Two vertical and horizontal couplets for the Spring Festival

Couplet First couplet: Idle people are not allowed to enter, but virtuous people are allowed to enter.

Original pair: The thief will not come, the Taoist will come.

Xinlian: Don’t come to those who make money, but those who work hard.

My couplet: Don’t come for sinners and don’t come for drunkards.

This couplet was written by the monk Mingdanshan.

First line: Ideals cannot be enjoyed without wine.

Second line: The future is full of money.

The first couplet: See the plum blossoms sweeping away the snow.

The second couplet: Take a close look at the mountains and dancing streams.

The beauty of this couplet is that the first couplet is urgent Pronounced like a musical scale: 'Toramifa Thorasi'. The second line reads the numbers in dialect: ‘one, two, three, four, five, six, seven’.

First couplet: The summer rat cools the beam, and the cat draws a pen to frighten the summer rat.

Original pair: A hungry chicken steals rice, and a boy picks up rocks to hit a hungry chicken.

Ancient pairing: The thirsty crane jumps into the boat, and the slave shoots the thirsty crane.

This couplet is also called "The rat measures the beam in summer".

The first couplet: A hot mouse is sitting on a beam. The pen depicts a cat and a mouse that are frightened and run along the eaves. They crash into a pile and die, and the old cat eats its corpse.

Original pair: Missing!

My answer: A hungry chicken steals rice. When a boy picks up a stone, the hungry chicken flies away and hits the shed.

This couplet is a new couplet that netizens modified from the previous couplet, and Yu Mian is correct.

First line: The chickens are hungry and the beans are fighting.

Second line: The heat of the rat causes the heat to cool down.

First couplet: The rhinoceros in Xixi is happy to play.

Second line: Youyouyouyouyouyou.

First line: Spend the summer tonight.

Second line: Appreciating flowers at noon.

First couplet: Scholars, farmers, workers (palace), Shangjiao Yuyu.

Second line: Cold, hot, warm and cool (good), respectful, thrifty and generous.

Wulian: aluminum, copper, gold, molybdenum (wood), water, fire, and earth.

This couplet is also a strange couplet. The first couplet is divided into two parts: scholars, farmers, industry and merchants; Gongshangjiao Yuyu. There are four karma in the front and five syllables in the back. One word is repeated and one word is homophonic. Originally, cold, heat, warmth and coolness were the four feelings, and gentleness, kindness, courtesy and frugality were the five virtues of a gentleman. My aluminum, copper, gold, and molybdenum are the four metals, and gold, wood, water, fire, and earth are the five elements.

First couplet: Traveling to the West Lake, carrying a tin pot, the tin pot fell into the West Lake, I cherished the tin pot.

Second line: Make a margin, catch the bat, hit the margin with the bat, belittle the bat.

Original pair: Ancient pair: When Jiazi meets, add Jiazi, when Jiazi meets Jiazi, Jiazijiazi.

My couplet: After passing the nine banquets, I hold the wine bowl. If the wine bowl loses the nine banquets, I have been missing the wine bowl for a long time.

My couplet: Crossing Tongyan, shooting the Tongyan, the Tongyan kills the Tongyan, the Tongyan is in pain.

Jiuwan: Jiuwan River in the Three Gorges.

First line: The mud is fat and the grass is thin.

Second line: The sundial is short and the night difference is long.

This couplet is homophonic to "Ni Fat, Monk is Thin"; "Ghost is short and Yaksha is long".

First line: It is illegal to cut your hair.

Second line: A monk but in shackles.

This couplet was written to mock a monk for breaking the law.

First couplet: How beautiful are the grass flowers as beautiful as the lotus flowers?

Second line: Berries are more sour than plums.

First couplet: Painting temples and temples, painting wonderful temples.

Second line: The name of the famous garden is Yuanmingyuan.

First line: Agate is not originally horse brain.

Second line: Langgan is not wolf liver.

This couplet was written by Wang Hong of Ming Dynasty.

First line: Agate is not originally horse brain.

Second line: Langgan is not wolf liver. This is a masterpiece.

First couplet: If it rains heavily, I am afraid of being caught in the mud. I will leave eggs and tofu for my son-in-law, but my son will not say anything about returning.

Original pair: None!

This couplet is said to be the words Zhong Yunfang's father-in-law used to keep his son-in-law when it rained in the Qing Dynasty. It seems ordinary, but in fact it is well-intentioned and extraordinary. Because it cleverly uses homophonic puns as a rhetorical device, all the couplets are ancient names. They are: Xia Dayu: the name of the king of Xia; Kong Zhongni: Confucius' courtesy name Zhongni; Ji Dan: the name of King Wu of Zhou; Du Fu and Liu Yuxi: poets of the Tang Dynasty; Zimo and Yan Hui: disciples of Confucius. Because it is so difficult, it is said that no one can solve it yet.

First couplet: If it rains heavily, you may be hit by mud. Leave eggs and tofu for your son-in-law.

Original pair: None!

Wu Lian: Injury to the heel, fear of invasion of the body, no medical treatment, no medicine, safe and stable life.

This couplet is another version of the first couplet. My homophonic pronunciations are Shang Zugeng: the name of the Shang king; Ji Beisheng: the name of Duke Zheng Zhuang in the Spring and Autumn Period; Wu Yi: the general of Shu in the Three Kingdoms; Mei Yao: the character in "The List of Gods"; An Qisheng: the immortal of the Han Dynasty.

First line: It rains heavily and wheat is planted.

Next: The fields in the dry highlands will dry up.

This couplet is homophonic to Xia Dayu; Mozi’s scholars in the Spring and Autumn Period (mai and Mogu have the same pronunciation); Guan Zhong: a figure in the Spring and Autumn Period; Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty: Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty; Tian He: a master of the Book of Changes in the early Han Dynasty; Bigan : Minister of Shang Zhou.

First couplet: A woman from Sinan goes to Tongren.

Second line: Chef Cai will come to take care of it.

This couplet was written by Wu Jinsan of the Qing Dynasty.

The first couplet mentioned by his friend refers to a woman from Sinan who went to Tongren, which is homophonic: "Si men and women go together"; Jin San points to the cook who served the food. It turns out that this cook's ancestral home is Shangcai and later lived in Huili. He often travels between the two places, and his homophonic pronunciation is: the chef who serves the dishes braises the carp.

First couplet: Jinshi in modern times are all short-sighted. The capital is forbidden to test Jinshi. Jinshi's lapels are wet and must be wiped with a towel.

Second line: It was at this time that the city began to lose its epic, and its official knowledge of the world lost its current situation. It was really like a stone lion, vowing to eclipse.

First couplet: Looking for clams to eat by the Buddha's seal water.

Second line: Bring your family to the Dongpo River.

This couplet is about one day when Dongpo took his family out for fun and met Foyin digging clams by the water to eat, so he wrote this couplet. Homophone: Look for 'sticks' to eat by the Buddha's seal water. When Foyin heard this, he said that Dongpo came with his family, which is homophonic: Dongpo came with "shackles" from the river.

First couplet: Crossing Yangzi at the head of the Yangtze River.

Second line: Jiaoshan lives in Jiaoshan Cave.

This couplet is the Zhenjiang Jiaoshan couplet inscribed by Yang Jisheng (alias Jiaoshan) in the Ming Dynasty.

First couplet: A white lotus in the sky, held in the wind and worshiping the Buddha.

Second line: There are a few yellow chestnut trees in the gorge, and the moon is far away from the ape.

First couplet: In the Yulan Hall, the magnolia blooms cross the fence, trying to block the rest of the view.

Second line: Qing banquet boat, the clear fragrance of lotus attracts the light swallows, and the love is lost in the clear smoke.

Read this couplet repeatedly and quickly, and it will become a tongue twister. Yulan Hall: Located on the bank of Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace, it was the residence of Emperor Guangxu. Qing Banquet Boat: A stone boat, located on the west bank of Wanshou Mountain in the Summer Palace, it is a famous water building in the garden.

Scenery couplets:

Advancing and retreating, the heroes of Sheji and the ancient town of Hushan

Fuzhou West Lake Kaihua Temple Sangzhe and several Hushangshes

Furong Wushan Pipa Pavilion in Fuzhou, a ten-mile waterfront city

One bounce of flowing water, one bounce of the moon, half into the river, half into the wind, and half into the clouds

Classification, specification and creation methods of couplets

Couplet Classification

Liang Zhangju of the Qing Dynasty divided couplets into ten categories, namely, stories, responses, temples, temples, monuments, Aphorisms, anecdotes, elegies, collections of sentences, miscellaneous affixes. The "Collection of Couplets" published during the Republic of China divided the couplets into twenty categories, namely celebrations, condolences, buildings, schools, businesses, guild halls, ancestral temples, monasteries, theaters, houses, gardens, old age, places of interest, investment Gift, fragrance, collection of words, collection of sentences, comedy, vernacular, miscellany. Both classification methods are divided by practical scope, but the latter is more detailed than the former. If classified according to the text structure, rhetorical skills, and logical relationships of couplets, there are forty or fifty types. For example:

1. Dual forms: speech pair, matter pair, positive pair, opposition, work pair, broad pair, flowing pair, palindrome pair, thimble pair, etc.

2. Rhetorical techniques: metaphor, exaggeration, rhetoric, pun, question, homophony.

3. Word usage skills: embedded words, hidden words, compound words, repeated words, radicals, word analysis, word splitting, numbers, etc.

4. Logical structure: juxtaposition, transition, choice, cause and effect.

With the development of society and the further development of culture, the subjects of couplets will be more complete and perfect.

Standardization and Creation of Couplets

As the name suggests, couplets must be in "pairs", that is, they consist of an upper couplet and a lower couplet. The number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be equal, and the content must be consistent, that is, the upper and lower couplets must be "connected" together. Two unrelated sentences cannot be randomly combined to form a couplet. The subject of couplets is a comprehensive subject with complex content, diverse forms, and strict requirements for contrast and balance. This book will describe and analyze the creation methods according to the standards of couplets for reference by those who learn to write couplets.

The number of characters in the upper and lower couplets must be equal. Couplets are generally written vertically, with the last character (oblique tone) of the first couplet on the right (upper hand) and the last character (flat tone) of the second couplet on the left (lower hand).

Although the antithesis of couplets is similar to that of poetry, it is more demanding than poetry. There are broad and narrow couplets. A wide pair only requires that the contents of the upper and lower couplets are connected to form a couplet, while a narrow pair must be written strictly according to the standards of "Li Weng Duiyun". However, in practical couplets, wide pairs are more often used, while narrow pairs are often used because the requirements for antithesis are too strict, which restricts people's thinking and is suspected of being harmful to the text, so it is rarely used.

3. Chinese four tones and couplets

The rules of level and obliqueness of couplets are basically the same as those of poetry. Yiyin applies the basic rule of poetry that one, three, five, and two, four and six are distinct.

How to determine the upper and lower lines of a couplet? In addition to distinguishing from the content of the couplet, it is more important to judge from the equivocal tone at the end of the couplet. The couplets strictly stipulate that the last word of the first couplet should be in oblique tone, and the last word of the second couplet should be in flat tone. Later generations called this rule the ups and downs. It must be noted that the "four tones" of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are somewhat different. Since the promotion of Hanyu pinyin and the adoption of Beijing pronunciation as the national common language, the same Chinese characters have changed. For example, according to the phonological standard of "Peiwen Yunfu", the four tones are Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru. Ping tone is classified as "ping", and Shang, Lai and Ru are all summarized into "廄".

According to the Beijing intonation, it is divided into Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng and Qusheng. As a result, there are more characters for Pingsheng and there is no "ru" sound. Some of the characters for Qushengsheng are classified into Pingsheng. This is worthwhile for comrades who are learning to compose couplets. Attention. Many linguists from ancient times have made a relatively detailed explanation of the four tones of ancient Chinese. Ru Shivacu made the following analysis in his book "Jade Key Song Jue":

1. Ping - Ping Sing and Ping Dao, don't be too low. When read, the pronunciation is gentle, the ending sound is long, and there is a lingering rhyme.

2. Go up - shout loudly and violently. The pronunciation is loud, the sound is short, and there is no ending.

3. Go - go away with clear mourning. The pronunciation of the falling tone is round and round, and the ending sound is short and high-pitched.

4. Enter - the entry sound is short and urgent. The pronunciation of the entering tone is simple and urgent, and the closing tone is short, low, and has no ending.

Generally speaking, Ping tone characters have a gentle sound and a long ending sound. The oblique characters have a short final sound or no final sound. Modern linguist Mr. Liu Bannong first affirmed that Shi Vacuum's analysis of the four tones of ancient Chinese was correct. Mr. Bannong added based on his own research. He said: "The flat tone has the least twists and turns, which is commonly known as the balanced tone. The two tones that go up have the most twists, either rising, falling, falling, or rising. It should be an unbalanced tone with the shortest entry tone, which is called promoting tone." Mr. Bannong's discussion is simple and clear. Mr. Zhang Shilu more briefly divided the flat tones into two categories. The flat tones are where the long steps are, and the oblique tones are where the short steps are. The main difference between the long and short tones is the flat tones. The author also believes that the four tones of ancient Chinese, in addition to being divided into long steps and short steps, also have very different pronunciation levels. For example, take "Dongdong Liangdu" as an example. Starting from the flat tone, the scale gradually increases to The falling tone reaches its peak, that is, the third tone has the highest pronunciation. The entrance sound plummets, the volume is low, short and concise. In short: the flat voice is sad and peaceful, the rising voice is sharp and raised, the falling voice is clear and distant, and the entering voice is straight and quick. The above discussion is just a general method, and readers can verify it in their study and practice.

In order to practice the ability to distinguish the four tones, the ancients listed the following thirty-two characters as characters to train the basic knowledge of ping and lei. As long as you can master the ping and lei of these characters skillfully, then the ping and lei of other characters will be You can draw parallels and understand it immediately after reading it.

1. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, ninety. These ten numbers are in order: enter, go, level, go up, enter, enter, go up.

2. A, B, B, D, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Rengui. The levels of this cross are: enter, go up, go up, go up, go up, go up, go up, go up.

3. Zichou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu did not apply for You Shu Hai. These twelve characters are: Shang Shang Ping Shang Ping Shang Shang Ping Shang Enter Shang.

The four tones of Chinese are marked with Beijing intonation, which are Yinping, Yangping, rising tone and falling tone. They all evolved from the four tones of ancient Chinese. People are still used to judging couplets tones. The four tones of ancient Chinese are used as the standard. Nowadays, apart from correcting pronunciation, the four tones of modern Chinese are rarely used to compose dialogues, write poems, and fill in lyrics. But with the promotion of Mandarin and the passage of time, the four tones of modern Chinese have finally been accepted by people.

4. You must know: some Chinese characters have always been used interchangeably, and can be used as flat or oblique sounds, such as kan, jiao, wei, si, pang... A few examples are as follows:

(1) " "Look" is used as a flat tone: the daily incense burner produces purple smoke, and you can see the waterfall hanging in front of the river in the distance; the water flows down three thousand feet, which is suspected to be the Milky Way falling from the sky.

(2) "Look" is made in a flat tone: the plums drip with sourness and splash on the teeth, the bananas are green and covered with window screens; the day is long and I fall asleep with no thoughts, watching the children catching willow flowers.

(3) "Jiao" is used as a flat tone: the cherry, apricot, peach and durian are blooming one after another, so Jiao is planted one by one by the window; the bamboo shadows are leaning on the willows, and the clear shade enters the house.

(4) "Teaching" is made in oblique tone: Chalk life is also happy, and good talents are educated according to their aptitude; the garden is full of peaches and plums, full of vitality, turning into rain and spring breeze in succession.

(5) "Wei" is used as a flat tone: One is to move to Changsha, looking west to Chang'an but not seeing home; the jade flute is played in the Yellow Crane Tower, and the plum blossoms fall in May in Jiangcheng.

(6) "Wei" is pronounced in a oblique tone: It was originally for the King of Han to do great things, but he did not take himself into consideration. I had known that the rabbit would end up cooking the dog, but I regretted it and ended up fishing in Huaiyin.

4. Phrase structure of couplets

In addition to requiring rhyme and antithesis, couplets also have certain rules for phrases and structures. Such as:

shake red;

polyester green.

(Single group, two-character structure)

Modesty benefits;

Full loss.

(Single group, three-character structure)

Be content and happy;

Be able to endure and be at ease.

(Single group, four-character structure)

Gardenias are placed in concentric knots;

Lotus flowers are in bloom.

(Single group, five-character structure)

A branch of Conggui is full of fragrance;

Kunshan’s jade connects the city.

(Complex group, six-character structure)

The peach-leaf warbler cries wetness on the spring river;

The plum blossoms and butterflies dream of cold night rain.

(Complex group, seven-character structure)

The sea accepts all rivers, and it is great to be tolerant;

Standing on a wall with thousands of feet, but having no desire is strong.

(Complex group, eight-character structure)

Re-tell the past and present;

Re-narrate the joys and sorrows from the beginning.

(Compound group, nine-character structure)

Three thousand tigers and beasts reach the land of Youyan;

The dragon flies in ninety-five, reopening the sky of the Song Dynasty.

(Complex group, cross structure)

Forty thousand green coins, the bright moon and clear breeze are valuable now;

A pair of white jade, a famous poet and general who has never had a partner in ancient times.

(Complex group, eleven-character structure)

Heaven and earth are filled with great kindness, and the innocent and gray-headed people feel the same sympathy;

The ancient and modern are honored, and all the nine states are favored. Glory.

(Complex group, twelve-character structure)

The phrases and structures of the upper and lower couplets should be consistent and unified. The upper couplet has a verb-object structure, and the second couplet must also be a verb-object structure. Phrases with an object structure, such as "Shake red; Di Cui." The upper line is a positive phrase, and the second line must also be opposite to it with a positive phrase, such as "Tongxinknot" and "Bingdihua", which have the same phrase structure. When planning the layout of couplet phrases, it is important to note that the phrase structures of the upper and lower couplets must be the same. This is also an important rule that couplet authors must follow.

{Other theories about the origin of couplets}

Couplets originated in the Qin Dynasty and were called Taofu in ancient times. Regarding the earliest couplets in my country, Mr. Tan Chanxue wrote an article in the fourth issue of "Literary and Historical Knowledge" in 1991 and pointed out that the earliest couplets in my country appeared in the Tang Dynasty. She relied on the volume number unearthed from the Sutra Collection Cave of the Mogao Grottoes to be Stein's Dunhuang suicide note No. 0610:

Year: The Three Yangs began to spread, and the Four Seasons began to unfold.

Good fortune and good fortune are renewed, and longevity is extended.

Also: Three Yangs □ begin, and the four seasons bring good fortune.

May blessings extend to new days, and celebrate longevity without borders.

The beginning of spring: the bronze melody begins to celebrate the day, and the jade rhythm begins to adjust the yang.

Five blessings eliminate three misfortunes and eliminate hundreds of disasters throughout the ages.

Baoji can ward off evil, and Ruiyan can bring good fortune.

At the beginning of spring □ (written) on the household, the descendants of the rich and noble are prosperous.

Also: Three Yangs begin to spread, and Four Meng (Meng) begin to bloom.

□□The old one is here, but the new one is here for good luck.

May you have many celebrations every year and no disasters every month.

Chicken □ wards off evil, and Yan restores wealth.