Surname: the title of the family system. collectively referred to as the first and the last. Chinese surnames have been used as the title of a blood-related family since the matrilineal clan period of primitive society. The surname part. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, surnames, regardless of the two, have been combined into one. After the matrilineal clan society, the origin of surnames gradually increased and was very extensive. It mainly comes from the posthumous title, title, name, official name, place of residence and occupation.
The system distinguished kinship among the nobility of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties.
A surname is a name that originated from the name of a tribe or tribal leader. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor lived along the Jishui River and his surname was Ji, and the Yan Emperor lived near the Jiang River and took Jiang as his surname. Positive Heaven Dayu's surname was Si. In addition, the son of the tribal leader also got his name from this. Huangdi 25 points 14 surnames, Ji, You, Qi, Tengzhen, Ren, Xunxi, Jihuan, twelve surnames, 4 of them belong to the surname. Fire God, for himself, Dong, Peng, Tu, daughter, Cao (if applicable), Qian eight surnames. This is an ancient representative surname.
Xia, the surname of the nobles during the Shang Dynasty. A branch of a family, equivalent to the meaning of a family or family name. In the summer, the royal family's surname is Si, otherwise the overlord Kun uses his own surname, Su, Gu, Wen, Dong, and also Long. The son of the supplier royal family, otherwise the overlord Da Peng, Siwei, surnamed Peng. Shang Dynasty Bar, Xu, Xiao's 13th, and the first week point reward Qiu Luwei, the monarch of other countries.
Discover more unfavorable system records. The difference between Zhou Wang Jixing, Hou Zhijun and bureaucrats with the same surname but different surnames. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Ji, Si, Zi, Feng, Ying, You, You, Qi, Qian Cao, Daughter, Dong, Jiang Yan, Standardization, Ren, Xiong Kui, Paint, let the second name of 20.
Noble surnames, but only surnames said by women, unmarried women, such as Qi Jiang, Song Zi Qi, Song Guoming, Jiang, Zi surname. For a married woman, the woman's own surname, her husband's name, Qian, Jiang, Luan, Luan Qi, Qi Jiangqian. The custom of marriage with the same surname, it says, is that a noble woman has a different surname than her husband.
In the case of the legal system implemented in the Zhou Dynasty, Xiaozong's. A minor is established from a split of the lot. To establish a new home with the approval of the bureaucracy approved by King Zhou, the monarch is called "the nobility of the earth and life" through the following methods:
①The name of the country. The king of the vassal state appoints the country's At a glance. The name of Jin Wengong Chong'er, the name of Jin Zhong'er short, the application of Lu Shen and the name of Lu Xi Gong, the name of the government officials and their descendants. Names. For example, the descendants of Weiwei, a doctor of the Jin Dynasty, and Han Han, the son of Uncle Qu Wohuan, are the names of nobles and their descendants. Officially named. Lin Fu, the handsome commander of the Bank of China, organized the 3rd line infantry, said the Bank of China Huanzai, his son said that in the bank of China, Yan Yanxun acted; in Songzhou's ruling Qing Lexi (Zihan) said that Sicheng Zihan Sun Yueqi (Zhiliang) said that Liang Sicheng of Kecheng
(4) The name of the profession is witch, Poisson, carpenter, Tao, witch, divination. Craftsman, and pottery are both occupational names.
The son of Lu Zhuanggong lived in Dongmen, Lu said, Dongmen then (name) Dongmen Xiangzhong (character). The teacher on the right side of the east gate of Song Dynasty, who lived in Tongmen of Song Dynasty, said that the division of labor on the right side of the hall gate was related to the distance between the s of the hall gate and the king of Zhou or the prince. The kinship of Zhou Xi, Prince Hu Wang Zihu, said that his grandson was the prince and the Soviet Union; the son of Duke Zheng, Xixi (Zihan), said that his grandson Scotia (Zizhan) said that Gongsun Scotia
The 7-word aristocratic system, the duke family, only includes the three generations of close relatives of the acting monarch, the son of a duke, and the additional legislation of your children and grandsons. Grandfather), their zi. Zhengguo Gong's son was sent to the Sunzhou Senate of ziziguo (zisi), and at the end of the country's participle, Xiaosi's other son Fei, zizi, was his grandson "Si". The most common "grandfather" of the word is the general rule of possessing. The previous spring and autumn, inherited from the noble surnames of ancient ancestors, are close to the unchanged relationship between the noble ancestors and their kinship, which has changed through several generations.
During the Warring States Period, the surnames of the patriarchal system also underwent fundamental changes. This time, people with the surname Si began to change. People with the surname of Tian from the nobility became famous. The evolution of the surname system reflects the decline of the nobility and the rise of civilian status.
The most common surnames are Chinese surnames. Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu and Chen can be described as the "hundred families" of contemporary surnames, with a population of 3.5 million. The new surnames of Li, Wang and Zhang account for 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.1% of the Han population. According to the general law of surname evolution, There will be more and more people with common surnames, and the number of Xiaoxing'anling will become smaller and smaller, and even eventually disappear.
The proportion of surnames in the national population, order quantity, new weaving contemporary "hundred family surnames": Li, Wang, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Zhao, Huang, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun , Zhu Hu, Lin, He, Guo, Ma, Luo, Liang, Song, Zheng, Xie, Han, Tang, Feng Dong, Xiao Cheng, Cao Yuan, Tang, Xu Fu, Shen Peng, Lu, Su, Lu Jiang, Servants Wei Xue, Ye, Xin Yu, Pan Du, Xia, Zhong Tian,? Ren, Jiang Fan, Fang, Shi, Yao, Tan, Liao, Zou, Xiong, Jin, Lu, Hao, Kong, Bai, Cai, Kang, Mao, Qiu, Qinjiang, Shi, ancient climate, Shao, Meng, Long , Wan, Duan, Lei, Qian, Tang, Yin Li, Yichang, Wu Qiao, He Li, Gong Min. Under the auspices of the investigation and research, Yuan Yida, a researcher at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, took two years to complete. The survey involved 1,110 counties and cities, a population of 2.96 million, and a total of 4,100 surname data. This has been the ranking of Chinese surnames today by county, region, province and proportion of the population of the three statistics. Scientists will also publish data and distribution maps of 300 Chinese surnames, and release a new version of the "Chinese Surname Dictionary", which includes more than 23,000 surnames, to promote the development of the surname culture industry.
The hidden mystery of surnames
Hidden mystery: the genetic code of surnames
The purpose of the surname survey is not limited to counting the number of surnames. "It is a bridge connecting cultural inheritance and biological inheritance," Yuan Yida explained. From a genetic perspective, only men with surnames in China have Y chromosomes, and the Y chromosome and surname are passed on to male offspring. People with the same surname. will have the same type of Y chromosome and the genes it carries. During the investigation, we found that many genetic diseases are only distributed in the population with the same surname. The statistics of the number and distribution will be of great help to the study of human genetics. "Yuan Yida told reporters.
Mystery: The same surname is not necessarily the same family
When you meet Chinese people, they always ask for their names. You will feel that they have the same surname at home. "Five hundred years ago, one", "Actually, this is unreliable. After investigation, we found that a big surname may have hundreds of sources. For example, China's first surname "Li", some from the 'win-win' Some of the surnames come from the 'Zhao' surname, the Tang Dynasty Li' surname was given by Li Shimin, the founding father, and even during the period, Hou Wei, Xianbei's compound surname was changed to 'Li'. "However, this name has become the glue that unites the Chinese nation. Many overseas Chinese spend money to repair their family trees. They want to find their own roots. Repairing family trees, through contact with the mainland, also has an impact on the local economy. A big leading role. "
The mystery of Chinese surnames: most of the content
Yuan Yida, in fact, not only in China, but also in the world, surnames are also an important culture. It is a symbol of inheritance, but there is no heritage in the world with such a complete connotation. "For example, in Japan, although there are surnames that still exist, they have very little cultural connotation." Yuan Yida, before the Meiji Restoration, Japan had only a few surnames. In order to reform, Emperor Meiji required that people across the country should have one surname. So in a short period of more than a few years, there have been more than 80,000 surnames that did not mean the source, representing mostly location-based names such as Matsushita, Inoue, and Tanaka. It is difficult for Japanese scholars to name the first and last of Japan. A human genetic link.
In the United States, although there are fixed surnames, a mere 200 years of history cannot form a cultural inheritance. American scholars’ research mainly focuses on their skin color, hair color, and eye color.
In the UK, the surname is more stable. Its main source is directly borrowing the Christian name, or the teaching name is added with a descending affix to say someone's son or descendant, and the teaching affix is ??added before the teaching to indicate the identity. Names that reflected features of scenery or environment, as well as identities or occupations, and those that later appeared were merged by double surnames. Although it was a Christian name, the number was larger. In the royal family, the old "Edward" was the surname, and later the new "Windsor" appeared.
In continental Europe, surnames are usually used to distinguish place of birth. During World War II, European armies grouped soldiers with the same surname into groups to improve the cohesion and combat effectiveness of the troops.
The latest data shows that there are 4,100 surnames in *** in China
This is the first time that villages with "difficult" surnames have been discovered
In this survey, it was also discovered There are many rare and strange surnames, and these names have not been recorded. "In the past, I thought these strange surnames were due to clerical errors, but after investigation, I found that these strange surnames have far-reaching roots."
For example, Yuan Yida, a reporter in Henan, the research team found 4 small villages with the surname "Difficulty", full of men, women and children with the surname "Difficulty". This was caused by errors in the research team's paperwork. This surname has no statistics. However, when I heard the news, I was extremely surprised and immediately organized a "root-seeking delegation" to come to China and Korean culture.
It turns out that the "Nan" surname is their root in the eyes of South Korea. "They told me that monuments from the Southern and Northern Dynasties unearthed in Henan recorded the deeds of a Xianbei official. He was named 'Nanlou' Nan." The Xianbei surname moved to the north, and the Songhua River was renamed "Nanjiang." The Xianbei people with the surname 'Nan' are now in the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, these villagers with the surname 'Nan' in Henan are believed by Koreans to be their ancestors.
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The top three surnames trace their origins
First: Mr. Li
The surname Li ranked is the most common surname in China. According to Yuan Yida, during the survey Nearly 3 million people have the surname Li, accounting for 13%.
The source of the wide surname Li is that there are hundreds of surnames after the "win-win" popular official position in the Spring and Autumn Period. The founder of Taoism, I have a reasonable grandparent, so the surname originally came from "Li" as early as the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Qiang, Xu Bing, An, Du, Hu, Zhang, Xian, Xiangma, Guo, and Abu. The founding transfer or relic, 16 surnames Dong, Luo, and Zhu Xie gave rise to the gradual development of the surname Li, the most common surname in China.
Two:
The surname Wang is the second most common surname, accounting for 12% of the total. Generally, the descendants of emperors are called princes, and then as a surname, the surname Wang is also the "noble" surname that jumps out from many other family name changes. Legend has it that after the ancient emperors and some of the more prosperous "Shangzhou" surnamed Wang, even the king of ancient Goryeo also had the surname Wang.
Third:
The surname Zhang is the third most common surname, accounting for 11.8% of the total. The Yuanhe surname was compiled and recorded, and Qingyang, the fifth son of the Yellow Emperor, developed the concept of bow tie and lone star among his students, system bows and arrows, and commanded Zhang Xing. Because of the Zhang surname, therefore, according to the legend, the Zhang surname originated from the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, The surname Zhang, Huangdi, gradually increased from the Han Dynasty. With the rise and popularity of Taoism, the current "Huangdi surname Zhang", he said, was used by Taoist leaders at that time, such as Kaijiao, Zhang Lu, etc.
Three Exploring a small surname
The third is from the bottom: mountain (pronounced "子")
Yuan Yida, a research team whose surname was accidentally discovered, Guoyang County, Anhui Province and Zhangwu, Liaoning Province County, *** about 2,000 people.
Interestingly, these people have no contact with each other, but obviously the origin of his surname, they claim that they are the direct descendants of Yue Fei, who fled the persecution of Qin Hui. To this end, the research team formed this new surname by turning the word "Yue" upside down to help them contact each other and at the same time study the origin of the surname, as they said. 2: Death
The surname "Death" is mainly distributed in northwest China. It evolved from the four characters of the ethnic minorities in the Northern Wei Dynasty connected by a hyphen. The number is currently decreasing, Yuan Yida said
< p>The last one: Difficult (decline)The surname of the Xianbei people located in Henan Province during the Northern and Southern Dynasties was originally the name of a bird. Because people admired birds, the surname "Difficult" became later moved to the north, where most of the people moved to the north. Migrating to the Korean Peninsula, China has very little presence.
Surname form:
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