1. Seedling raising technology;

All new orchards adopt new rootstocks and new varieties. It is recommended that apple seedlings have high wild degree, strong soil adaptability, disease resistance, drought and flood resistance and long service life. In order to improve the quality of newly-built orchards, soil preparation and special fertilizer should be strictly applied. Before planting, a fixed pit should be dug according to the required density, with the specification of 0.6mx0.6m and the depth of 0.6m. The subsoil and topsoil should be separated, and base fertilizer (organic fertilizer)1500kg should be applied per mu. According to the local soil conditions, more fine sand organic fertilizer (a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer (0. 1kg potash fertilizer per plant, 0.2kg compound fertilizer) can be applied, mixed with topsoil and backfilled to 15cm above the ground, and compacted, so that land resources can be fully utilized. The row spacing between plants can be 2m×2m, or planting ditches can be dug (0.6mx0.6m), and holes are poured 3-4 days before planting. After soaking with 70438+05 cm before planting, the roots of seedlings are dipped in mud containing rooting powder for planting. Water in time after planting, cover with plastic film to keep moisture, and drain water in time to prevent yellowing of seedlings and loss of feces. 2. Seedling shaping and pruning

Mainly advocate spinning. Rotation is a tree that is advocated at present. Spin shape: the height of the tree is 2.5-3.0m, the crown width is1.8m, the height of the trunk is 70cm, and the main branches of 10- 15 are evenly planted on the central trunk, regardless of layers, and the main branch spacing is 65438. Seedling pruning is mainly plastic, usually in the early stage.

In spring, leave no skirt branches below 70cm, leave one branch every 20cm above 90cm, choose the right direction, don't cut it all when the growth length is 80cm, flatten and carve buds, cut it off at 50-30cm to promote new branches, and do it next year. The central trunk will not be cut short, but cut every 20cm to promote the uniform growth of branches. In May and June, it is necessary to twist the tip in time, control the core, cut the trunk of the tree and promote the differentiation of flower buds. If the branches are too thick, paclobutrazol can be used to control the growth of branches and promote the increase and fullness of flower buds. Third, fruit tree pruning.

1. Pruning in spring: after germination, it shall be carried out before and after flowering, and the pruning task shall be completed through measures such as bud wiping, pruning, retraction, bud carving and girdling. Young orchards also include pruning and other plastic pruning tasks.

2. Pruning in summer: adopt techniques such as opening angle, coring, twisting tip, girdling, thinning, girdling, etc. to relieve tree vigor, improve illumination and expand crown.

3. Pruning in autumn: By measures such as pulling branches, thinning straight branches, over-flourishing branches, dense branches and over-dense peripheral branches, the lighting conditions are improved, the flower bud differentiation is promoted, and the cold resistance of trees is improved. Step 4 prune during hibernation

It is a pruning from falling leaves in winter to sprouting in spring. The main task is to remove some useless branches, such as pests and diseases, dense branches and overgrown branches. These methods include cutting short main branches, fruit branches with excessive retraction, supporting branches and weak main branches. Its function is to adjust the angle and extension direction of main branches, supporting branches and fruiting branches, control the proportion of flowers, leaves and buds, and balance the tree potential, so as to achieve the goal of high yield.

Four. control of insect

Spraying 0.5o stone mixture on seedlings before flowering in spring is mainly used to sterilize crops and prevent overwintering diseases and insect pests. According to the season, the following pests and diseases can be prevented.

1. (Apple early defoliation:) is the general name of several diseases of apple leaves. Among them, brown spot disease and Alternaria leaf spot disease (caused by a virulent strain of Alternaria alternata) are two serious deciduous diseases. Brown spot mainly harms leaves, and leaf spot leaves mainly infect young leaves. There are two peaks in spring and autumn, and the pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves and then spreads through rain splashing. Prevention and control methods: do a good job in clearing the garden during the dormant period and sweep away the fallen leaves and burn them. Spraying drugs to protect leaves during the growth period can prevent brown spot with 50% carbendazim or 50% thiophanate-methyl 800 ~ 1000 times solution, or with 1: (2 ~ 3): 240 times bordeaux solution. The ring rot is prevented and treated with carbendazim or thiophanate methyl,

2. Spider pests and diseases; (If the insect population density is high before wheat harvest, spraying 20% Misanli emulsion for 3000 times or 20% Sanjinjing for 2000-3000 times or 10% can be used instead. )

3. Apple leaf roller moth; The first instar larvae overwinter by cocooning in the gap between bark and scissors. In the second spring, spinning leaves or flowers will hurt the leaves and eat the peel. Prevention and treatment: Scrape off the old bark and burn it when hibernating. When the larvae emerge from the sting, use 50% trichlorfon solution to seal scissors and saws 200 ~ 250 times to reduce the source of insects. Hanging sugar and cheese jars in apple orchards to trap and kill adults. The ratio of sweet and sour liquid is sugar 1, vinegar 3 and water 10. Spraying 50% dichlorvos 1000 times or spraying various pyrethrins in the first larval stage.

Pesticide-like solution is 2000 ~ 4000 times. Attention; Generally, pests and diseases grow on the lower side of leaves, and spraying pesticides on the lower side of leaves is the main method. 5. Recommend high-quality apple saplings.

It is very important to choose high-quality apple seedling rootstock and identification method; The root system of apple grafted with sweet tea rootstock is sandy yellow and vigorous, while the roots of other apple rootstocks are red and black. Young apple tree varieties have genetic characteristics, poor disease resistance and short life span, and are divided into early-maturing, middle-maturing, late-maturing and early-maturing varieties; Ga la; Fujiki No.1; It matures in mid-May of the lunar calendar, and the medium-ripe variety is Mei 8; Fuji, a late-maturing variety, matures in early August of the lunar calendar; The lunar calendar matures from early September to mid-September, and the above varieties are divided into short branches and long branches. Close planting has high yield, good fruit shape, high sweet fruit color and strong seasonality. The flower buds cultivated in that year can bear fruit in two years and greatly increase production in three years.