More than 3000 years BC-ancient Egypt along the eastern Mediterranean coast produced the world's earliest regular garden. The eastern Mediterranean is the cradle of the development of western civilization. More than 3000 years ago, ancient Egypt established a slave country in North Africa. The Nile is a fertile alluvial plain suitable for agricultural cultivation, but the rest of the country is desert. Desert residents take an oasis with water and shade in a hot desert environment as the simulation object. The Nile floods every year, and after the water recedes, it is necessary to measure the land, so geometry was invented. Therefore, the ancient Egyptians also applied the concept of geometry to landscape design. Pools and canals are square and regular in shape, and houses and trees are arranged in geometric shapes. This is the earliest formal garden design in the world. 500 BC-Ancient Greek Athens City-State and Roman Villa Garden 1, Ancient Greek Athens City-State was composed of many slave city-states in 500 BC. The perfect freedom and democracy represented by Athens City-State brought unprecedented prosperity in culture, science and art, and the construction of gardens was also very prosperous. Gardens in ancient Greece can be roughly divided into three categories: the first category is for public activities to browse: it used to be a sports ground, but later trees planted for shade gradually opened up as avenues, and canals attracted for irrigation gradually formed decorative waterscapes. Marble statues of the winners of sports competitions are displayed everywhere, and chairs are placed under trees. People not only come here to watch sports activities, but also walk, chat and visit. Political scientists speak here, philosophers debate here, and a hall is specially built for this purpose, as well as public facilities such as music stands. However, this kind of public garden, which looks like a modern "cultural leisure park", did not exist for a long time and gradually disappeared with the decline of democracy in ancient Greece. The second type is urban housing, with colonnades surrounding the courtyard, and pools and flowers scattered in the courtyard. The third category is temple gardens, that is, gardens with temples as the main body, such as Mountaiin Sanctuary in Delphi. 2. The villa gardens in Rome inherited the tradition of ancient Greece, focusing on the development of villa gardens and family gardens. Villa gardens are built in suburban and urban hilly areas, including houses, canals, pools, grasslands and Woods. Pliny, an official and writer at that time, once described it vividly: "The villa garden is pleasant because of the colonnades covered with ivy and artificially planted trees;" The crystal clear canal is dotted with flower beds on both sides, which complement each other from top to bottom. It's really beautiful here, and there are lovely avenues, clean swimming pools exposed to the sun, gorgeous living rooms, exquisite restaurants and bedrooms ... all of which provide pleasant and quiet places for people at noon and at night. Many homestead sites preserved in the ancient city of Pompeii are generally in the form of quadrangles, with the main hall on one side and the verandah on the other three sides. The walls of the veranda are painted with murals of trees, fountains, flowers and birds and distant views, creating a feeling of expanding space. 7th century A.D.-Islamic Empire Established by Arabs (4 12- 1998) In the 7th century A.D., Arabs conquered the vast area from Hexi in India to Iberian Peninsula in the east, and established an Islamic empire spanning three continents: Asia, Africa and Latin America. Although it was later split into many small countries, due to the constraints of Islamic teachings, it still maintained the Islamic culture in this vast area. Arabs used to be nomadic people in the desert, and their ancestors lived in tents, and their special feelings for "oasis" and water were deeply reflected in garden art; On the other hand, influenced by ancient Egypt, the unique style of Arab gardens was formed; With the pool or canal as the center, the water is always in a flowing state, making a slightly pleasant sound. Most buildings are transparent and open, and the garden landscape has a certain quiet atmosphere. 14th century-the heyday of Islamic gardens-Mughal gardens in India14th century is the heyday of Islamic gardens. Since then, it has evolved into two forms of Mughal in India in the East: one is the symmetrical and uniform arrangement of canals, grasslands, Woods, flower beds and flower ponds as the main body, and architecture is in a secondary position. The other highlights the image of the building, with a palace in the middle and towers around it. All pools, canals, flowers, trees and roads are geometrically symmetrical. The famous Taj Mahal is the representative of the latter. 15th century A.D.-Iberian Peninsula at the southwest end of Europe. Several Islamic kingdoms on Iberian Peninsula at the southwest end of Europe were not unified by the Catholic regime in Spain until15th century. Due to the long-term stability of geographical environment, garden art has been continuously developed. Islamic tradition absorbs some characteristics of Rome and melts into one furnace. The Alhamber Palace in Granada is a typical example. This palace, which consists of many courtyards, is located on a mountain with dangerous terrain. Except for residential buildings, most buildings are horseshoe-shaped vouchers, and you can even see the peaks outside the garden. Coupled with drainage ditches and pools, the whole palace is full of "oasis" atmosphere. The gardens in the palace are mainly courtyards, in the form of four courtyards of Roman houses, the most wonderful of which are My Courtyard and The Lion's Courtyard. There is a rectangular pool in the atrium of Tuoliu Garden, with neatly trimmed Tuoliu hedges on both sides. The reflection of horseshoe-shaped coupon gallery is swaying in the pool, showing a peaceful and friendly atmosphere. Compared with colorful, exquisite and prosperous architectural sculptures, the square and quiet water surface and dark green hedges give people a vibrant feeling. The lion courtyard is surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped coupon gallery, and two canals run through the courtyard. At the junction of the canal, there is a fountain in the center of the courtyard, and twelve Dali stone lions are carved on its base (Islamic canon prohibits animals as decorative themes, and these twelve lion statues were added later). This water control technique of Alhambra Palace gave some enlightenment to later French gardens. A.D./KLOC-Late 5th century

-The way of water management and the appearance of garden sketches in Italy Peninsula in Europe.

/kloc-the 0/5th century was the period of the rise of European commercial capital, and many city-centered commercial city-states appeared in Italy. Political stability and economic prosperity will inevitably bring about cultural development. People's minds are liberated from medieval religions and from the imprisonment of God, and they are fully aware of their abilities and creativity. "The liberation of human nature" combined with a new understanding of the splendid culture of ancient Greece and Rome created the climax of the Italian Renaissance, and garden art was also a part of this cultural climax.

The Italian peninsula is surrounded by the sea on three sides, mountainous, mild and sunny. Nobles, archbishops and commercial capitalists who accumulated a lot of wealth built gorgeous houses in cities and also operated villas as leisure places in suburbs, so villa gardens became the most representative type of Italian Renaissance gardens. Villa gardens are mostly built on hillsides, and a number of terraces are made on the slopes, which is called terraced gardens. The planning and design of gardens are generally undertaken by architects, so many classic architectural design techniques are used. The main building is usually located at the highest point of the hillside. In front of it, a central axis leading out along the hillside opens up layers of terraces, which are respectively equipped with treasure niches, platforms, flower beds, pools, fountains and statues. The platforms on each floor are connected by pedals. Chinese fir, boxwood, lycopodium and other towering trees are planted on both sides of the central axis as a transition between the original garden and the surrounding natural environment. Standing on the platform and looking in the depth direction of the central axis, you can take pictures of the infinite scenery outside the garden. This is a combination of conventional style and landscape style, and the former is the main one.

There are many ways to manage water than in the past. Water is collected at a high place to make a reservoir, and then injected downward along the slope to become a waterfall, a flat wrasse or a water ladder. The lower platform uses the pressure of water droplets to make various fountains, and the lowest platform gathers into a pool. In addition, there are often devices specially designed to appreciate the sound of running water, and even consciously use the sound of running water to form the melody of music.

As a decorative ornament, "garden sketches" are also extremely diverse. Those finely carved stone railings, stone pots, treasure niches, inscriptions and countless marble statues with the theme of classical mythology, their own light and crystal clear set off dark green trees, clear water and blue sky, forming a bright and strong contrast in color and texture.

There is also a new gardening technique in Italian Renaissance gardens-embroidered carpet flower beds, that is, shrubs and flowers are planted on a large area of flat land and inlaid into various patterns, just like carpets laid on the ground.

17th century

-French garden layout with symmetrical central axis.

/kloc-in the 0/7th century, Italian Renaissance gardens were introduced to France. France has many plains, abundant natural vegetation and a large number of rivers and lakes. The French did not fully accept the form of terraced gardens, but applied the neat garden layout method with symmetrical and even central axis to plane gardens.

At the end of the seventeenth century.

-France tried to use all cultural and artistic means to promote Regal.

/kloc-at the end of 0/7 century, the primitive accumulation of capitalism in Europe accelerated, and absolute monarchy became a state machine for the bourgeoisie and nobles to suppress farmers and urban civilians. At that time, France was already the most powerful centralized monarchy in the world. King Louis XIV established an autocratic central government and tried his best to publicize the authority of the monarch through all cultural and artistic means. As artistic creation, palaces and gardens are no exception. Versallei on the outskirts of Paris is a typical example.

Versailles covers an extremely wide area, about 600 hectares. It was built by Louis XIV in imitation of the besieged city garden opened by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, including "palace" and "garden". The vast garden area is in the west of the palace building, designed and planned by the famous gardener André Lenotel. It has a central axis extending two kilometers from the center of the palace to the west, and the large forests on both sides set off the central axis into a broad boulevard, which has disappeared into the endless sky from west to east. The design of the boulevard is divided into two parts: the western part is dominated by water features, including the cross-shaped canal and Apollo pool, decorated with marble statues and fountains. The northern section across the canal is the villa garden "Grand Trianon", and the southern end is the animal breeding garden. On the open ground at the eastern end, there are several groups of large "embroidered carpet altars" symmetrically arranged left and right. There are some caves, water theaters, mazes and villas hidden in the Woods on both sides of Dalinyin Road, which are relatively quiet viewing places nearby. There are many tree-lined paths that go straight through the Woods, and they all have opposite scenery at their ends, thus forming a series of vision lines, so this kind of garden is also called the vision garden. Pools, fountains, steps, bulwarks, statues and other architectural sketches, as well as plants and hedges on the central Dalinyin Road, are all arranged in strict accordance with symmetrical or even geometric formats, which are models of formal gardens and more clearly reflect the classical principles of organization and order than Italian Renaissance gardens. Its magnificent spirit and elegant landscape are far from the former. In the early18th century.

The popularity of landscape architecture in Britain

There are many rolling hills in the British Isles. /kloc-In the 7th and 8th centuries, due to the development of wool spinning industry, many grazing pastures were opened up. The combination of grassland, forest, trees and hilly landforms constitutes a special landscape caused by natural winds in Britain. This beautiful natural landscape has promoted the prosperity of landscape painting and pastoral poetry. Landscape paintings and romantic poets eulogize nature, which makes British people have deep feelings for the beauty of natural wind. This trend of thought will definitely affect the garden art, so the closed "castle-style garden" and the neat and rigorous "Jin Nuo-style garden" are gradually rejected by people, prompting them to explore another new garden style-landscape garden, which is almost natural and simple.

British landscape architecture rose in1at the beginning of the 8th century. Contrary to Guinnot-style gardens, it denies patterned altars, straight avenues, square pools and plastic trees, abandons all geometric shapes and symmetrical layouts, and replaces them with curved roads, natural trees and grasslands and winding rivers, paying attention to borrowing scenery and integrating with the natural environment outside the garden. In order to completely eliminate the boundary between the landscape in the garden and the landscape outside the garden, the British came up with a method of building a garden wall in a deep ditch, which is called "sinking the wall". When this gardening style prevailed, many excellent Renaissance and Guinnot gardens in Britain were demolished and transformed into landscape gardens.

Landscape architecture has its unique achievements in combining natural wind and highlighting natural landscape. However, the extremes meet, but it gradually goes to the other extreme, that is, plagiarism based on natural scenery or landscape painting, so that although it takes a lot of manpower and money to run the garden, the effect obtained is no different from the original natural wind. We can't see many artificial spots. These spots are natural, but not necessarily higher than nature. This situation has also aroused people's disgust. Therefore, from the gardener Humphry Replom, he began to use terraces, hedges, artificial water management, plant shaping and pruning, as well as architectural sketches such as corona, aviary and statue. Special attention should be paid to the matching between the shape of the tree and the architectural image, as well as the proportional relationship between reality, color and light and shade. There are even ruins, monuments, broken scorpions, rotten bridges and dead trees deliberately set in the garden to render a romantic artistic conception, which is the so-called "romantic" garden.

At this time, through the spread of Jesuit missionaries in China to the Holy See, China garden art represented by Yuanmingyuan was introduced to Europe. William Chambers, a British royal architect, visited China twice. After returning to China, he talked with Vincent about China gardens, and used the so-called "Chinese style" technology in his Qiuyuan for the first time. Although only superficial, neither fish nor fowl embellishment, but eventually formed a genre. The French called it "Chinese-English" garden, which was once popular in Europe. 18 and19th century.

-Guinnot style and British style developed side by side.

18 and 19 century western gardens can be said to be a period in which the two mainstream styles, Jin Nuo style and English style, developed in parallel and grew and declined with each other, and of course many mixed varieties were produced.

In the middle of19th century.

-Plant research has become a specialized subject, and a large number of flowers have been used for landscape.

/kloc-in the mid-9th century, Europeans introduced a large number of new varieties of trees and flowers from overseas and domesticated them, so the study of ornamental plants became a special subject. Flowers are playing an increasingly important role in gardens, and great attention is paid to their shape, color, fragrance, flowering period and planting methods. A large number of flower beds have been used in gardening, and there have been "gardens" with flower arrangement as the main content, and even gardens with certain flower themes, such as rose gardens and lilies.

A.D./KLOC-Late 9th century

With the development of large-scale industry, villa gardens have been built in rural areas.

/kloc-In the late 20th century, due to the development of large-scale industry, cities in many capitalist countries became more and more bloated and the population became more and more concentrated, and the living conditions of big cities began to be obviously polarized. The slums where working people live together are dirty and noisy. Even in the bourgeois residential area with perfect facilities of the municipal government, it is not easy to operate a homestead because of the high land price. The bourgeoisie is far away from the city to find a clean environment, and with the development of modern transportation, it is hundreds of miles away from dawn to dusk. Therefore, it has become a fashion to build villa gardens in rural areas, and this kind of garden is the most prosperous period from the end of 19 to the 20th century.

At that time, many scholars had already seen the consequences brought by the dense and crowded urban buildings, especially the working-class people who lived in slums all the year round urgently needed a beautiful garden environment as a relief for their lives. Therefore, while putting forward various theories and schemes of urban planning, we also consider the problem of landscaping. Among them, the "garden city" advocated by E Howard is not only a very representative theory, but also has several practical examples in Britain and America, but it has not been popularized. As for other theories, most of them are unrealistic dreams that are difficult to realize under the capitalist system. On the other hand, some new types of gardens have appeared in bourgeois residential areas: the earlier ones, such as London Garden Square; Later, Nash incorporated the park into the planning of residential areas.

Since the 20th century (after World War I)

-The overlapping of modern schools has produced modern gardens.

After the first World Expo, various modern schools of plastic arts and architectural arts flourished, and gardens were also influenced by them. Applying the elements of modern art and modern architecture to garden design is just like applying the principles of classical architecture to Guinnot-style gardens, thus forming a new style-"modern gardens". The planning of this kind of gardens pays attention to the free layout and interpenetration of space, while architecture, water, mountains and plants pay attention to the abstract composition of figures, textures and colors, and also absorbs some Japanese garden artists and techniques. Modern gardens are popular all over the world with the development of modern architecture and gardening technology, and are still in the ascendant.