and established Ni (Primary One). Before the pre-Qin period, it was written as "Er" in ancient books, and the inscription on Ni Guoqing's bronzes was "Er" (four bronzes unearthed from Guo No.2 tomb, with the inscription "Make Qin pregnant and use forever").
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the late Warring States Period, the part of the word "er" plus "meaning" indicates that the place name is "Yong", which is also a historical phenomenon in the use and development of ancient Chinese characters, especially surnames. From the evolution and meaning analysis of ancient Chinese characters, Yong and Tan are both country names. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the "Yi" symbol was often added to the right of many countries' names to highlight their geographical concepts. In ancient times, it was popular to take the country name or the city title as the surname. Anyone who takes a country or city as his surname must wait for the country and its city before he has a surname. As for the word "Ni", it is later than Yong. Although the pronunciation is the same, it downplays the concept of geography and focuses on surnames. This is a common practice of "taking the city as the surname" in ancient times.
The word "inverse" appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the Red Eyebrow Army revolted in eastern Shandong and northern Jiangsu and invaded Chang 'an. Later, he withdrew from Chang 'an because of the famine of grain and grass, and was besieged by Liu Xiu when he was preparing to withdraw eastward. The Red Eyebrow Uprising failed. Erhong made great contributions to the Eastern Han Dynasty in this crusade against Red Eyebrows. Guangwudi was promoted and given the word "Ni", which has been passed down to this day.
Guo Ni can be brilliant.
According to Yuan He's Compilation of Surnames, A Brief Introduction to Tongzhi's Family, A General Examination of Literature and Feudalism, Dialectics of Ancient and Modern Surnames Books, History of Surnames in Luguo and General Spectrum of Surnames in Wan, almost all of them have the same textual research, that is, the surnames of Ni, Zhu and Yan all originated from Cao. Mr. Wang thinks that the aborigines in the settlement are foreigners. Yi people are descendants of the Yellow Emperor who expelled Yandi people from west to east in ancient history. According to legend, the grandson of Changyi, the eldest son of the Yellow Emperor, is Emperor Zhuan Xu. At the age of 20, Zhuan Xu inherited the throne of Shao Hao and became the leader of Dongyi tribe, with its capital in poor mulberry (now Qufu, Shandong Province), hence the name poor mulberry. The Levin family in Zhuan Xu has been handed down for 20 generations and ruled the Central Plains for 350 years. After the collapse of Zhuan Xu, he was honored as one of the Five Emperors in ancient China (for details, see The Emperor's Century, Huang Lan, Shan Hai Jing, Spring and Autumn Life Preface). Zhuan Xu's great-grandson Lu Zhong's fifth son is called An (that is, Yan 'an and Cao An). Yan 'an once served the Yu Shun Dynasty of the Chinese nation in the Central Plains. Because of his meritorious service, he was named Cao (reigned about 2255-2206 BC), established Cao, and took Cao as his surname. According to experts' research, Caodi, originally sealed by Yan 'an, is located in East Cao Yang, Lingbao County, Shaanxi Province, where red dates are abundant. Around the Xia Dynasty, Cao people were forced to move eastward to the ancient city of Cao in the south of hua county. The Shang Dynasty moved eastward to the northwest of Dingtao County, Shandong Province, which was the land of Cao State in the Western Zhou Dynasty. After several migrations, the country was destroyed at the end of Shang Dynasty. After the King of Wu negotiated with the Shang Dynasty, the King of Zhou found Sun Cao, a descendant of Yan 'an, a adherent of the ancient Cao State who was related to Dongyi, and named him Zhu (now Zouxian County, Shandong Province) as an incense after Zhuan Xu and Yan 'an. This is also the result of the policy of "feudal kinship, with the screen room around" in the Zhou Dynasty. Zhu Guo went to Yan (that is, Yi Wugong) after seven generations. Before and after his death, Zhi, Yu and Zhu separated (that is, Zhu was divided into three kingdoms in history). In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhu, Yong and Luan Hao were three kingdoms, but they should be of the same ancestry as Cao.
Yong was originally a fief of Yong friends, but later it gradually developed and became a new small state from Guo. It is not only a branch and vassal state of Qi, but also a vassal state of Lu. At first, You Yong's seal had no country name. But historians at that time and later generations believed that this country was not old, but was derived from the old. Therefore, it is called Xiaoguo, because this country is an ancient place, it is still called Guo Yong, and it is also written as Guo Ni. Mr. Wang pointed out in the Textual Research of the Annals of the Three Kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period: "The name of Xiao Zhuan is not the name of the country. The founding of the People's Republic of China does not claim to be small, nor can its neighbors call it small. When people are not old, they originally came from it. It is different to add small things to it. Customs follow each other, so historians call it Xiao Yi, which is not its correct name. That is, it is not the correct name, and there is no definite name. Therefore, after the knighthood, it may still be called Chunqiu. "
Although it was founded by, it was founded by Feng Youlan's father. According to records, a friend's father gave birth to two sons, which were later divided into two factions: the eldest son succeeded to the throne as the king of Ni (); The second son went to Lu to practice medicine. The descendants take Yan, a friend of his grandfather, as their surname, which is the origin of Yan's family in China. The country of Xiaoyouzi was founded by Youzi, because it was in an ancient country, and later monarchs took the country as their surname, which is the origin of the Ni family in China. In June 2002, four bronzes unearthed from the No.1 monarch's tomb in Shanting, Tengzhou were all engraved with "You Zhu Fu", and bronzes unearthed from No.2 and No.3 tombs were all engraved with "Qing Er", which is an example.
By the time the grandson of Yongqing appeared before Lu for many times and followed him for many times, he was recognized by various forces in China, and was officially made a viscount by the Zhou royal family, becoming an equal country. But in fact, during the whole Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the power of Yong State was far weaker than that of Guang State. Around the middle of the Warring States period, it was destroyed by the State of Chu together with the State of Zhao. Or as stated in He Guangyue's Textual Research on the Destruction of Chu State: Tan (Xiao) died in the same year that Chu took Xuzhou-26 1 year BC, and Xuzhou was destroyed by Chu Gaolie. Mang's kingdom began with a friend and spread to Zi Mangqing and his great-grandson Li Lai. Li Lai's grandson is Mang Mugong and his grandson is Mang Gong Hui. Later Mang Gong Hui spread to the sixth generation, and * * * spread to 14 generation, with a survival time of about 538 years (about 798 BC-about 26 BC1year).
Nicheng Sanyi's address
There have been different views on the exact statement of Ertan, that is, the capital of Tan. To sum up, there are three main types: ① East of Tengzhou today. ② The former site of Changsi is in the northeast of tengxian. ③ In today's Chengxian County or the northwest of Zaozhuang City.
1, Tengzhou Chengdong said. According to "Records of tengxian" in Wanli period, "in the east of the county, the water is around, in the week, eight miles". According to the records of "Historical Sites" in "Ancient and Modern Books Integration", "there is Tancheng within 60 miles of the east of the city". Gao Shiqi's Textual Research on the Geography of the Spring and Autumn Period, The Legend of Elvis Presley in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Gu Zuyu's Comments on Reading Historians all claimed that Tancheng was in Dongliuli, tengxian. Yanzhou Fuzhi believes that Tancheng is located in the east of tengxian. Now there is Tucheng Village (now called Zhucheng Street) to the east of Shuijing (ancient cold water) in the east of the city, and "Liangqian Village" to the northeast. The water mirror bends westward and winds southward along the northeast of the village, naturally forming three sides of the river, in which the village lives. The broken wall formed by river scouring on the shore is five or six meters higher than the riverbed. The soil layer contains pottery fragments and rope patterns, and the recognizable shape is complete. Although there are written records, there is no trace to test, and there is no conclusion so far.
2. tengxian is concerned about the northeast address. "Spring and Autumn Five Years" Du pre-notes: "There is Tancheng in the northeast of Luchang County in Donghai". Luchang City is located 60 miles southeast of Tengzhou City, namely Yangzhuang Town of Tengzhou City, which is the location of one of the three cities. Changyu is a county established in the Han Dynasty, which belongs to Donghai County, which was caused by the later Han and Jin Dynasties. In the sixth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, Tengxian was disposed of here, and was later abandoned. Dongjiang Village in Jinshanting is located in the northeast of Luchang Old Town, where not only the official tombs of Tan State were excavated, but also a section of the ruins of the ancient city wall was excavated. Through the comprehensive analysis of rammed layer, rammed nest, rammed soil inclusion and cultural accumulation after trial excavation, it can be confirmed that the wall was built in the late Western Zhou Dynasty or early Spring and Autumn Period. This city should be Tancheng as Du Yu said.
Tancheng is said to be in Chengxian or the northwest of Zaozhuang. In Song Dynasty, Qin Luo said "Er" in History of the Road and Country Names II: "Now Cheng County. There is an ancient city in the south of tengxian. " The music history of the Song Dynasty "Taiping Yuhuan Ji" has been published for fifteen years: "Tancheng is in Chengxian County, and it is also a mistake for the natives to call it a little gray city." Qingjiangyong's Textual Research on Geography in the Spring and Autumn Period said in Volume 1: "There are Tancheng in tengxian and Yixian of Yanzhou today. ..... is close to the winner ". "Miscellaneous Notes on the Records of Yixian County" records: "The city governs the north, the west and the village. The earthen platform is several feet high and the square is dozens of acres. People live in it and call it the alliance platform ... next to it is the old city base, namely Tancheng and Xiaodu. " "Yixian chronicler" contains: "Tan in the northeast and Tan in the northwest of Kaoyi". After on-the-spot investigation, there is a high platform 20 kilometers north of the west and east of Zaozhuang City. Local villagers commonly call it "Liangwangcheng". A large number of pottery fragments are scattered on the broken wall and the ground of the platform. The recognizable shapes are beans, cans, feet and simple tiles. The soil layer contains pottery fragments, animal bones, red soil and ash pits. The site is about 10 km away from Dongjiang in the north and about10 km away from the former site of Lanyi in the west, which is just under the jurisdiction of Tanguo City. In addition, the frontispiece of Yi County Annals, The Whole Map of Yi Territory and Land, is slightly east in the west, clearly marked as "Tanlilai City", and the county annals once included the Tang Monument (A.D. 679) as "I am in the town east with my wife, and I am in the northeast of Xiangzhai". Accordingly, in the early Tang Dynasty, the area around West and Liangwangcheng was called Tan Li.
Looking at the above three sites, some scholars think that Dongjiang is the Tancheng site, some think that Xiji is the Tancheng site, and some think that Dongjiang is the early site of Xiaoguo, and later moved its capital to Tancheng, Xiji. In my opinion, these three sites are all ancient sites of the two countries (Tan). The Mud City by the East River in tengxian may be earlier, followed by Dongjiang, and finally moved to Xiji. The reason for this is the following：
It is generally believed that Er existed in Shang Dynasty (BC 1250-BC 65438+BC 065438+BC 092). According to the textual research of "Eastern and Southern Countries Seen in Inscriptions of Yin Ruins" written by Dr. Sun Yabing, who specializes in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, China Academy of Social Sciences, it is believed that the place where children do business should be near Qufu today. According to textual research, there were Xue, Pi, Mei (Wei), Teng and other nationalities in Xia and Shang Dynasties, among which Pi was in the southeast of Tengzhou today, Pi was in the south, Mei (Wei) was in the southwest, Teng was in the west, Zhu was in the south of Jining, and it was 60 kilometers northwest of Tengzhou today, about 10 km. Its location should be near Guliangshui in eastern tengxian today. Moreover, in the early 1980s, a number of bronzes were unearthed at Houjinggou site in tengxian, which is next to Liangshui, fully demonstrating that there were ancient sites here in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. However, due to the age and the repeated diversion of Jinghe River (Liangshui) due to floods, the sites no longer exist and there is no trace to test. Dongjiang Tancheng should be the newly-built capital of Guldi River after the enfeoffment of Fu You. Around 807 BC, Shu Shu came to establish a country of abuse, located in Tucheng Village, Yangzhuang Town, 60 miles southeast of Tengzhou. And Xia Fu's brother and friend may have chosen Dongjiang, about 30 miles north of Luan Guodong, to establish Tancheng. First, this place is far away from the capital of Guo Si; second, the original city (Liangshui Cave) is seriously flooded; third, it is closer to the abusive country built by Uncle Shu, which is safer (Uncle Shu is called a sage because he made way for Xia Fu). According to archaeological confirmation, this place should be the capital of the early Spring and Autumn Period, from which it is inferred that Tancheng of Dongjiang is the earliest capital of Ni. According to Mr. Li Jinshan's research, the time when the Tancheng of Dongjiang River was abandoned was probably in the fifteenth year of Lu Zhuanggong (679 BC). "In autumn, Song people, Qi people and Yong people attacked Tan", and the Tancheng of Dongjiang River was destroyed, moving south 10 km to the west and its vicinity, which was called "coming to the city" by later generations.