Collagen is a kind of biopolymer, which plays a role in combining tissues in animal cells. It is one of the most critical raw materials in biotechnology industry, and it is also the best biomedical material with huge demand. Its application fields include biomedical materials, cosmetics, food industry and research purposes.
Small needle beauty collagen (collagen injection)
Collagen backfill therapy is a clinically proven safe therapy, which can treat facial wrinkles, scars or facial skin defects. Collagen cosmetic injection has obvious correction effect on wrinkles, depressions and scars of human facial soft tissue, which can make the patient's face look brand-new.
Collagen wound dressing (collagen wound dressing)
Collagen+hyaluronic acid (Colla-HA anti-adhesion sheet) anti-adhesion covering.
Composition of collagen
Besides tryptophan and cysteine, collagen is also rich in 18 amino acids, 7 of which are essential for human growth. Glycine accounts for 30% of collagen. Proline and hydroxyproline * * * account for about 25%, which is the highest among all kinds of protein, and alanine and glutamic acid are also relatively high. At the same time, it also contains hydroxyproline and pyroglutamic acid, which are rare in protein, and other hydroxylysine which is almost absent in protein. So collagen is very nutritious.
Structural characteristics of collagen
Collagen is the structural protein of extracellular matrix, and its molecules aggregate into supramolecular structure in extracellular matrix. The molecular weight is 300 ku. The most common structural feature of collagen is triple helix structure. It consists of three A-chain polypeptides, and each collagen chain has a left-handed spiral configuration. Three left-handed spiral chains interweave to form a right-handed spiral structure, that is, the super-spiral structure closes the unique triple helix structure of collagen, which makes its molecular structure very stable, low immunogenicity and good biocompatibility. Structure determines performance, and performance determines use. The diversity and complexity of collagen structure determine its important position in many fields. Collagen products have a good application prospect.
The reason why the human body can move freely is because of the structure of joints. Most joints not only provide human activities, but also protect bones from wear and tear through cartilage. In cartilage, 65% to 80% is composed of water, and others are glycoprotein, collagen and chondrocytes, which provide healthy nutrition and functional protection for cartilage. In fact, cartilage itself is a porous structure, collagen is a net sleeve formed by slender fibers, and glycoprotein is an elastic sphere filled with water. These components must be intact so that cartilage can bear gravity. If collagen is reduced, the connection between glycoprotein and collagen mesh will be relaxed, or the content of glycoprotein will be reduced, so that glycoprotein is no longer elastic, which will lead to accelerated wear of joints under stress. As the patient grows older, these substances will cause. Therefore, people with silver hair, menopausal women, people who exercise excessively, people with fractures or people who are prone to joint pain should be supplemented with foods rich in collagen.
Classification and existence of collagen
Application of collagen
Collagen can be divided into food grade, general grade and medical grade according to its use. Edible collagen generally comes from animal dermis, tendon and bone collagen, among which dermal collagen is the main edible collagen. Food-grade collagen is usually white in appearance, soft in taste, light in taste and easy to digest. The unique quality of collagen makes it used as functional substances and nutritional components in many foods, and it has incomparable advantages over other alternative materials:
Collagen is used as functional health food: it can prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Studies have shown that collagen can reduce triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood. It can also increase some essential trace elements lacking in the body to keep them in a relatively normal range. It is an ideal food for reducing weight and fat. In addition, collagen plays a unique role in assisting the body to excrete aluminum and reducing the accumulation of aluminum in the body. Aluminum is harmful to human body. Studies have shown that the increase in the number of Alzheimer's Harmo's disease is related to aluminum intake. At the same time, collagen can accelerate the production of hemoglobin and red blood cells. Can improve circulation, and is beneficial to coronary heart disease and ischemic encephalopathy.
Collagen can make blood vessels move normally, so it is closely related to the prevention of arteriosclerosis and hypertension. Cancer cells are foreign bodies to living things. Collagen can wrap cancer cells and prevent cancer cells from increasing or metastasizing. Suitable for diabetes. Severe patients such as patients with kidney disease consume high-quality and high-protein health food.
Can be used as calcium supplement food.
Hydroxyproline is the characteristic amino acid of collagen, and it is the carrier to transport calcium from plasma to bone cells. Collagen in bone cells is the adhesive of hydroxyapatite, which forms the main body of bone with hydroxyapatite. Therefore, as long as enough collagen is ingested, the normal calcium intake of the body can be guaranteed. Collagen can be made into health food to supplement calcium.
Collagen is an important component in human bones, especially cartilage. Collagen is like a net full of holes in bones, which will firmly retain the calcium that will be lost. Without this net full of small holes, even if excessive calcium is added, it will be lost in vain. Usually, inorganic substances such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus account for only a few percent of the total amount of bones, while organic substances such as collagen account for more than 80%. For sports people, the sustained and serious wear and tear of joints will form cartilage damage, which will never be recovered in a short time. For the average person, after the age of 25, collagen in the body begins to gradually lose, especially in women, because of hormonal imbalance caused by age, the loss rate is several times faster than that of men. Therefore, the best way to keep joints and bones healthy is to supplement calcium and collagen in time.
Collagen contains a lot of glycine, which not only participates in the synthesis of human collagen, but also acts as a central nervous system inhibitory transmitter in brain cells. Collagen food with sedative effect on central nervous system and good curative effect on anxiety and neurasthenia. In the stomach, it can inhibit protein coagulation caused by gastric acid, which is beneficial to food digestion, and can also inhibit the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, which can alleviate the pain of patients with gastric ulcer. Promote the healing of gastric ulcer.
Collagen is the receptor of amoeba cells, which is responsible for the important function of body immunity and cleaning foreign bodies, so it is very helpful to prevent diseases.
How to choose collagen products
1. Technology: Collagen is a beauty and health food. There are usually two methods to produce collagen: hydrolysis and enzymolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis technology is safer than the method of hydrolyzing gelatin (or animal bones), and its natural chemical structure will not be destroyed by strong acid and alkali.
2. Raw materials: A good collagen raw material is healthy animal skin, and the final product should be polypeptide structure. Experts pointed out that the molecular weight of collagen is close to 3000Da, which is the most easily absorbed and utilized by human body.
3. Good collagen has no fishy smell, is hygienic and safe, and has good water solubility and fluidity.
4. Good collagen has a high content of effective amino acids, such as (hydroxyl) proline, glycine, lysine, etc., which is an effective amino acid for promoting human body to synthesize collagen. Good collagen should be rich in these amino acids.
5. Good collagen should be free of fat, sugar, purine, cholesterol, preservatives and other substances.
Collagen essence
Pig's feet, pigskin and bones all have a layer of sticky gum, which tastes soft, elastic and quite sticky. This is collagen. Many drugs are wrapped in capsules, and the ingredient of capsules is gelatin. Gelatin is the same kind of biochemical substance of collagen, with similar structure, and it is the deformed product of collagen.
Collagen is also added to jelly and soft candy in food. In recent years, some cosmetics also claim to have added collagen, which shows that collagen is closely related to daily life, but ordinary people pay little attention to it.
Collagen is an important component in human bones, especially cartilage. Collagen is like a net full of holes in bones, which will firmly retain the calcium that will be lost. Without this net full of small holes, even if excessive calcium is added, it will be lost in vain. Usually, inorganic substances such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus account for only a few percent of the total amount of bones, while organic substances such as collagen account for more than 80%. For sports people, the sustained and serious wear and tear of joints will form cartilage damage, which will never be recovered in a short time. For the average person, after the age of 25, collagen in the body begins to gradually lose, especially in women, because of hormonal imbalance caused by age, the loss rate is several times faster than that of men. Therefore, the best way to keep joints and bones healthy is to supplement calcium and collagen in time.
The role of collagen in human body
First of all, the function of skin: protection, with appropriate elasticity.
Skin can be divided into three layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The outermost layer is epidermis, only 0.2 mm thick, which can prevent foreign bodies from invading. From the outside to the inside of epidermis, there are five layers of fine structure, namely stratum corneum, transparent layer, granular layer, spinous cell layer and basal cell layer. Because there will be old cells in the basal cell layer, it will reach the outermost layer after about two weeks, and the stratum corneum will eventually become dirty and fall off.
The subcutaneous layer occupying most of the structure is dermis, which is about 2 mm thick and can be divided into three layers, namely nipple layer, nipple layer and reticular layer. Most of them are composed of protein, this part of protein is composed of collagen and elastin, and the others are nerves, capillaries, sweat glands and sebaceous glands, lymphatic vessels and hair roots.
70% of the skin composition is composed of collagen, and the skin is like a big sleeve tightly covering all parts of the body, with a considerable surface area. When human limbs move, collagen in the skin plays a role, which makes the skin have protective function and appropriate elasticity and hardness.
The basement membrane of epidermis is closely combined with collagen in dermis, and the dermis is wavy, which also makes the epidermis fluctuate. In high jump, hands and feet can bend freely and have elasticity, mainly because of collagen. Collagen in skin structure is tightly wrapped around sebaceous glands and cells in dermis. Skin will lose elasticity after aging, which is mainly related to collagen.
Collagen is the main component to maintain skin and muscle elasticity. But with the increase of age, the water in the skin and muscles will decrease, which is the beginning of aging. At this time, collagen fibers begin to thin, and the elasticity of elastin will also decrease. The regular network structure formed by the interaction between collagen and elastin in dermis will gradually collapse, eventually leading to the formation of wrinkles. Therefore, collagen supplementation can keep the skin young, which is the reason.
Second, the bones are hard and elastic, not loose and fragile.
Bone contains calcium. When the calcium contained in teeth is lost, it will cause tooth diseases, tooth decay and periodontal disease, and bone calcium loss will lead to osteoporosis. Collagen can combine calcium with bone cells without loss.
The loss of collagen in bones will also reduce the calcium content in bones. At this time, it is not easy to improve this osteoporosis phenomenon if you only increase the intake of calcium, because calcium cannot stay in the bones, and it will be lost if you eat more calcium, mainly because the amount of collagen has been reduced. Therefore, in order to keep the bone, it can be taken from food or supplemented with collagen health food.
The ratio of collagen to elastin in dermis is about 45: 1, while collagen in bone accounts for about 20%. Collagen is the main protein component in skin and bones, and 80% of the total protein in bones is collagen. Because it contains collagen, bones and teeth are hard and elastic.
The connection between bones and muscles also depends on collagen. The collagen here is called tendon. The main component of cartilage tissues such as knees and joints is collagen, which keeps bones and muscles soft and elastic during exercise.
Generally, the bones and muscles of animals also contain a lot of collagen, which is called "bone collagen". Collagen and gelatin can be extracted from animal bones and muscles and can be used in medicine and industry.
Third, collagen can make eyes transparent and cornea transparent.
Cornea is one of the important structures in the eye, and the collagen fibers contained in it are arranged regularly, which not only allows light to pass through, but also makes the cornea transparent due to the special arrangement of collagen fibers. Because collagen is the main component of cornea-protein, the contact lens made of collagen is very suitable for human body, that is, it has higher physical strength and better water retention than the contact lens made of other materials (Figure 7).
Fourth, it promotes muscle cell connection, which is elastic and shiny.
Muscle is mainly composed of myofibrillar protein and myosin, and cells are bonded by collagen, which is also one of the building materials of the body. The three-dimensional skeleton formed by collagen molecules can keep the body in good posture and present proper softness.
When eating beef, there are often hard [beef tendons], the main component of which is collagen.
Five, protect and enhance the visceral function
The main internal organs and tissues of human body contain collagen, which is under the epidermal structure of these organs, and its greatest function is to protect and strengthen organs, such as stomach or intestine.
When eating pig brain or liver, it often feels unusually soft, not as hard and elastic as pig feet, mainly because these organs contain less collagen. Nevertheless, collagen is still an indispensable component of these organs.
Skin care function of collagen
Collagen is called "bone in bone, skin in skin", which can be said to be the strong backing of dermis, and its effect on skin is self-evident. Don't underestimate it. Is your skin so smooth, so tender and so elastic? Thanks to collagen. JianHua Duan told reporters that the benefits of collagen on the skin are shown in the following aspects.
Moisturizing: Collagen contains hydrophilic natural moisturizing factor, and the triple helix structure can strongly lock moisture and keep skin moist and tender at all times!
Nourishing: Active collagen has strong permeability to the skin, can combine with skin epithelial cells through the stratum corneum, participate in and improve the metabolism of skin cells, and strengthen the activity of collagen in the skin. It can maintain the integrity of moisture and fiber structure of stratum corneum, improve the living environment of skin cells, promote the metabolism of skin tissues, enhance blood circulation, and achieve the purpose of moisturizing skin.
Brighten the skin: the luster of the skin depends on the water content. Collagen has good water retention ability, which makes skin moist and shiny, giving off healthy luster.
Firming skin: Collagen is absorbed by the skin and filled between the dermal layers of the skin, which increases skin firmness, produces skin tension, shrinks pores and makes the skin firm and elastic!
Anti-wrinkle: the plump collagen layer in dermis supports skin cells, and has the functions of moisturizing and inhibiting wrinkles, so as to stretch thick lines and dilute fine lines!
Repair: Active collagen can directly penetrate into the bottom layer of skin, and has good affinity with surrounding tissues, which can help cells to make collagen and promote the normal growth of skin cells. At the same time, active collagen itself has anti-inflammatory and skin renewal functions.
Application of Collagen in Medicine and Industry
Because collagen has the following special properties, it can play a variety of biological functions:
1. Organization and architecture
2. Support and protection
3. Biomechanical properties-strength, toughness and ductility
4. Control molecular permeability
5. Promote wound healing and tissue repair.
6. Biological functions of ganglion cells and tissues
cosmetics
Skin cream (cream) (water retention), conditioner, etc.
food industry
Health food and beverage
Chemical raw material
Paint, plastic, ink, etc.
Research purposes
Reagent for cell culture, biosensor, bioreactor carrier membrane and platelet aggregation
other
Collagen, combined with resin, is the material to repay cigarette filters and filters.
The use of collagen
Beauty medicine
Repair of facial skin tissue, such as eliminating wrinkles and filling holes.
Plastic surgery modeling
Rhinoplasty, cheek augmentation, chin reconstruction, eye bags removal, lip beauty and earlobe enlargement.
clinical treatment
Treatment of urinary incontinence, vocal cord repair, fracture regeneration, artificial skin, alveolar reconstruction, tissue regeneration of periodontal disease.
At present, many medical research units are trying to make collagen into clinical experiments with different uses, such as covering the wounds of burn patients with treated pigskin rich in collagen; Using the extracted collagen can promote the migration and growth ability of epidermal cells, greatly shorten the time of wound healing and improve the survival ability of burn patients. Collagen can be used as biomedical materials, such as orthopedics, plastic surgery, dermatology, cardiovascular surgery, neurosurgery, dentistry and ophthalmology, and has a bright future in clinical application because of its characteristics of protecting and supporting the tensile strength of human tissues and bones, as well as its viscosity and elasticity.
On the other hand, collagen can effectively improve arthritis and osteoporosis. Because collagen is the main protein component of bone, it is difficult to fix calcium without collagen, and the loss of calcium can not be improved, which easily affects the density of bone and leads to osteoporosis. Collagen between joint and cartilage can enhance the lubricity of articular cartilage during exercise friction, reduce the occurrence of arthritis and avoid joint degeneration.
Collagen products for biomedical use
Collagen can be extracted and purified from animal tissues, and then made into various products for biomedical applications.
(1) solution for injection
Suitable for filling soft tissue defects, such as small needle beauty, repairing skin pits and wrinkles.
(2) the shape of crude fiber
Collagen can be used as surgical suture. Because of its high biocompatibility, it can be absorbed by the body and can avoid the procedure of suture removal. Bovine tendons and ligaments, after proper chemical modification, can replace short list bones and ligaments caused by sports injuries in clinical medicine.
(3) colloid
It can be used for drug delivery and tissue filling in specific parts of defects, so as to achieve the purpose of shaping and repairing skin or organs and tissues.
(4) Tubular shape
These products can be pre-coated with anticoagulant or filled with whole blood vessel cells, and can also be used as blood vessel replacement materials: in neurosurgery, tubular collagen is considered as an excellent medium to guide peripheral nerve regeneration, protein.
(5) Film or sheet shape
Collagen shield used in ophthalmology can accelerate the repair of corneal epithelial cells, eliminate the release of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant drugs, and effectively alleviate corneal edema. In dental application, collagen membrane is placed on the surface of dental implant materials to improve its biocompatibility, or filled collagen membrane is used to promote the recombination and growth of periodontal tissue, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament, so that teeth can have better contact with surrounding tissues.
(6) Porous flaky sponge or fibrous sponge.
This is the product of collagen freeze-drying, which can be used as hemostatic, wound dressing, tissue gasket and artificial crescent-shaped tablet software in medicine. Because of spongiform inflammation, it can be used as a substitute for meningeal injury in surgery.
(7) Adsorption or combination on the surface of synthetic materials.
Collagen bound or adsorbed on the surface of synthetic materials with valence of * * * is used to improve the biocompatibility of products. For example, the wound dressing of plastic surgery is collagen adsorbed on nylon surface. Because nylon is a synthetic polymer material, it is not easily absorbed by living bodies, so it is only a temporary dressing.
(8) Composite materials
Mainly utilize that good biocompatibility of collagen and the mechanical advantages of synthetic material such as polyurethane or polyester, and can form a compound with these materials after adding collagen. The composite of collagen and ceramic material can be used as bone filler.
(9) Other products
For example, chemically modified pig heart valves or bovine pericardium cut into heart valves can be used as artificial valves for human transplantation, which has a history of 20 ~ 30 years.
Sixth, prevent skin aging and wrinkles.
Because collagen is the main protein of skin, it can be used to improve or even remove wrinkles when skin is aging.
Collagen is used for whitening and makeup, and its main functions are as follows:
1. Increase skin's water retention capacity and improve moisturizing effect.
2. Make the skin microvascular dilate and the temperature rise.
3. Adjust the oil on the skin surface to an appropriate amount.
4. Make the tissues in the skin combine more closely.
5. Keep the skin surface smooth.
The reason why skin wrinkles appear is because collagen in dermis is aging, so the supplemented collagen can not only remove wrinkles, but also moisturize.
Collagen for preventing skin aging can be used in the following ways:
1. How to eat: directly eat health food containing collagen.
2. daubing method: daub the skin with collagen cosmetics.
3. Injection method: injection of collagen drugs.
4. Mixing method: smear and eat together, or beautify with a small needle.
The efficacy of collagen
Collagen: It is the main component in human tissues, accounting for one third of the total protein in the body. Collagen is a component of human skin, bones, tendons, cartilage and blood vessels, and is rich in glycine, proline and hydroxyproline.
Collagen is the main component of human skin, accounting for 70%-80% of the dry weight of skin. Medical research tips; Hydroxyproline in collagen is the key substance of human skin formation. "Collagen interweaves with elastin and polysaccharide protein in connective tissue to form a network structure, which produces a certain mechanical strength, and is the material basis for supporting the human body curve and reflecting the tall and straight posture. Collagen can also maintain the elasticity of blood vessel wall and prevent blood vessel rupture and embolism. Improve the lubrication of joints, cartilage and ligaments, and relieve symptoms such as joint stiffness, soreness and hydrops.
Collagen and skin
The dermis of skin is 75% composed of collagen, and fibrous collagen forms a network structure, which provides skin tension and elasticity; At the same time, collagen in dermis is also a nutrient supply station for epidermis and epidermal accessory organs (hair), which transports water to epidermis.
The important role of collagen in skin is obvious, and the growth, repair and nutrition of skin are inseparable from collagen. Collagen makes cells plump, thus making skin plump, keeping skin elastic and moist, and keeping skin delicate and smooth. The two keys to skin health, anti-wrinkle and moisturizing, are related to collagen.
Collagen and bone
70%-80% of organic matter in bones is collagen. When bones are formed, enough collagen fibers must be synthesized to form bones. So some people call collagen bone in bone.
Collagen fiber has strong toughness and elasticity. If the long bone is compared to a cement column, then the collagen fiber is the steel frame of this column. The lack of collagen is like the use of inferior steel bars in buildings, and the danger of fracture is imminent.
Collagen and muscle
Although collagen is not the main component of muscle tissue, it is closely related to muscle growth. For growing teenagers, collagen supplementation can promote growth hormone secretion and muscle growth. For adults who want to stay healthy, collagen is also needed to build strong and healthy muscles.
Collagen and hair
The key to hair health lies in the nutrition of scalp subcutaneous tissue. As mentioned earlier, collagen located in dermis is a nutritional supply station for epidermis and epidermal appendages (mainly hair and nails). Lack of collagen, dry hair and split nails are easy to break and dull.
Hair itself, like skin, is composed of collagen. Cross-cutting a hair can be seen under the microscope: the center is hair pulp, the middle is collagen, and the outermost layer is hair scale. Collagen mainly controls the roughness, elasticity and wettability of hair. Hair scale is a very fragile tissue, which will be worn when rubbed and heated, and the collagen in the inner layer will be stimulated and decomposed.
Therefore, if you want to have a beautiful hair, you can't just do superficial things, you need to treat the symptoms. The cure is to supplement collagen and nourish subcutaneous tissue, thus promoting the health of hair and nails and maintaining their elasticity.
2. Application of1collagen in cosmetics
Protein is the most important life, and life is the way of existence of protein Group. Its chemical composition and structure determine that it is suitable as the basis of cosmetics.
Anti-wrinkle: Collagen skin care products are composed of a comprehensive structural protein, which can effectively accelerate the growth of dermal cells, activate epidermal cells, keep skin elastic and firm, prevent wrinkles, and make skin healthy, bright, delicate and transparent.
Moisturizing: Because of the similarity between collagen and stratum corneum structure, collagen added to cosmetics has good affinity and compatibility with skin, can penetrate into skin epidermis, form skin membrane, protect skin, endow skin with moisture and softness, and promote its pore contraction; It combines with the moisture in the stratum corneum to form a network structure, which locks the moisture and is absorbed by the skin, plays the role of a natural moisturizing factor, makes the skin plump and wrinkles stretch, and effectively prevents aging.
Cleanliness: Collagen is similar to protein of human skin, which promotes absorption, moistens and forms a protective film, making skin more moist and smooth. Maintenance: At present, taking collagen for deep skin care is popular in Europe and America. Collagen, as an oral skin care product, plays different roles in different aspects and levels of skin care. According to the different structure and composition of the skin, the skin is deeply cared.
Whitening: Skin collagen is the main component of skin, accounting for more than 72% of protein content in skin cells. According to the latest research report in Japan, more than 25% of women's skin collagen will gradually decline, making the skin dry and inelastic due to lack of water. In addition, life stress, mental stress, environmental pollution, direct sunlight and ultraviolet rays will make cells oxidize and produce free radicals, which will further age the skin. General cosmetic surgery can only achieve the effect of treating the symptoms rather than the root cause. If you want to really care for your skin, you must start from adjusting your own interior and realize the maintenance from the inside out.