Planting method of green jujube
1. Growth and development characteristics of jujube trees
Jujube shows the habit of growing all year round. As long as the temperature is suitable, the terminal bud will grow forward and sprout side branches with it. Every three nodes of the branch alternate with each other in the form of ribs, and every three nodes of the branch alternate with each other 1 time, and finally form the trunk at the branch level. The primary branch (main branch), secondary branch and tertiary branch (main bearing branch) can grow to 2 meters, with an average of 16 secondary branches. The secondary branch school can be 12 meters long, with an average of 8 tertiary branches: the length of the tertiary branch is 60CM, and multiple tertiary branches can grow.
Second, the flowering and fruiting characteristics of green events
The flower buds of jujube tree differentiate in season (year), and the differentiation is fast and the flowers are large. These flowers are the same branch. Flowers bloom during the day, starting at 6-8 am, and rarely bloom after 8- 1 1 2: 70% of the plants are planted in the first year. It takes about 120 days from flowering to fruit ripening. A flower will bloom continuously with the main length of branches from April to June, but the flowering flowers in different periods have different fruit-setting abilities, and basically only bloom from April to June without fruit-setting. The fruit with low fruit setting rate in August is 1 1? 65438+February is a little more mature; 9? 10 flower has a high fruit setting rate, and the fruit is in L? Mature in February. From a tree, the main result is that the three-level extension accounts for 90% of the total result; Secondary branches account for 9.5%, and primary branches (main branches) only account for 0.5%.
Third, the requirements of green jujube on environmental conditions
Soil: Jujube trees are not strict with soil, and slightly alkaline (PH 7.5 to above acid PH 7.5) soil is more suitable, requiring sandy loam soil, which is deep and convenient for irrigation and drainage. Temperature; Zizyphus jujuba is a positive plant. Sufficient sunshine is needed. The annual average temperature in the planting area is above 18℃ (23.8℃ in Yuanjiang), and the extreme minimum temperature is not lower than 0℃. The temperature difference between day and night during fruit expansion is large, which is helpful to sugar accumulation. Suitable for planting below the altitude of1200m.
Moisture: Jujube has developed root system and strong drought resistance, and can grow normally in areas with annual rainfall of 500mm (780mm in Yuanjiang) and relative humidity above 50%. Jujube requires high humidity at flowering stage, and 85% relative humidity is beneficial to pollination, and it requires less rain and sunny days at the mature stage of fertilized fruit, otherwise it will easily lead to a large number of fallen flowers and rotten fruits.
Fourth, colonization.
(1) pond digging, fertilization and backfilling:
The length, width and depth of the tree pool are required to be 1 m and 0.5m； respectively; 4-6? Dig a pond for 5-7 meters, plant one plant in each pond, and plant one plant per mu 16? 33 strains. After the ponds are dug, 30-40 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0.5- 1 kg of magnesium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate are applied to each pond. Fat is divided into 2? Apply three layers, and backfill one layer of soil with each layer of fertilizer. When returning soil, first spread the soil on the table, and all the soil dug on the upper surface will be returned to the hole; Pile up into a mound with a height of 20cm and a diameter of1m.
(2) Selection and configuration of varieties
You must choose good varieties for planting. Four conditions for a good variety:
1, big fruit, crisp meat, high sweetness and no astringency. It should be slightly acidic:
2, the peel is thin, smooth, bright, yellow-green, and has a good taste, and does not stay after eating; Skin feeling.
3. The seeds are small, fleshy and high in soluble solids;
4, strong resistance, especially resistance to pests and diseases.
For example, Gaolang 1 has the above four conditions.
Jujube is a cross-pollinated plant. Pollination varieties must be configured, and any two varieties can pollinate each other, generally 6-8: 1.
(3) Planting period
It can be planted in spring, summer and autumn except winter. Spring is from March to May. June and July in summer and September in autumn-10. Yuanjiang can get a bumper harvest in March-April, which is more suitable for planting in that year.
(4) Colonial action
1, planting bagged seedlings and four seedlings with mud; Put the seedlings into the planting hole, gently cut the packaging bag with a sharp knife, try not to loosen the alternate soil, then hold the seedlings with one hand, so that the neck of the roots of the seedlings is basically flush with the surface of the tree tray, and use the other hand to pull up the roots from the outside layer by layer and compact them.
2. Planting bare-rooted seedlings: according to the length of the main lateral roots, dig small holes for planting, so that the main lateral roots stretch naturally in layers. First, the taproot is buried with broken soil, then the lateral roots are buried layer by layer, and finally the gap formed by taproot and lateral roots is filled with fine soil, so that the fine soil can fully contact with the root system.
Real-time layered pressure, gradually compacted from the outward trunk, it is forbidden to compact at the side of the main root at the beginning, or tread too hard with your feet, resulting in air tightness in the rhizosphere. Fill it up to the root neck, then pour foot water, then fill the broken soil up to 2-3 cm above the root neck, repair the disk with a diameter of about 1 m, and then cover the disk with dry (rice) grass to keep moisture, cool down, prevent the surface soil from hardening and inhibit the growth of weeds.
Note: Before or after planting, seedlings with a height of 30-40 cm are mainly used. Bagged seedlings generally need to remove 2/3 of the leaves. Bare-rooted seedlings will cut off all the leaves, leaving only the petiole. Plastic films can also be placed on the stems to reduce water evaporation.
(5) Management from planting to seedling maturity
If it doesn't rain after planting, water it 1 time every 2-3 days until the new leaves sprout and turn green. During the period from planting to 1 new shoots, don't rush to apply fertilizer, especially don't apply high-concentration chemical fertilizer and manure water. When 1 new shoots turn green and mature and start the second shoot, apply 0.5% compound fertilizer water 20cm away from the trunk. Five liters. Or apply compound fertilizer 20-30cm away from the trunk after rain? Apply 30 grams every 10 day, * * * 2? Three times.
Five, the main cultivation management techniques
(A) Fertilization technology
1. Fertilization for new tree planting: Because the root system of jujube new tree is underdeveloped, it is necessary to provide fertilizer and easy to damage the root. Therefore, fertilization should adhere to the principle of thin fertilizer and diligent application, that is, the principle of eating less and eating more meals, which is generally used at one time. Second fertilization. Manure and chemical fertilizer can be applied. Or apply chemical fertilizer after rain, and use farm manure and chemical fertilizer alternately. ① base fertilizer; After digging the pond, apply 30-40 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 0/-0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer. (2) Topdressing: Topdressing farmyard manure generally uses 15%-20% clear urine water (about 25 kilograms of water per barrel plus 2? 3 scoops. 3.5? 5 grams); M is 7? 13% decomposes human and animal manure water.
Water 3.5-5 kg of either of the above two plants each time, and apply it at a distance of 20 cm from the trunk, and gradually move outward with the expansion of the crown.
Top dressing chemical fertilizer, urea or compound fertilizer can be applied to each plant 25? 50 grams; It can be sprayed with water (0.4-0.5% concentration), or it can be evenly scattered in the drip line of the tree disc (if it rains, no ditching is required).
2, perennial tree fertilization
(1) base fertilizer. In February and March, after pruning, 20-30 kg of livestock manure and 0.5 g of dry phosphate fertilizer were deeply applied to each plant in the open ditch at the drip line of the crown. At this time, fertilization and root cutting can adjust the balance of root-shoot ratio and promote branch growth.
(2) Strong branch fertilizer, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, n: p: k = 2: 1: 1, and new shoots began to sprout after one month of retraction. In August, new buds keep sprouting. Therefore, from April to June, it is better to apply 15% compound fertilizer 1.5 kg and 0.5 kg of 46% urea as strong shoot fertilizer for each tree in three times.
③ Flower-promoting fertilizer: flowering and fruiting in September -65438+ 10. Therefore, it is required that the fertilizer for promoting flowers should be mainly applied in July and August, and the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be appropriate (2: 1: 2). Each plant was applied with 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.2 kg of urea, 0.2 kg of potassium chloride (or potassium citrate), 0. 1 kg of magnesium sulfate and 50 g of borax in two times.
④ Strong fruit fertilizer; From 1 application to 65438+February, N:P:X=2: 1:4. Compound fertilizer 65438+ urea 0.25 kg, potassium fertilizer 0.3 kg, magnesium sulfate 0.5 g and zinc sulfate 50 g were applied in three times.
At this stage, 0.2% borax and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also be used as topdressing outside tillage.
(2) Water resources management
1, in the new shoot growth period (April and July), cultivate the crown, and irrigate it in time during drought, otherwise the tree will be weak.
2. During the flowering and fruit-setting period (September 9. 10/October), irrigation should be suspended to promote the transformation of plants from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.
3. During the fruit development period (1 1 month), plants need a lot of water. If mules suddenly alternate between wet and dry in this period, it will easily lead to flat weight and fruit drop.
4. Don't irrigate a lot during the harvest period (65438+February), otherwise the quality will decline.
(3) Crown management
1, pruning, jujube tree growth is large, the branches are mainly lateral and exogenous, and the branches are soft, slender and fragile, which are easy to break due to wind damage.
(1) planting and pruning new trees; After planting, cut the stems at a height of 30-40 feet. The well is supported by bamboo poles to keep the seedlings upright. After germination, select 3-4 strong lateral branches with good growth position on the trunk as the main branches (primary branches), and guide them in four directions with bamboo poles (lines) to make them evenly distributed to form a happy tree. Subsequently, ribbed side branches (secondary branches) are alternately formed on the main branches, and the new branches that grow on the side branches are the fruiting branches of the current year (tertiary and quaternary branches). Pruning generally begins in June and ends after June+June+June all results. Cut off seven kinds of branches, such as cross branches, over-dense branches, long branches, straight branches, slender branches, pest branches and mopping branches. In the month of 1 1, if there are many fruits, you can cut off the young fruits or flower heads at the tip of the technology.
(2) Prune trees that have worked for more than years. After the fruit is harvested (February-March), the main branches need to be retracted and updated. There are three ways.
First, the regeneration method of short-cut main branches: the main branches are sawed off 20-30 cm above the original nodes, and after the new branches grow, 3-4 branches with suitable positions and vigorous growth are left to cultivate the main branches.
2. Renewal method of reserved scaffold: leave short main branches of 65,438+0.5m, and cut off all the side branches on the main branches, then girdle at the base of the main branches about 30cm (strip off the mouth of 5-65,438+00cm, which will be easy to heal if it is narrow), select robust buds near the main branches, and tie their new skills to the original main branches to cultivate new main branches of the year.
Third, the grafting method. Jujube is prone to bud mutation, and new varieties of natural hybridization emerge one after another. After the fruit is picked, the main branches are sawed off at a height of 30-60 cm from the ground, and the scions of excellent varieties are grafted on each original branch by shoe grafting or cutting.
2. Framework
(1) Triangles and quadrilaterals can be built according to trees.
(2) Cement column frame.
3 thinning fruit
Jujube has a large number of flowers and many fruits, with 8-30 small flowers per inflorescence. Generally, it can bear 4-5 fruits, but it is still excessive after natural fruit dropping, so it needs to be drained manually to avoid wasting nutrition. Fruits and vegetables are carried out before and after the size of peanuts and other fruits. First, combined with pruning, the slender branches, long branches and over-dense branches of the fruit are cut off, and then the over-dense fruits, small fruits, yellow diseased fruits and deformed fruits are removed. Generally 1-2 inflorescence leaves one fruit (that is? 1 section 1 fruit? Or? 2 knots 1 fruit? ) that's right.
Pest control technology
Pests: mainly scarab, red spider, yellow thorn moth, moth eater, etc.
(1) scarab. The damaged leaves can be controlled by 40% poisonous weeds 1 1000 times, and it is best to kill them manually.
2 red spider; Leaves (back) are damaged, resulting in defoliation. Damage to the fruit leads to rough brown scars on the surface of the fruit, which affects the appearance and endoplasm. It can be controlled with 20% dicofol emulsion 800- 1000 times or 73% propargite EC 20003000 times.
③ Yellow thorn moth. It can be controlled with poison wire 1: 1000 times or Regent L: 1000 times or vendetta (or kung fu) L: 2000 times.
(4) carnivorous insects. Carnivorous insects burrow into fruits and feed on pulp. Insect dung accumulates in the fruit, which rots and stinks and loses its edible value. There are two periods of prevention and control. First, the ground should be closed before adults appear. 300-fold solution of 50% phoxim or 0/000-fold solution of 40% poisonous silk/kloc can be used to seal the soil under the crown and kill the emerging adults. After spraying phoxim, the soil should be turned over shallowly to avoid photodegradation of the drug. Second, in the adult occurrence period or exudation peak period, 25% pozzolana 2000-3000 times solution or 2.5% Laifuling 2000-3000 times solution can be used to spray the crown.
2. Diseases: mainly powdery mildew, which harms young leaves and young fruits (fruits). As a result, the skin of the fruit becomes numb, shriveled, dull and cork. Available 50% sulfur glue suspension is 200-400 times, 15% triadimefon 1: 800- 1000 times, 40% Shen Xing EC 1: 5000-8000 times, and 62.25% fresh wettable powder.
Cultivation and management techniques of jujube
1. Seed selection
This is an important step in cultivating jujube. Do fruit farmers have to buy seedlings? Three certificates? A complete professional conservation unit to avoid losses.
2. Location selection
Most of the land south of the Tropic of Cancer is suitable for jujube growth, but the flat land with good ventilation and irrigation, convenient transportation and slight acidity or sandy loam on gentle slopes should be chosen.
plant
The best planting time is from March to May, depending on the weather. Where there is water, it can be planted all year round.
3. 1 planting spacing
Daqingzao has the advantages of fast growth, long plant life and large crown area. The plant spacing is 6-7 meters, the row spacing is 4-5 meters, and there are 330-350 plants per hectare (that is, 22-23 plants per mu). Too dense planting wastes the cost of seedlings and makes field work difficult.
3.2 Planting method
The planting hole is 60- 100 cm wide and deep. Rotten compost, compound fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, magnesium sulfate fertilizer and boron fertilizer are used as base fertilizers, and a small amount of quicklime is mixed with topsoil to fill it, and then it is planted and compacted, and the periphery of the seedling base is made into a shallow basin shape of 20 cm, which is convenient for irrigation. If necessary, cover the bottom with straw to prevent evaporation in the hot sun.
4. Management and fertilization
4. 1 overall pruning
The lateral branches of Daqing jujube are inclined and the crown area is large. Regular pruning can keep a good tree shape, reduce a lot of inconvenience in management, have good lighting and ventilation, reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, reduce the use of pesticides and improve quality. Daqingzao has to renew its trunk every year, and some varieties have to be grafted again. Methods are divided into trunk renewal pruning, long branch pruning and pruning.
4. 1. 1 trunk update and pruning
Young trees are mainly single stem and pruning. One-year-old jujube trees were cut off 30 cm from the ground to induce the growth of lateral branches. Select 3-4 strong, well-positioned lateral branches that guide around as the trunk, and cut them off before the buds grow to 1.5 meters. After the height of 1.5m, let the lateral branches grow obliquely, and cut off the long branches or young branches (the rootstock branches should be cut off in time). 2-year-old jujube trees need to be updated once a year. After harvesting, trunk regeneration and grafting should be carried out in February-April, and the trunk should be sawed off 20 cm from the ground for regeneration or grafting. After the new shoots germinate on the grafted scion of the new shoots, 2-3 new shoots with good growth and suitable position are left as the new shoots of the year, and the rest buds are cut off to make the new shoots grow healthily.
4. 1.2 Long tip pruning
After the fruit is harvested, the old main branch remains 1- 1.5 meters long, and the other branches are sawed off except for support. After 30 days, the side branch can be born. When the lateral branches are cut 50 cm long, new branchlets can grow, and there are spikes in the axils of branchlets, which can advance the production period. However, this pruning method needs to ensure the healthy and normal growth of the small branches of the new main branches, otherwise the branches are too small or lack of nutrition, and it is recommended not to use them or use them less.
4.2 Fertilization
Daqingzao is a shallow-rooted fruit tree with rapid growth and remarkable fertilization effect. Both seedling stage and new shoot growth stage are important, but more nitrogen fertilizer is needed, and the proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be increased before flowering. Plants after 4 years old need more nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and the fertilization ratio is about 4: 2: 5. The annual demand is different, depending on the growth of plants in the previous year, but the base fertilizer must not be lacking, and compost should be applied 1-3 times a year; Attention should also be paid to magnesium and boron fertilizers. Spray ammonia liquid fertilizer (biological fertilizer) for 2-3 times during the fruit expansion period, with an interval of 7- 10 days. Pesticides can be mixed, but lime preparation and chemical fertilizer cannot be mixed.
4.2. 1 base fertilizer
After harvesting and pruning in February-March, 20-30 kg of decomposed livestock manure and 0.5- 1 kg of phosphate fertilizer were deeply applied to each plant in the open ditch at the drip line of the crown. At this time, fertilization and root cutting can adjust the balance of root-shoot ratio and promote branch growth.
4.2.2 Strong seedling fertilizer
Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer, n: p: k = 2: 1: 1, and new buds begin to germinate one month after retraction, and new buds continue to germinate from April to August. Therefore, from April to June, it is better to apply 15% compound fertilizer 1.5 kg and 0.5 kg of 46% urea as strong shoot fertilizer for each tree in three times.
4.2.3 Flower-promoting fertilizer
September-65438+10 bears fruit, so it is required to apply quick-acting fertilizer mainly in July and August, with appropriate coordination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (2: 1: 2). 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.2 kg of urea, 0.2 kg of potassium chloride (or potassium sulfate), 0. 1 kg of magnesium sulfate and 50 g of borax were applied in two times.
4.2.4 Young fruit stage
Topdressing is very important for fruit growth in young fruit stage. During this period, 0.5% urea can usually be sprayed on the leaves. It is better to apply topdressing to holes, that is, dig 4 ~ 6 small holes evenly along the crown, apply fertilizer to the holes, and apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in combination to avoid furrow application and reduce root damage.
4.3 intertillage weeding
The jujube orchard does not need to be planted in the border, as long as a shallow ditch is opened in the middle for irrigation and drainage, and no intertillage is needed. Daqingzao is a shallow-rooted fruit tree. Herbicide is easy to damage the root system. Planting grass is not only suitable for the growth of jujube, but also can reduce the loss of soil fertilizer. Grass can be cut off when it grows too high. Planting Bahia grass in jujube orchard for animal husbandry can serve multiple purposes.
4.4 Irrigation and Drainage
Jujube is thick and fast-growing, with vigorous growth and large water demand. If it is dry and short of water, it will cause flowers to fall and fruits to fall. After planting the seedlings, water the roots. If it doesn't rain after planting, water it once every evening for the first two days and once every 2-3 days later. 10 day can restore growth (bag seedlings can restore growth in about 3-5 days). Jujube should be kept dry one month before flowering and in the young fruit period, and no irrigation is allowed. At other times, orchards need to be kept moist frequently.
4.5 flower thinning and fruit thinning
There are many fruits of Zizyphus jujuba, which often exceed the nutritional capacity of trees. Too much fruit is not only not conducive to high and stable yield, but also affects the increase of fruit, the deterioration of quality and the decrease of commodity value, so it is necessary to strictly thin fruit. When thinning fruit, small fruit, deformed fruit, diseased fruit, etc. Thinning should be carried out in accordance with the principle of retaining the superior and eliminating the inferior. When the fruit grows to the size of peanuts, it will be thinned, such as slender branches, shaded branches and diseased branches with too many fruits. It is best to leave the largest disease-free fruit in each inflorescence. According to the variety, tree age, tree potential, fertilizer and water conditions, crown size and other comprehensive factors, reasonably determine the amount of fruit left.
4.6 Pest control
Daqingzao has strong disease resistance and few pests and diseases. The main pests and diseases are powdery mildew, anthracnose, Fusarium wilt, ring rot, fruit rot, red spot, red spider, scale insect, moth and so on. The harm characteristics and control techniques of main pests and diseases are introduced as follows:
4.6. 1 powdery mildew
Harm buds, leaves, ears and fruits. Young fruit is easy to fall off, and the diseased skin of big fruit turns brown and slightly sunken, losing commercial value. Prevention: Baitai (60% oxazole ether? 750- 1000 times of water dispersible granules or 1500-2000 times of Kerun (25% pyraclostrobin) EC; Prevention and treatment: The standard (80% sulfur) water dispersible granules can be used 300-500 times at the initial stage of the disease, and tribenuron-methyl (50% kresoxim-methyl) water dispersible granules can be used 3000-5000 times after 5-7 days or Kairunpen 1 time. Prevention and treatment for 2 ~ 3 times.
anthrax
Harm leaves and fruits. The damaged fruit first appears light brown and slightly sunken diseased spots. After the diseased fruit is wet, a pink mold layer grows on the spot surface, and the mold layer is mixed with needle-like cinnabar spots or small black spots. Prevention and treatment: Kairun (25% pyraclostrobin) 2000 times solution or Baitai (60% oxazole ether? Dyson) 750 times solution plus 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times solution, 1? 1 mixed injection.
Epidemic disease
When the fruit is damaged, the surface of the fruit is brown and waterlogged, and there is a white mold layer at the later stage of the disease, which leads to fruit drop and rotten fruit (anthracnose was the main rotten fruit in previous years, with less epidemic). Control: Kate (18.7% alkenyl? Pyrazolyl ester) water dispersible granule 1000 times solution; Akbi (50% dimethomorph) WP 750- 1500 times solution or 6 1% ethyl phosphine? Wet powder of manganese and zinc is sprayed with 400 times solution, which can be prevented and treated 1 ~ 2 times depending on the condition.
harvest
Different regions, different climates and different varieties of jujube have different fruit harvest. When ripe, the peel changes from turquoise to light green or yellowish green, and the fruit looks full, smooth and shiny. Early-maturing varieties can generally be harvested in June 1 1 and in early February of the following year; Late-maturing varieties generally start harvesting in early February and finish harvesting in March of the following year. The ripening time of Zizyphus jujuba fruit is different, so the harvest should be carried out in batches. Strengthen fertilizer and water management during harvesting. Small fruits will grow and mature under sufficient water and nutrient supply. Be careful when harvesting, so as not to damage the peel and affect the storage, transportation and commodity value. The harvested fruits should be packaged in different grades, and the super-grade fruits can also be bagged with fresh-keeping bags to keep fresh, so as to improve the commodity value.