China Library Classification. : F32 1 document identification number: a article number:1672-3791(2012) 05 (b)-0136-021the operation of land consolidation in China.
1. 1? Organizational mechanism
Land consolidation is a comprehensive systematic project, and some land consolidation projects may even cross towns and even counties, which will inevitably involve countries, collectives, farmers and other aspects. Organizationally, it needs the unified leadership of the government and the joint efforts of all departments. However, the current land management system cannot fully guarantee this. Therefore, in order to ensure the smooth development of land consolidation, it is necessary for governments at all levels to clarify the responsibilities of government departments in land consolidation, so that all departments involved in land consolidation can cooperate with each other and have a clear division of labor. Some places have made useful explorations. For example, Hubei Province has set up a leading group for high-yield farmland construction, making it clear that high-yield farmland construction is the basic business of governments at all levels, and the main leaders of the government are the first responsible persons for high-yield farmland construction, taking overall responsibility for high-yield farmland construction in this region. Land, agriculture, water conservancy, finance and other high-yield farmland construction related departments should do a good job of coordination. In terms of high-yield farmland construction planning and project planning and design, all relevant departments should communicate with each other and discuss collectively.
1.2? Input mechanism
Land consolidation involves a wide range and requires a lot of capital investment. Effective capital injection is the key to land consolidation. In developed countries, especially in countries where land consolidation has been standardized and institutionalized, the input subjects of land consolidation are generally composed of the central government, local governments and land owners. For example, in Germany, the federal government contributes 48%, local governments contribute 32%, and landowners contribute 20%. It can be seen that most of the funds needed for land consolidation are borne by the government, rather than the land owner as the main object of raising funds for land consolidation, which is worth learning and thinking about. In view of the socialist public ownership of land in China, the current investment in land consolidation mainly comes from the paid use fees for newly-added construction land by the state and provincial governments.
1.3? Benefit sharing mechanism
Land consolidation has far-reaching significance and long-term benefits. In order to make farmers consciously devote themselves to land consolidation, the key is to let farmers benefit from land consolidation. Therefore, the benefit sharing mechanism should be properly tilted towards farmers. As for local governments, in order to arouse their enthusiasm for land consolidation, the state has implemented the mechanism of land consolidation and new cultivated land replacement. This is a good mechanism, but it still needs to be further implemented. In addition, after land consolidation, small pieces of land are merged into large pieces of land, and how to distribute the land rights in the consolidation area is a problem worthy of consideration and discussion. Therefore, it is necessary to use land consolidation to promote the innovation of rural land property rights system, and use the innovative land property rights system to promote the development of land consolidation, so that the two can combine and promote each other and better serve the development of rural areas and even the whole national economy.
2. Problems existing in land consolidation in China at present
2. 1? Problems to be solved urgently in land consolidation
(1) Land consolidation project planning is not in place. First, the planners of the land consolidation project did not go deep into the field work and lacked a comprehensive understanding of the natural, economic, social and environmental conditions of the project area. Plagiarism is serious, and the depth and accuracy of survey and measurement are not enough. Emphasis on technical and economic analysis and demonstration, ignoring county-level demonstration, the representatives participating in the demonstration are not comprehensive, especially the opinions of local township technicians and villagers' representatives are not enough, and the demonstration is for the sake of procedure. Second, the accuracy of the project budget is not high, and the average per mu standard is set to artificially increase or decrease investment. Third, the technical personnel of county-level land departments are not involved enough, and they are mostly limited to collecting information and guiding. Therefore, in the process of project implementation, the planning and design of most projects have changed, some projects have changed greatly, and some projects have been redesigned.
(2) The land consolidation procedure is not standardized. Land consolidation is arbitrary, there is no standardized land consolidation procedure, and there is a lack of basic investigation, systematic analysis, benefit demonstration and project evaluation of land consolidation areas. After finishing the work, cadastral survey and redrawing of cadastral change map were not carried out in time. Compared with foreign countries, such as Japan, land consolidation has a strict quality supervision system, and all working procedures and construction links have strict regulations, which must undergo strict testing, inspection and acceptance. For example, land leveling works, from pre-construction measurement to topsoil stripping, soil mixing, backfilling and so on. , must pass 4 ~ 5 times of testing and inspection. The rectangular groove is produced by the manufacturer.
(3) The implementation and management of land consolidation is not rigorous. On the one hand, the planning and construction drawing design review is not strict; The review of bidding scheme is not strict; Some engineering supervision is a mere formality. There is still a lot of work to be done to refine, refine and be solid. On the other hand, the follow-up management and protection of the project lacks means, and the completed single project is damaged and stolen. The long-term use mechanism of the project needs to be further explored and summarized.
2.2? Analysis of restrictive factors of land consolidation and development
The author believes that the above phenomenon is mainly caused by some restrictive factors in China's current management system, mechanism and law.
(1) The property right relationship is vague. The adjustment of land property right is one of the main contents of land consolidation, and the change of land property right is a sensitive issue in the process of land consolidation, which involves many ownership redrawing such as field reorganization and village merger. At present, in China's rural areas, on the one hand, it is clearly stipulated that the ownership of rural land belongs to the collective, but the subject of its property right is not clear, so it is difficult to find a carrier to reflect the ownership in real life. On the other hand, after the land is subcontracted to households, the land ownership and use right are separated, but the boundary between them is unclear, and the core and subject of various rights lack legal norms, which can not reflect the market rules, and mutual infringement occurs from time to time. Either collectively infringe on farmers' rights and interests in the name of landowners; Either farmers regard the land as their own, do not undertake corresponding obligations, and the collective interests cannot be guaranteed accordingly.
One of the important goals of land consolidation is to promote efficient and intensive land management and realize the optimal allocation of land resources. In China, farmers' contracting is distributed according to the principle of egalitarianism, and the quality and distance are matched, which leads to too scattered cultivated land and too scattered farmers' management. A typical survey shows that at present, each farmer in China manages an average of 8.35 mu of cultivated land, which is divided into 9.7 pieces on average. This narrow scale of land management has caused serious waste of resources, and agricultural mechanization cannot be applied. At the same time, it also makes the "external effect" of agricultural activities more prominent and obvious, that is, one household's agricultural activities can easily bring favorable or unfavorable effects to another household's agricultural production, thus hindering the realization of land consolidation goals.
(2) mode of production and operation. At present, the main body of land use involved in rural land consolidation is farmers. In the current rural production relations, the management organization takes the family as the unit, its production and management mode is relatively independent, and land use is also divided. According to the survey results in Feidong County, Anhui Province, the ridge coefficient of land division contract has increased by 7% ~ 8%. In the process of land consolidation, this land use pattern must be broken. As mentioned earlier, due to the average distribution of farmers according to the population under the household contract system, although this property right system has high operating cost and low efficiency, it ensures social fairness and social stability. If land consolidation leads to the uncertainty and risk of farmers' future land, farmers' enthusiasm for participating in land consolidation will be greatly reduced, and even their judgment on national policies will be affected until the orderly development of land consolidation is affected. How to carry out system innovation under the premise of stabilizing family business has become the first problem to be solved in rural land consolidation.