There are CPU central processing unit, motherboard, memory, hard disk, power supply, graphics card, sound card (most motherboards are integrated, and both motherboards have them), mouse, keyboard, CD-ROM drive and floppy drive (these two can run without a computer, and CD-ROM drive is very useful, but floppy drive is rarely used now). Let's talk about the use. Central processing unit CPU is the heart of computer system. The rapid development of computers, especially microcomputers, is essentially a simple and one-way complex development process of CPU from low level to high level. First, the concept of CPU CPU (central processing unit) is also called central processing unit. Its main function is to perform arithmetic and logical operations. Its internal structure can be roughly divided into control unit, arithmetic logic unit and storage unit. According to the word length of information, it can be divided into eight-bit microprocessor, sixteen-bit microprocessor, thirty-two-bit microprocessor and sixty-four-bit microprocessor. Second, the main performance index of the CPU is the main frequency: that is, the clock frequency of the internal core of the CPU, generally in megahertz (MHz). This is a parameter that we are most concerned about whether we use a computer or buy a computer. We usually call it 133,166,450, etc. For the same kind of CPU, the higher the main frequency, the faster the CPU speed and the higher the performance of the whole machine. External frequency and frequency multiplier: External frequency is the external clock frequency of CPU. The external frequency is provided by the computer motherboard, and the relationship between CPU main frequency and external frequency is: CPU main frequency = external frequency × frequency doubling. Internal cache: made of SRAM with extremely high speed, it is used to temporarily store some recent instructions and data during CPU operation. The access speed is the same as the main frequency of CPU, and the internal cache capacity is generally in KB. When working at full speed, the larger its capacity, the easier it is for the most commonly used data and results to enter the CPU for operation as soon as possible. When CPU is working, the less times it exchanges data with external cache and memory with slow access speed, the faster the operation can be compared with the computer. Address bus width: the address bus width determines the physical address space that the CPU can access, which is simply how much memory the CPU can use. Multimedia Extended Instruction Set (MMX) technology: MMX is a new technology adopted by Intel Corporation to enhance the application of Pentium CPU in audio, video, graphics and communication. This technology adds 57 new MMX instructions to CPU. Compared with ordinary CPU, the multimedia processing ability of CPU with MMX instruction is improved by about 60%. Even if the program without MMX instruction is used, the performance can be improved by about 15%. Microprocessors have changed our lives in many ways. What we take for granted now was unimaginable in the past. In the 1960s, computers were big enough to fill the whole room, and only a few people could use them. The invention of integrated circuits in the mid-1960s enabled the miniaturization of circuits to be realized on a single silicon chip, which laid the foundation for the development of microprocessors. In the foreseeable future, the processing power of CPU will continue to grow at a high speed, miniaturization and integration will always be the development trend, and products of different levels, including special processors, will be formed. Motherboard, also known as motherboard, systembourd, motherboard; It is installed in the chassis and is one of the most basic and important components of microcomputer. The motherboard is generally a rectangular circuit board, on which the main circuit system of the computer is installed, generally including BIOS chip, I/O control chip, keyboard and panel control switch interface, indicator light connector, expansion slot, motherboard and plug-in DC power connector. Another feature of the motherboard is the open structure. Most motherboards have 6-8 expansion slots for the control cards (adapters) of PC peripherals to insert. By replacing these cards, the corresponding subsystems of the microcomputer can be upgraded locally, thus giving manufacturers and users greater flexibility in configuring models. In a word, the motherboard plays an important role in the whole microcomputer system. It can be said that the type and grade of the motherboard determines the type and grade of the whole microcomputer system, and the performance of the motherboard affects the performance of the whole microcomputer system. Common PC motherboards are divided into the following categories. ★ Classification of motherboard:? First, according to the CPU used on the motherboard are:? 386 motherboard, 486 motherboard, Pentium (586) motherboard, Pentium Pro (686) motherboard. The same level of CPU is often further divided. For example, the Pentium motherboard is different from whether it supports multi-function Pentium (P55C, MMX requires the motherboard to have built-in dual voltages) and whether it supports Cyrix 6x86 and AMD 5k86 (both Pentium-class CPUs require the motherboard to dissipate heat better). ? Second, according to the type of I/O bus on the motherboard? Industry standard architecture bus. Eisa (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) extends the standard architecture bus. Microchannel bus. In addition, in order to solve the "bottleneck" problem of slow transmission speed between CPU and high-speed peripherals, there are two kinds of local buses: VESA (video electronics standards association) video electronics standards association local bus, or VL bus for short. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnection) Peripheral Component Interconnection Local Bus, abbreviated as PCI Bus. Class 486 motherboards mostly use VL bus, while Pentium motherboards mostly use PCI bus. At present, more peripheral interface buses have been developed after PCI, especially USB (Universal Serial Bus). IEEE 1394 (American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1394 standard) is commonly known as "Fire Ware". ? Third, according to the logic control chipset points? These chipsets integrate the control of CPU, cache, I/O and bus. Motherboards above 586 pay special attention to the role of chipset. Intel's chipsets for 586 motherboards include: LX's early chipsets for Pentium 60 and 66MHz CPU? NX Neptune, which supports Pentium CPU above 75 MHz, was very popular before the introduction of Intel 430 FX chipset, but now it is rare. ? FX has this chipset in both the 430 and 440 series, the former for Pentium and the latter for Pentium Pro. HX Intel 430 series is used in commercial microcomputers with high reliability requirements. VX Intel 430 series is optimized and simplified for common multimedia applications based on HX. There is a tendency to be replaced by TX. The latest chipset of TX Intel 430 series is specially optimized for Pentium MMX technology. The Intel 450 series of GX and KX is used for Pentium Pro, GX is used for servers, and KX is used for workstations and high-performance desktops. MX Intel 430 series, specially used for Pentium-class chipset of notebook computers. Check out the Intel 430 MX chipset. Chipsets of non-Intel companies include: VT82C5xx series 586 chipset produced by VIA Company. ? Sis series, produced by SiS Company, is well-known among non-Intel chipsets. ? Opti series, produced by opti company, uses fewer motherboard manufacturers. ? Four, according to the main board structure points? AT standard size motherboards named after IBM PC/A are used for the first time, and some 486 and 586 motherboards also adopt AT structure layout? Baby AT's pocket-sized motherboard is smaller than AT's motherboard, hence the name. Many original integrated motherboards adopt this main board structure first? ATX & amp； 127; The improved AT motherboard optimizes the layout of components on the motherboard, and has better heat dissipation and integration. Does it need to be equipped with a dedicated ATX chassis? The motherboard of the all-in-one machine integrates various circuits such as audio and display, and generally can work without inserting a card. It has the advantages of high integration and space saving, but it also has the disadvantages of inconvenient maintenance and difficult upgrade. Used more in the original brand machine? NLX Intel's latest main board structure is characterized by flexible, convenient and effective upgrade of the motherboard and CPU, and it is no longer necessary to update the motherboard design every time a CPU is introduced. In addition, there are some deformation structures of the above motherboards, such as ASUS motherboards, which use a large number of main board structure with the size of 3/4 Baby AT. ? 5. Press the function? The PnP function motherboard equipped with PnP BIOS and PnP operating system (such as Win95) can help users to automatically configure host peripherals and realize "plug and play"? Energy-saving (green) function is generally marked with energy star when it is turned on, which can automatically enter the waiting and sleeping state without using the host, and reduce the power consumption of CPU and components during this period? Jumper-free motherboard This is a new motherboard and a further improvement of PnP motherboard. On this motherboard, even the type of CPU, working voltage and so on. There is no need for jumper switches, all of which are automatically recognized, and only need a little adjustment by software. After the remarks, the CPU has nothing to hide on this motherboard. Motherboards before 486 generally do not have the above functions. Motherboards above 586 are equipped with PnP and energy-saving functions. Some original brand machines can also control the on-off of the host power supply through the motherboard to further realize intelligent on-off, which is rare on compatible motherboards, but it is definitely a development direction in the future. Jumper-free motherboard will be another direction of motherboard development. ? Six, other motherboard classification methods:? According to the structural characteristics of motherboards, motherboards can also be divided into CPU-based motherboards, adaptive circuit-based motherboards and integrated motherboards. The integrated motherboard based on CPU is a better choice at present. ? According to the process classification of printed circuit board, it can be divided into two-layer structure board, four-layer structure board and six-layer structure board. At present, products with four-layer structural boards are the main products. ? According to the component installation and welding process, there are surface mount welding process board and DIP traditional process board. Memory generally refers to random access memory, referred to as RAM. What we usually call the memory in a computer refers to dynamic memory, which is DRAM. In addition, memory has various uses, such as VRAM for graphics cards and CMOS RAM for storing system setting information. The so-called "dynamic" in dynamic memory means that after we write data into DRAM, the data will be lost after a period of time, so we need to refresh the memory once, which requires additional circuit design. We can understand that whether a memory cell of a DRAM stores 0 or 1 depends on whether the capacitor has charge, which means 1 and no charge means 0. But after a long time, the capacitor representing 1 will discharge, and the capacitor representing 0 will absorb charge, which is the reason for data loss; The refresh operation periodically checks the capacitor. If the power is greater than 1/2 of the full power, it means that 1 is fully charged. If the electric quantity is less than 1/2, it is considered as 0, and the capacitor is discharged to maintain the continuity of data. When using refresh operation, the access speed of dynamic memory is much slower than that of static memory. There is a lot of data transmission in memory, so it is inevitable that errors will occur. When the demand is high, it is necessary to have the function of error detection and correction. A hard disk is a memory (storing movies, songs, etc.). ). For example, watching a movie, the hard disk is transferred to memory, and it is turned off, and there is nothing in memory. Graphics cards are also called display adapter cards. As an important part of computer mainframe, it is very important for people who like to play games and engage in professional graphic design. At present, the graphic chip suppliers of civil graphics cards mainly include ATI and nVIDIA. The full name of GPU is Graphic Processing Unit, which is the basic component of graphics card. NVIDIA first proposed the concept when it released GeForce 256 graphics processing chip. GPU reduces the dependence of graphics card on CPU and does some work of the original CPU, especially in 3D graphics processing. The core technology adopted by GPU is hardware T&; Cube environment material mapping and vertex blending, texture compression and T& mapping, dual texture four-pixel 256-bit rendering engine, etc. , and hardware T &；; L technology can be said to be the symbol of GPU. The basic function of the graphics card is to control the graphic output of the computer. Only when the video card is connected to the monitor can we see the image on the display screen. Graphics card consists of display chip, display memory, RAMDAC, etc. These components determine the output on the computer screen, including the speed, color and display resolution of the screen picture. Graphics cards, from the early monochrome graphics cards, color graphics cards, enhanced graphics cards to VGA (video graphics array) display graphics array, are all IBM-led graphics card specifications. The resolution of VGA is 720*400 in text mode, 640*480* 16 in drawing mode and 320*200*256 in color mode, and this 256-color display mode has become the * * * same standard for later graphics cards, so we generally call graphics cards VGA. Later, various display chip manufacturers made more efforts to improve the display capability of VGA, and some terms such as SVGA(SuperVGA) and XGA(eXtended Graphic Array) appeared. In recent years, display chip manufacturers have integrated 3D functions with VGA to become what we call 3D accelerator cards and 3D graphics cards. The maximum pixel fill rate is the 3D clock multiplied by the number of rendering processes. For example, NVIDIA's GeForce 2 GTS chip has a core frequency of 200 MHz and has four rendering pipelines, each of which contains two texture units. Then its filling rate is 4x2 pixels x2 billion/sec =16 billion pixels/sec. The pixels here make up the picture we see on the display screen. At the resolution of 800x600, a single * * has 800x600 = 480,000 pixels, and so on, with the resolution of 1024x768 and 1024 x768 = 786432 pixels. We often set the resolution when playing games and using some graphics software. The higher the resolution, the more pixels the display chip renders, so the filling rate is of great significance to measure the performance of a graphics card. Just now, we calculated that the filling rate of GTS is 65.438+0.6 billion pixels per second. Let's look at MX200 again. Its standard core frequency is 175, and there are only two rendering pipelines, so its filling rate is 2x2 pixels x 65438+7500 million pixels/sec = 700 million pixels/sec, which is an important reason why its performance is half that of GTS. Displays the abbreviation of memory. As the name implies, its main function is to temporarily store the data to be processed by the display chip and the processed data. The stronger the performance of the graphics core, the more video memory is needed. In the past, the main memory was SDR, and the capacity was not large. At present, the market is basically DDR specifications, and some high-end cards use DDRII or DDRIII generation memory with better performance (DDRII is not better at present, but the worst one). Two interface technologies AGP interface accelerated graphics port is a video interface technology standard developed by Intel company, which is an interface technology developed to solve the low bandwidth of PCI bus. By connecting the graphics card to the main memory of the system, it directly opens up a faster bus between CPU and graphics processor. Its development has experienced AGP 1.0(AGP 1X/2X), AGP2.0(AGP4X) and AGP3.0(AGP8X). The theoretical bandwidth of the latest AGP8X is 2. 1Gbit/ sec. PCI Express interface PCI Express is a new generation of bus interface, and the graphics card products using this interface have been officially launched in 2004. As early as the spring "Intel Developer Forum" of 200 1, Intel put forward a new generation technology to replace the internal connection between PCI bus and various chips, and called it the third generation I/O bus technology. Subsequently, at the end of 20001,more than 20 leading companies in the industry, including Intel, AMD, DELL and IBM, began to draft specifications for new technologies, which were completed in 2002 and officially named PCI Express. The theoretical speed is above 10Gbit, so the gap has been almost played by PCIE. However, just like PCI replacing ISA, it will take some time, and it must be a northbridge above 9 15 to support PCIE, so it can be predicted that PCIE will take a long time to replace AGP. SLI scanning line interlaced scanning is the most popular dual-card technology at present, and it is the technology applied by 3dfx company to Voodoo. It physically connects two voodoo cards with SLI lines. When working, one voodoo card is responsible for rendering the odd lines on the screen and the other is responsible for rendering the even lines on the screen. By "connecting" the two graphics cards together, the "double" performance is achieved. DirectX DirectX, the mainstream software special effect, is not a simple graphic API, but a widely used API developed by Microsoft. It contains many components, such as direct graphics (direct 3D+ direct drawing), direct input, direct playback, direct sound, direct display, direct setting, direct media objects and so on. It provides a complete multimedia interface scheme. It's just that its outstanding performance in 3D graphics makes other aspects of it look bleak. DirectX was originally developed to make up for the lack of graphics and sound processing ability of Windows 3. 1 system, and now it has developed into an interface that has a decisive influence on all aspects of the whole multimedia system. Direct3D is inseparable from DirectX, which is a multimedia development software package developed and released by Microsoft. Some of them are called DirectDraw, a graphics rendering API, which provides powerful access and processing capabilities for graphics. In DirectDraw, some functions related to 3D graphics are integrated, which is called Direct3D. Probably because it was written by Microsoft, some people say it will become the standard of 3D graphics. OpenGL OpenGL is the abbreviation of OpenGraphicsLib, which is a set of three-dimensional graphics processing libraries and an industrial standard in this field. Computer three-dimensional graphics refers to the technology that the three-dimensional space described by data is converted into two-dimensional images by calculation and displayed or printed. OpenGL is a library that supports this transformation. It originated from IRIS GL developed by SGI for its graphics workstation, and developed into OpenGL in the process of cross-platform transplantation. SGI released the version of 1.0 in July of 1992, which became an industrial standard and was controlled by the independent consortium OpenGL Architecture Review Committee (ARB) established by 1992. Members of ARB, such as SGI, produce standards by voting, and formulate and publish standard documents, and various software and hardware manufacturers develop their own system implementation accordingly. Only the implementation that has passed all the tests of ARB specification can be called OpenGL. 199565438+February ARB approved version 1. 1, and the latest version specification is 1.2. 1 adopted by 1999.5. Sound card: Needless to say, the optical drive responsible for computer sound and sound processing is used to play CDs, DVDs, VCDs and other optical discs. At present, there are not many people who use floppy disks and mice: they are responsible for choosing keyboards: there are two small sockets called PS2 socket for typing, one for mouse, one for keyboard to connect with power supply, which socket is plugged in, and the USP's smallest three sockets are plugged in: speakers and microphones, and several sockets are used for printing. The monitor socket is inserted into the current card.