The planting site is selected in a flat, drained, ventilated and sunny place. The soil for ground planting should also be sandy soil with loose texture and sufficient humus. After spreading fertilizer, we should plough deeply, level the ground first, and then rake the border surface carefully to remove grass roots, gravel and pebbles. It is best to plough deeply in winter to expose the soil for one winter, and transplant the rose before germination in the early spring of the following year. The row spacing of cultivated plants is 60 ~ 80 cm. The method is as follows: lift the Chinese rose seedlings out of the nursery together with the soil with a shovel, dig a deep pit 65,438+00 cm larger than all around the plant soil in the transplant site, apply manure and plant ash into it, backfill a layer of soil, then move the Chinese rose seedlings into the pit, strengthen the body, fill the soil and tamp it, and finally cut the plant branches short and water them once.
2. water. Generally planted Chinese rose flowers are not watered at any time. In case of spring drought or before and after flowering, irrigation can be combined with fertilization. The specific method is to add a little liquid fertilizer to each barrel of water to make the water slightly turbid and thoroughly irrigate it once every half month, loosen the soil the next day after watering, and water it once every 10 day in summer and autumn. The number of watering depends on the rainfall. The principle is to keep the soil moist.
Potted Chinese rose flowers need a lot of water. Because the water needed for potted rose can only be absorbed from the pot soil, the pot soil must have a certain humidity. Generally speaking, the water content of basin soil is 30% ~ 35%.
3. Fertilization, Chinese rose flowers bloom many times, have a long flowering period and consume a lot of nutrients, so it should be supplemented constantly. Fertilization of potted Chinese rose is accomplished by frying soybeans and sesame seeds. Then put them around the flowerpot. In the growing season, inorganic high-efficiency fertilizers such as urea, potassium chloride, calcium superphosphate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also be applied topdressing to make them rich in nutrition and flourish. However, it is best to apply more organic fertilizer. After applying organic liquid fertilizer, the soil is loose and the effect is rapid and lasting. The concentration of organic liquid fertilizer is generally 1/5 fertilizer water in spring and autumn, and clear water is enough; In summer, the fertilizer is 1/8, and it is applied once every 10 ~ 15 days.
Generally speaking, the time to fertilize the Chinese rose planted on the ground is after budding in spring and before flowering. Those who grow vigorously in summer can also apply fertilizer, but it is not suitable for applying fertilizer to Chinese rose after dog days and after 10. Fertilization in dog days is easy to burn roots and cause death; After fertilization 10 months, the tender branches of Chinese rose flowers are white and long, which are vulnerable to freezing injury. To fertilize Chinese rose, we should not only pay attention to thin application, but also apply fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements according to each growth period. Nitrogen fertilizer should be mainly applied at seedling stage, supplemented by potassium fertilizer; The vegetative growth period should be dominated by nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by phosphorus fertilizer; Phosphate fertilizer should be the main fertilizer during pregnancy and flowering, supplemented by nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. It is best to use stable manure in winter dormancy period to cultivate Chinese rose in the open field, which is very beneficial to its overwintering. In short, mastering the fertilization time and fertilizer types is the key to raising Chinese rose flowers.
4. Chinese rose is a light-loving plant. It must be in sufficient sunlight to thrive. In the southern region, Chinese rose flowers in dog days should also be properly shaded.
5. Temperature, Chinese rose can grow in the range of 4 ~ 35℃. In the Yangtze River valley and its south, sometimes the temperature is as low as 2 ~ 8℃ in winter and as high as 35 ~ 40℃ in summer. In such a bad situation, there are still several flower buds blooming. But this is not the normal growth temperature of Chinese rose, and its most suitable growth temperature is 15 ~ 25℃. Under this temperature condition, Chinese rose grows very vigorously.
6. Pruning and shaping, in order to maintain the plant type of rose, evenly distribute branches, save nutrients and control excessive growth, pruning and shaping should be carried out appropriately. The pruning and shaping of Chinese rose flowers are generally carried out before the germination of new buds in early spring, and it is best to finish it when the dormant period of Chinese rose flowers ends and the axillary buds begin to swell. The basic principle of pruning is to decide whether to re-prune, medium prune or light prune according to the degree of frost damage of rose in winter and the growth habits of varieties.
According to the cultivation methods, Chinese rose can be divided into short dry type, dry type and Gao Qian type (umbrella type). Short stems are cut off at the base of branches by 3 ~ 5 cm, leaving 5 ~ 15 growth points. More stem is to keep 3 ~ 5 branches, with 5 ~ 7 strong buds on each branch. Gao Qian type (cultivated for 3 years) keeps the stem with the height of 60 ~ 100 cm and 3 ~ 4 branches at the top. Roses sprout strongly and grow vigorously, and they are pruned all year round. Through pruning, the landscape conditions are improved, so that plants are strong and flowers are more and more vigorous. Pruning in growth period mainly includes removing residual flowers, stripping buds and picking buds. After each flower withers, cut off the remaining flowers. After the first flowering, leave 3-4 buds on the strong branches and 65,438+0-2 buds on the weak branches for cutting again. After the second and third flowers, cut them lightly, only at the second leaf under the residual flowers, so as not to affect the tree potential due to bleeding. After flowering in autumn, it should be cut off in the middle, leaving 2 ~ 5 bud shears for each branch, and paying attention to thinning out long branches and sprouting branches.
Sparse the buds in spring, and peel off the buds that germinate too closely. Generally, 2 ~ 3 buds are reserved for each main branch, and the buds should be reserved directionally. Cross, parallel, too dense and inner buds should be peeled off in time. Sparse the buds and ensure that the number of flowers is reasonable, so that most of the new buds will be full of flowers, and try not to shoot blindly. For example, a plant has three branches, each spring bud will have 2 ~ 3 * * * 7 ~ 8 buds, and the branches will have 6 ~ 8 flowers. For example, a big plant can have more buds. Bud thinning should run through the whole year, especially when new buds sprout after pruning, which is more important in warm spring.
After the buds are formed, they should be thinned. For single-flower varieties, the side buds can be removed to ensure that the main buds are large and gorgeous, and for flower shapes and micro-roses, less buds should be removed. For one-year-old seedlings, it is necessary to cut buds and raise seedlings.
Pruning can be carried out after dormancy, and pruning in East China165438+1late October will stimulate germination prematurely and consume nutrients. Potted rose can also be changed in early spring. When pruning, you should cut off weak, withered and sick branches and cross branches. The seedlings planted in the ground grow vigorously and can be cut moderately. About 30 cm from the ground, 3-4 buds can be left on the upper branches of the main branch. The selection and retention of main branches should be considered from the perspective of tree shape and tree potential. Generally, 3-5 main branches are left, which are evenly distributed and do not cross each other. The sprouting branches whose roots are useful for regeneration or tree formation should be kept, and the sprouting branches should be removed in autumn. The potted rose is strongly cut, leaving only about 1.5cm in height, 2 ~ 4 main branches and 1 ~ 3 lateral branches. In cold areas in winter, there is no need for one-time pruning. Leave room for light pruning first, and then carry out detailed pruning in spring.
7. Pest control (1) Black spot disease is a worldwide disease, which starts from the lower leaves. At the beginning of the disease, the leaves are reddish brown, nearly round, swollen to dark brown, and the edges are radial. Many black blister spots are produced, the leaf tissue around the lesion turns yellow and the leaves fall off. The lesions on shoots and petioles are oval and purple. Bacteria overwinter on deciduous branches, spread by wind, rain and water, with little sunshine and high humidity. There are two peaks in May-June and August-September in the Yangtze River Basin, with the peaks in late March-June and September-165438+1October in South China and August-September in Beijing. Black spot disease is related to varieties. Huang Heping, Nanhai, Hai Xia, Jinbei Dahong, Honghart and Maheim Palace in Beijing are severe, while Isbel, golden phoenix, Star, Xinghua Village, strawberry, ice unicorn and horseshoe are mild. Pink peace, white knights and young bachelors along the Yangtze River are ill, yellow flowers in the battlefield and long live red are seriously ill.
In early spring, thiram arsenic was mixed with river sand according to the ratio of 1∶99, and then it was scattered on the surface of basin soil to isolate germs. Spraying 3 Baume lime-sulfur mixture before germination to kill overwintering bacteria. Years of research have shown that 75% chlorothalonil 1000 times solution and 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times solution, 15 days alternately, the effect is particularly good.
(2) Powdery Mildew Powdery Mildew harms leaves, shoots, buds and pedicels. After the disease, the leaves atrophy and turn purple-red. After the disease, the old leaves are now nearly round waterlogged and chlorosis spots with white powder on them. The pathogen overwinters in dormant buds, and it is more severe in Beijing from May to June and in Guangdong from March to April. Light-colored varieties are susceptible to diseases, and varieties with light leaves, many vines and many flowers have strong disease resistance. In addition to removing diseased leaves from diseased shoots and improving ventilation conditions, 15% triadimefon 1000 times or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times/time can also be sprayed every 20 to 25 days at the initial stage of the disease.
(3) Downy mildew of rose is a greenhouse disease, which starts with pale green stripes, expands to yellow-brown or purple-brown, and finally turns gray-brown, with a gray-white downy mildew layer on it. At the initial stage of the disease, 500-800 times of 25% metalaxyl or 400-600 times of 80% ethyl phosphate (Shuang Ling) can be used.
(4) Rose mosaic disease has symptoms such as mosaic, bending chlorosis zone, ring spot and chlorosis spot of oak leaves, and viruses include rose mosaic virus, apple mosaic virus and southern mustard mosaic virus. Tree sap and aphids spread viruses.
(5) Small purple spots appeared on the branches and stems affected by rose branch blight, and the center light brown edge expanded a circle of purple-red, and the affected part expanded vertically. In severe cases, the branches died and scattered with small black spots. The diseased tissues overwinter and the wound invades. 50% carbendazim or 50% carbendazim can be used for 800 times in the early stage of the disease.
(6) Rose root cancer is a bacterial disease, which usually occurs in the roots and neck. Tumors of different sizes appear in the affected areas, which are gray or fleshy, and then turn brown. Survive in the tumor cortex and the soil of the sick and disabled, and spread through water. It was found that the diseased strain was smeared with methyl ice iodine solution (50 parts of methanol, 25 parts of glacial acetic acid and 2 parts of iodine tablets) or the diseased root was placed in 500 ~ 1000 times streptomycin for 30 minutes.