Chrysanthemum breeding methods and matters needing attention, chrysanthemum should be watered once every 2 ~ 4 days to ensure water supply and the temperature should be controlled at about 20℃. At the same time, we should avoid high temperature in summer and low temperature in winter.
Chrysanthemum breeding methods and matters needing attention 1 1, and proper watering.
When maintaining chrysanthemums, we should pay attention to proper watering to avoid the death of chrysanthemums due to stagnant water and rotten roots. Generally, water is poured once every 2-4 days to keep the soil moist, so that chrysanthemum can have enough water to grow.
2. Warm environment
Controlling the temperature at about 20℃ is also one of the breeding methods and precautions of chrysanthemum. When maintaining at ordinary times, it should be noted that the high temperature above 32℃ cannot appear in summer and the low temperature below 10℃ cannot appear in winter to avoid its poor growth.
3, a small amount of light
Chrysanthemums need sunlight to bloom better, but they don't need long-term illumination when they are cultured. Usually, it can meet its demand for light by receiving about 4 hours of short sunshine, so as to bloom better.
4. Preventive measures
(1) loosen the soil and change the basin.
When cultivating chrysanthemums, loosen the soil and change the pots every year, and replace the new soil in time. Mixed soil with cake fertilizer, sandy soil and humus soil ratio of 1:3:6 can be selected to make chrysanthemum grow sturdily in loose and fertile soil.
(2) Aphid control
Chrysanthemum will also be harmed by aphids during its growth, making it unable to grow normally. It needs to be killed manually in time or diluted with white wine and put on the leaves to kill insects.
Chrysanthemum breeding methods and matters needing attention 2. Chrysanthemum breeding methods (basic knowledge):
The best propagation time: cutting propagation of chrysanthemum is mostly carried out in April-June, and May is the best.
The best growing soil: Chrysanthemum likes sandy loam, with high and dry terrain, deep soil layer, rich humus, loose fertility and good drainage. It can grow in slightly acidic to neutral soil, and the pH value is 6.2 ~ 6.7.
Humidity requirements for growth: Chrysanthemum is a shallow-rooted plant, which needs a proper amount of water during its growth. Chrysanthemum is drought tolerant, but too dry is not conducive to its growth. But it should not be too wet to avoid waterlogging and water accumulation, and drainage must be done well during the rainstorm season.
Optimum growth temperature: The optimum growth temperature of chrysanthemum is about 20℃. Chrysanthemum has strong adaptability, likes cold and is relatively cold-resistant. The suitable growth temperature is 18 ~ 2 1℃, the highest is 32℃ and the lowest is 10℃. The low temperature tolerance limit of underground rhizomes is generally-10℃. The lowest night temperature at flowering stage is 17℃, and it can be reduced to 15 ~ 13℃ at flowering stage (middle and late stage).
Optimum growth light: Chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, which can blossom early under short-day light.
Matters needing attention in chrysanthemum breeding:
Fertilization:
(1) When chrysanthemum plants are planted, base fertilizer should be applied in the pot. Nitrogen fertilizer can be applied once every 10 day in the future.
(2) After beginning of autumn, slightly thick fertilizer water can be applied once a week from the pregnancy to the appearance of chrysanthemum buds; When the buds are ready to be released, fertilization will be suspended after applying thick fertilizer water again.
(3) Sufficient organic fertilizer (usually used as base fertilizer) should be applied for chrysanthemum growth.
(4) Topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is the main nutrient growth period, and some phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and trace element fertilizer can be applied together. This can make the branches of chrysanthemum thicker and straighter, and also make the leaves fatter.
(5) In the middle and late stage of chrysanthemum growth, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied mainly, and special fertilizer for flowers can also be applied. Fertilization methods can be combined with soil topdressing and root topdressing, and watering should be done in time after fertilization. Note that if the chrysanthemum leaves are small, thin and yellow, you can spray 0. 1% urea solution several times.
Water supply point:
(1) Chrysanthemum seedlings are tender in spring and need less watering; In summer, chrysanthemum seedlings grow, the weather is hot, the evaporation is large, and the water should be sufficient. You can water it once in the morning and once in the evening, and spray water on the branches and leaves of chrysanthemum and the surrounding ground with a watering can to increase the environmental humidity.
(2) Before beginning of autumn, water and fertilizer should be well controlled to prevent plants from jumping up and growing wildly. Before flowering in early autumn, it is necessary to increase the amount of watering and start fertilizing, and the fertilizer and water will be gradually enriched.
(3) Flowers basically stop growing in winter, the water consumption of plants is obviously reduced, and the evaporation is also small, so watering should be strictly controlled.
(4) It is best to spray water slowly with a watering can, and it is not allowed to pour it violently. In addition to the number and frequency of watering, it depends on the season and the weather.
Water less or no water in rainy days; When the temperature is high and the evaporation is large, there is more water, and vice versa. Generally, when watering flowers, you should see that the soil in the basin is dry before watering. If you don't do it, water it thoroughly.
But don't let the flowerpot accumulate water, otherwise it will cause rotten roots, yellow leaves and plant death.
(5) Water before 10∶00 in the morning to keep the soil dry at night, so as to control the growth of chrysanthemum stems;
At night, if the chrysanthemum leaves wither due to lack of water, you can spray water around the flowerpot to improve the air humidity; Don't water at night. If the soil in the basin is wet at night, the stems will grow faster and it is difficult to control the height.
Pruning points:
(1) When the chrysanthemum plant grows to a height above 10 cm, it begins to sprout. Only 4 ~ 5 leaves are left at the base of the plant when coring, and all the upper leaves are removed. When 5 ~ 6 new leaves grow, remove the heart to keep 4 ~ 7 main branches, and remove the branches and buds that grow later in time.
Tapping can branch plants and effectively control plant height and plant type. When the core is picked for the last time, the chrysanthemum plants should be trimmed and trimmed, and too many branches, too strong and too weak branches should be removed, and 3 ~ 5 branches should be kept.
When the buds appear in September, the buds at the lower end of the plant should be picked, leaving only one bud at the top on each branch.
(2) The spatial distribution and crown shape of potted chrysanthemums directly affect the ornamental value of chrysanthemums. It is very important to shape and prune chrysanthemum during its growing period. Potted chrysanthemums can be made into fan-shaped crowns, umbrella-shaped crowns, semi-circular crowns and triangular crowns as required.
Change the pot soil: first, pour some weak fertilizer water on the flowers that need to be changed. Constantly prepare flowerpots, base fertilizers, culture soil, etc.
Hold the soil in your left hand when changing pots. Hold the bottom of the pot with your right hand, turn over the colorful grass flowerpot, tap the edge of the flowerpot on the ground surface or steps, and change the orientation of the first tap according to the situation, so that the clods can be taken out of the flower towel.
Put it in the prepared chrysanthemum seedling flowerpot, soil it thinly, and then put a small amount of base fertilizer. Cover some culture soil on the base fertilizer, then put the remaining clods in the flowerpot to straighten and fill them with culture soil.
When filling the culture soil, it is advisable to be slightly higher than the surface of the clod, and then water the flowers that have just changed pots.
Breeding points: There are two methods: vegetative propagation and seed propagation. Asexual propagation includes stem cutting, plant division, grafting, layering and tissue culture. Cutting propagation is usually the main method, including shoot cutting, twig cutting and leaf bud cutting.
1. Bud cutting: Cut off the foot buds outside the plants in autumn and winter. The criterion for selecting buds is to stay away from plants and have full buds. After selecting buds, peel off the lower leaves, with the plant spacing of 3-4-5 cm and the row spacing of 4-5 cm.
Insert it into the coarse sand inserted in flowerpots or beds in greenhouses or greenhouses, keep the room temperature at 7 ~ 8 degrees Celsius, and plant it outdoors after spring warming. Shooting: This method is the most widely used. From April to May, the cutting is endless.
Tender cutting technology 8 ~ 10 cm is used as cutting, and it is well managed after cutting. At the temperature of 18 ~ 2 1℃, most varieties take root in about 3 weeks and can be transplanted into pots in about 4 weeks.
2. Insertion: The medium can be 1/3 round soil with chaff ash. Put a reed curtain on the high bed for shade. All-light slotting machine, if equipped with automatic spraying equipment, does not need shading.
Leaf bud insertion: cut off from branches 1 insert leaves with axillary buds. This method is only used to cultivate rare varieties. Dividing plants: Generally, before and after Qingming, the plants are dug out, separated by roots according to their natural forms, and planted in other pots.
3. Grafting: In order to make the chrysanthemum grow strong and make it into "Ten Brocade" or big chrysanthemum, Artemisia annua or Artemisia annua can be used as rootstock for grafting.
Collect Artemisia species in late autumn, sow in greenhouse in winter, or raise seedlings in hotbed in March, move pots or fields in late April when seedlings are 3 ~ 4 cm high, and split in sunny days. Layering: This method is only used when bud mutation is partially propagated.
4. Seeds: Chrysanthemum seeds germinate slowly above 100℃, and the optimum temperature is 25℃. Sow thinly in February-April, and it will bloom in the same year under normal circumstances.
5. Tissue culture: Using tissue culture technology to propagate chrysanthemum has the advantages of less materials, large seedlings, detoxification and disease elimination, and maintaining excellent characteristics of varieties.
The medium is MS 6BA =(6- benzylpurine) 1 mg/L, and the pH is pH5.8. Cut the stem tip (0.3 ~ 0.5 mm) and tender stem or bud (9 ~ 10 mm in diameter) of chrysanthemum into 0.5 cm pieces and inoculate.
The room temperature is 26 degrees Celsius (plus or minus 1 celsius), and the light is added for 8 hours every day (1000 ~ 1500 lux). 1 ~ 2 months later, callus could be induced. 1 ~ 2 months later, green shoots will differentiate.
Then the differentiated green buds were transferred to white NAAI-2 mg/L medium, and strong roots could be induced after about 1 month. In 1 month, it can be planted outdoors. Irrigation with half of the original culture solution is the key to the success of test-tube seedlings.
Pest control:
1, leaf blight. Leaf blight is also called leaf blight. After collecting the flowers, cut off all the plants on the ground and burn them centrally; At the early stage of the disease, the diseased leaves were removed and sprayed alternately with1:1bo solution and 50 {BF} tostatine 1000 solution.
2. Fusarium wilt. Select disease-free old roots to keep seeds; Rotating; Make high ridges and deep ditches to reduce humidity; Pull out the diseased plants, and sprinkle lime powder or water with 50 {BF} carbendazim l000 times.
3. Insect pests: Chrysanthemums are planted all year round, providing sufficient nutrients and habitats for pests and mites. Therefore, chrysanthemum can not escape the harm of pests or mites whether it is cultivated in net room or in open air.
Important pests on chrysanthemum include aphids, thrips, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, tomatoes and tetranychus urticae. Secondary pests include root cutter, inchworm, liriomyza sativae, whitefly, moth, Tenebrio molitor, mite and so on.
There are quite a few kinds. Domestic chrysanthemum (cut flowers or potted flowers) can tolerate a small amount of pests as long as it does not affect the quality of flowers.
Chrysanthemum breeding experience:
1, warm-loving, cold-resistant, frost-resistant flowers, and higher temperature in bud stage of seedlings. If the temperature is low, plants will be stunted, with fewer branches and fewer flowers. They like sunny places, avoid shade and fear of wind damage.
Like humid climate soil, too dry will have fewer branches and slow plant development. Lack of water in flowering period will affect the quantity and quality of flowers, but too much water will easily mess up the roots, so watering should not be too big, and attention should be paid to drainage in rainy season.
Chrysanthemum likes fertilizer, so it is advisable to choose fertile sandy loam with good drainage and neutral acidity, avoiding alkaline soil, depression and flying sand zone.
2. Reasonable watering: Whether watering is reasonable or not has an important relationship with the growth of chrysanthemum. Water should be prepared in time. Chrysanthemums must be watered enough to grow well, and the flowers are big and bright, especially after the buds appear.
In autumn, the watering frequency and amount should be determined according to the different climatic conditions of chrysanthemum growth. If it rains, you don't need to water it. If it is cloudy, water less. If it's sunny, water it more.
Water should be sprayed slowly with a fine-eye watering can, and it can't be sprayed fiercely, and it can't be poured too much at a time, otherwise it will cause rotten roots, yellowing and even death of the whole plant.
3. The daily management of potted chrysanthemums should not only do a good job in soil, fertilizer and water management, but also take timely management measures such as rotating pots and pulling pots according to the growth and environmental conditions of potted chrysanthemums to avoid the influence of light and other reasons on the growth and development of potted chrysanthemums.
It should be noted that chrysanthemum is a short-day plant. The experiment shows that chrysanthemum grows nutritionally under the long sunshine of 14.5 hours per day, and the darkness of 12 hours per day and the night temperature of 10℃ are suitable for flower bud development.
4. Many axillary buds will germinate in the strong seedling stage of chrysanthemum, so it must be pinched off in time, otherwise it will consume a lot of nutrition. During bud pregnancy, lateral buds sometimes appear on the branchlets under the terminal buds. Except what needs to be preserved, the lateral buds should be removed as soon as possible to promote the hypertrophy of the buds.
It should also be noted that in the late growth period and flowering period, branches that affect flowering and flower quality can be removed as needed, and residual flowers can be cut off in time to save nutrients and meet the nutrient requirements of flowering flowers in the later period.
5. Early flowering: Chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, and it can bloom only when the light does not exceed 10 hour every day. If you want chrysanthemums to bloom ahead of time, you must control the sunshine time.
When the chrysanthemum plants grow to a certain stage, the temperature is 25 ~ 30℃, the sunshine time is controlled within 8 ~ 10 hour every day, and the plants can germinate and bloom in 2 ~ 2.5 months. The shading time of chrysanthemum every day should be in the morning and evening.
6. Delayed flowering: From the beginning of September, add 3 hours of light to chrysanthemum plants around midnight every day until the end of 10, so that chrysanthemums can bloom around New Year's Day.
If you want to delay the flowering time, you can continue to give light every night, and even let chrysanthemums bloom again during the Spring Festival. It should be noted that when winter comes, plants must be moved indoors for maintenance to prevent freezing.