Pinyin name Shān Zhū Yu
English name common dogwood fruit
Cornus officinalis fruit
The fruit of Japanese dogwood
Fruit of Cornus asiaticus
Alias Shu jujube, Gordon Euryale seed, sage, chicken feet, Cornus officinalis, real jujube, meat jujube, jujube skin, medicinal jujube and jujube skin.
source
Source: Fruit of Cornus officinalis of Cornaceae.
Latin plant and animal mineral name: Cornus officinalis. Etzucc。 [Cornus officinalis. Etzucc。 ) Nakai Shin]
Harvest and storage: it takes 6-7 years from seedling to fruiting, and 15-20 years is the complete fruiting period. From September to165438+1early October, the fruit will turn red and mature in time. Pick in batches to avoid damaging flower buds. The processing method can be boiled; Blanch fresh red fruits in boiling water for min, take them out in time, soak them in cold water, squeeze out the seeds while they are hot, and dry or dry the pulp. Mechanical threshing can also be used to dry the extruded pulp.
The original form of Cornus officinalis is a deciduous small tree, about 4 meters high. Branches gray-brown, branchlets glabrous. Single leaf opposite; Leaf blade is oval or oblong, 5-7 cm long and 3-4.5 cm wide, with narrow apex, acute shape, round or wide wedge-shaped base, whole margin, nearly smooth upper surface, occasionally fine hairs on lower surface, tawny tufts in vein axils, and 5-7 pairs of lateral veins arranged in parallel in an arc shape; The petiole is about 65438 0 cm long. The first leaf of the flower is open, forming an umbel, clustered at the top of the twig, and there are several bud scales under it; Small flowers; Calyx 4, inconspicuous; Petals 4, yellow; Stamens 4; Ovary is inferior. Drupe is oval, long 1.2- 1.5 cm, about 7 mm in diameter, hairless and red when ripe; Stem length 1.5-2 cm. Seeds oblong, obtuse at both ends. Flowering period may-June. Fruit-bearing period: August -65438+ 10.
Habitat distribution
Eco-environment: Born on the edge of forest or forest at an altitude of 400- 1500m, ranging from 2 100m.
Distribution of resources: Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiaohua, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan and Hunan. Sichuan has both introduction and cultivation.
cultivate
Like the biological characteristics of warm and humid climate. Hi, Guangming. Sandy loam or loam with fertile soil, deep soil layer and good drainage should be selected for cultivation.
Cultivation techniques include seed propagation, layering propagation and cutting propagation. Seed propagation; In autumn, when the fruit is ripe, harvest a big red fruit as a seed, peel off the pulp, wash off the seeds, and store the seeds in layers with fine sand to accelerate the germination in winter. Seedling transplanting method: sow in the spring of March-April of the following year, drill with 30cm row spacing, cover soil and plant grass after sowing, water to keep the soil moist, remove grass cover after emergence, strengthen weeding, loosen soil and fertilize. When the seedlings are 30-60cm high in the current year, they can be transplanted, and the row spacing is 2m×2m. Open holes for planting. Direct seeding method: in the cultivation area, according to the row spacing of 2m×2m, open holes for fertilization and planting, sow 3-4 seeds per hole, and cover with soil 1-2cm. Layered propagation: After the fruit is harvested in autumn, the 2-and 3-year-old branches near the ground are bent to the ground, the xylem 1/3 of the branches near the ground are cut off and buried in the soil, and the sandy loam with the thickness of 15cm is covered. In the winter of the next year or the spring of the third year, the layering with long roots is separated from the mother plant and can be transplanted. Cutting propagation: in the middle and late May, cut off branches from excellent mother plants, cut lignified branches into cuttings of 15-20cm, cut them on a sand bed according to the row spacing of 20cm×8cm, cover them with plastic film for heat preservation, set up a shade shed for shading, water and moisturize them, weed and fertilize them, and transplant them in the early spring of the following year.
After field management and field planting, intertillage and weed 4-5 times a year; Adding calcium superphosphate in May and June can promote flower bud differentiation and improve fruit setting rate, and adding wax fertilizer in winter can also balance the annual difference of fruit size. Raise soil in summer 1 time to prevent lodging. When the young tree is about 40-60cm high, the top is removed in February, and 3-4 main branches are selected, and then 3-4 auxiliary main branches are selected from the existing main branches to form a natural and gratifying shape. Young trees are mainly shaped, supplemented by pruning. Because the long, medium and short fruit branches of Cornus officinalis mainly bear terminal flower buds, it is not suitable to cut short all kinds of fruit branches. Adult trees should be pruned in spring and autumn to adjust the contradiction between growth and fruiting, renew fruiting branches, keep growing branches and cut short branches.
Pest control diseases include plaster disease, and adult plants are easily infected by scale insects. Spray 1: 1: 100 bordeaux mixture for protection at the early stage of onset. Anthracnose occurred in early June, which damaged fruits. See plaster disease for prevention and treatment methods. Powdery mildew, which is harmful to plants, is sprayed with 50% thiophanate 1 000 times solution at the initial stage of the disease. Pests, such as stem borers, spray 5 000 times of 2.5% deltamethrin at the peak of adult emergence. There are also wood-covered inchworms and radar moths.
Character; Role; letter
The fleshy pericarp is cracked and shriveled, incomplete or oblate, about 1.5 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. The surface of new goods is purple-red, but it is mostly purple-black and shiny after a long time. The stipe marker can sometimes be seen at the base, and there is a round persistent calyx marker at the top. Soft and not fragile. Tasteless, sour and bitter. It is better to be seedless, fleshy and red oil.
Character identification: the pulp is irregular flake or saccate, with a length of 1- 1.5cm and a width of 0.5- 1cm. The surface is purplish red to purple black, dry and shiny. Some of them have round persistent calyx marks at the top and fruit stalk marks at the base. Soft. Slight gas, sour taste, astringent and slightly bitter.
It is best to have thick, soft and purple meat.
Microscopic identification of pulp cross section: the exocarp is 1 row of slightly flat epidermal cells, and the epidermis is covered by a thick stratum corneum. The mesocarp is broad, with many rows of parenchyma cells of different sizes, which contain dark brown pigment blocks and 8 vascular bundles near the inside. There are stone cells and fiber bundles in the cross section near the fruit stalk.
The chemical composition of Cornus officinalis pulp contains tannin: Cornus officinalis tannin 1, 2,3 [1], and Cornus officinalis tannin1is isoquinine [2], also known as tripain [4].
Cornus officinalis tannin 2 is Tell-Limaglandin Ⅱ [2], and Cornus officinalis tannin 2 is Tellima-Grandin Ⅰ [2]; (Mulai) Tannins A, B, C, [2], G[3], Eugenine, Rubin D(geminD) and 2,3-dio-galloylglucose (2,3-dio-glyloy-β
1
2
6-DG-O-D- glucose), 1, 2,6- tri -O- galloylglucose (1, 2,6-tetra -O- galloylglucose) [2]. Also contains glycoside components; Cornoside [3], Moronoside.
7-O- methyl morroniside, loganin, swertiamarin. It also contains glucose, fructose, sucrose, ursolic acid [5], gallic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and vitamin A [6]. It also contains hair oil, from which 9 monoterpenoid hydrocarbons, 6 sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 5 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 7 monoterpenoid esters and 3 fatty alcohols, 4 monoterpenoid aldehydes and ketones, 3 fatty aldehydes and ketones, 4 acids, 65,438+08 esters and 65,438+05 aromatic compounds were separated, among which isobutanol and butanol were the main components.
Cis-and trans-linalool, furfural, β-phenylethanol, methyl eugenol, elemene, isophorone, ethyl palmitate. Ethyl oleate, ethyl hexyl ethyl linoleate, benzyl cinnamate, palmitic acid, stearic acid, (Wang Gu), (Wang Ba) alkene (copaene) and α -terpineol (α-terpi-neol). α-α curcumene, 4- methoxy-1, 2- benzodioxolane (4- methoxy-1
2- benzodioxolane), asarone, aristolochic ketone, ethyl vanillin, ethyl linolenate, menthone, safrole [7], etc. The nucleus contains fatty acids such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid and lauric acid [8] and 2 1 elements such as iron, aluminum, copper, zinc, boron and phosphorus [9]. Both pulp and stone contain threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, serine and glutamic acid. There are 14 amino acids such as glycine, alanine, tyrosine, arginine and aspartic acid, and there are methionine, proline and cystine in the nucleus [9].
pharmacological action
1. Fruit water decoction with antibacterial effect can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, but it has no effect on Escherichia coli. The diameter of the bacteriostatic circle of decoction (1: 1) against Shigella dysenteriae can reach 13- 18mm (plate-ring-cup method). A deep red sour liquid can be obtained from fresh fruit and meat of Cornus officinalis, and has inhibitory effect on typhoid and dysentery bacteria. Water immersion agent (1:3) has inhibitory effect on Trichophyton purpurea in vitro.
2. Hypoglycemic effect 2. 1 Effect on blood sugar of normal rats: 36 male Wistar rats weighing 65438 050-200g were divided into 4 groups on average. 1 group was the control group, and the other three groups were the drug groups, which were 5,7.5 and 15g/(kg.
D) medicine (the mature pulp of Cornus officinalis. After grinding, 70% ethanol was used for reflux extraction to obtain extract 1ml (equivalent to 3.5g crude drug) ig. There was no significant difference in blood sugar between the drug group and the control group. In addition, ig 1 week was given to rats with 50g/kg drug, and the results showed that there was no obvious effect on the blood sugar level of normal rats.
2.2 Effects on Hyperglycemia in Adrenal Rats 24 rats were divided into three groups. After fasting for 2 hours, the normal control group and the model control group were perfused with water, and the drug group was perfused with 7g/kg of Cornus officinalis. 65438 0 hours after administration, rats in control group were injected with normal saline subcutaneously. The sc adrenal gland of rats in model control group and drug administration group was 0.25mg/kg. Blood samples were collected 135 minutes after injection to determine blood sugar. It can be seen that Cornus officinalis has obvious anti-adrenaline hyperglycemia effect.
2.3 Effects on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia, hepatic glycogen, triglyceride and cholesterol in rats 24 rats were divided into 3 groups. 1 group is the normal control group, and the other two groups of rats take 30 mg/kg alloxan saline sublingually, one of which ig dogwood 7g/kg every day. The experimental results show that Cornus officinalis has a significant effect on hyperglycemia in diabetic rats induced by alloxan, but it has a certain increase in liver sugar in rats, but has no obvious effect on triglycerides and cholesterol.
2.4 Effects of sulfanilamide-induced diabetes in rats Wistar male rats were used. After animals stopped eating for 45 hours, diabetes was induced by 50-65mg/kgiv azosulfamide. Make Bawei Dihuang pill into corresponding dry extract and pow, and making other components into powder. Cornus officinalis was made into ether extractant (COE) and further separated into three other subcomponents: COEfr- 1, COEFR-2 and COEFR-3. Then three kinds of crystals-fish liver acid oil, ursolic acid and 2-a- hydroxyursolic acid were prepared from COE-fr-2. The first two crystals are used for experiments. Cornus officinalis powder and Bawei Dihuang pill powder are 2g/kg, COE 1g/kg, and the three subcomponents of COE, fish liver acid and ursolic acid are 0.5g/kg, respectively. The administration method is: after sulfadiazine is injected intravenously into animals, lh starts to give po, then twice a day, * * * 6 times, and finally 1 time.