Xi 'an: the ancient capital of thirteen dynasties (Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Eastern Han, Xin, Western Jin, Former Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang Dynasties). Xi 'an, known as Chang 'an in ancient times, is also known as Xi Du, Xijing, Daxing City, Jingzhao City and Fengyuan City. It is the city with the most dynasties, the earliest capital and the longest duration in the history of China. There were 13 dynasties, including the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the New Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty (early Xian Di), the Western Jin Dynasty (Yu), the former Zhao Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty. The capital was established here more than 1 100 years. It is also the capital of peasant uprising regimes such as Chimei, Lvlin, Daqi (Huang Chao) and Dashun (Li Zicheng). Therefore, Xi 'an ranks first among the six ancient capitals in China, four ancient capitals in China, and one of the four civilized ancient capitals in the world alongside Rome, Cairo and Athens. It is an indisputable fact that Xi is the ancient capital of China and the world. However, whether Xi 'an is the ancient capital of several dynasties, when did Xi 'an start as the capital, how many years did Xi 'an last, and so on. , has long been a controversial issue in academic circles. In recent years, the theory of thirteen dynasties has been recognized by many scholars, but there are still different opinions from time to time. This seems to be an irrelevant issue that does not affect the determination of Xi 'an's status as an ancient capital, but in fact it not only causes confusion in the publicity and introduction of relevant government departments, but also hinders the in-depth study of Xi 'an's history as an important ancient capital. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and draw a convincing conclusion. According to scholars' research on the dynasties with capitals in the history of Xi 'an, it is found that there are as many as 12 dynasties with capitals in Xi 'an, including ten dynasties, eleven dynasties, twelve dynasties, thirteen dynasties, until the 21st century. In fact, many of the above theories have two, three or even four opinions. According to rough statistics, there are more than 20 kinds of statements about Xi 'an Capital in newspapers and periodicals. Of course, the above dynasty theory is just a general term. In fact, it includes not only the dynasty in the unified period, but also the separatist regime in the split period and the regime established by the peasant uprising. Among them, the most representative ones are: (1) The original advocate of the theory of the Ten Dynasties was the historian Wu Bolun. In his book A Brief History of Xi 'an, published in 1979 and reprinted in 1984, he listed 10 dynasties with Xi 'an as their capital. Namely: Western Zhou (1 134-77 1) Qin (22 1) Western Han (204-24), Zhao (3 18-329) Qin (35/kloc). —58 1) Sui (58 1 —6 17) Tang (6 18 —907) lasted *** 1062. The author also believes that "the above is just a traditional statement, which is not completely correct in fact, and some of it cannot reflect the actual situation of history" _J 1. The above-mentioned theory of ten dynasties is indeed not comprehensive, especially some dynasties established Xi' an as their capital, and it is also inaccurate. However, the listed 10 dynasties are the most important dynasties and regimes that once established their capital in Xi 'an. (2) The theory of the Fourteen Dynasties was put forward by Shuxun Wang, a statistician and former deputy director of the Statistics Bureau of Xi 'an, in the article1992, A Statistical Study on the Historical Capital Dynasty and Time of Xi 'an. In other words, four dynasties were added, namely, the New Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty (Xian Di), the Western Jin Dynasty (Yu) and the Zhou Dynasty (Wu Zhou). This paper lists the Statistical Table of Xi 'an Capital History, lists the start and end dates of Xi 'an capital in fourteen dynasties one by one, and draws the conclusion that Xi 'an capital lasted 1 158. The author puts forward his own views on the criteria for determining the dynasty of the capital city, and tries to make accurate statistics on the start and end dates of the newly recognized Xi 'an 14 dynasty from the perspective of professional statistics. However, due to some controversial standards of the capital dynasty and some basis for calculating the number of years of the capital, such as the aforementioned An Shi of Xi, etc. These are not authoritative works and there are some uncertain problems. (3) The Theory of Thirteen Dynasties was written by the historian Professor Niu Zhigong in 1993. In his article "On the Dynasties of Andu", he affirmed that Andu was "undisputed" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Qianzhao Dynasty, Qianqin Dynasty, Houqin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, and decided that the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty were coerced to Chang 'an, and that the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty should be regarded as the emperor in Chang 'an. Therefore, it is considered that the dynasties with Xi 'an as its capital are: Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, New Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty, Former Zhao Dynasty, Former Qin Dynasty, Later Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. Because the basis is sufficient, it is still quite influential. However, in the academic circles, the article said that "as for Huang Chao's claim to be the emperor in Chang 'an and Li Zicheng's claim to be the king in An, it is a matter of peasant regime, so it is not necessary to compare with feudal dynasties", but it has not been widely recognized. (4)1Professor Shi Nianhai, a historical geographer in the 7th century, demonstrated this. 1990, he settled Xi 'an as the only ancient capital in China with a capital history of more than one thousand years. He listed the 17 dynasties and regimes that he identified as the capital of Xi 'an as follows: 1. Pick: Capital of Western Zhou Dynasty, 268; 2. Xianyang: Qin Dou,145; 3. Chang 'an: the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, 208; 4. Chang 'an: Xinmandu,15; 5. Chang 'an: Han () started again, 3 years; 6. Chang 'an: Chimeidu, 2 years; 7. Chang 'an: the Eastern Han Dynasty offered the capital of the Emperor, 6 years; 8. Chang 'an: Emperor Jinhui, Emperor Yu, 7 years; 9. Chang 'an: former capital of Zhao, 10 year; 10 Chang' an: former Qin capital, 35 years; 1 1. Chang 'an: the capital of the late Qin Dynasty, 32 years; 12 Chang 'an: the capital of the Western Wei Dynasty, 23 years; 13. Chang 'an: the capital of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, 25 years; 14 Chang' an: Suidu, 26 years; 15. Chang 'an: Tang Dou, 266; 16 Chang 'an: the capital of Qi (Huang Chao), 4 years; 17 Chang 'an: capital of Dashun (Li Zicheng), 2 years. The above 17 infrastructure duration 1077. Compared with the theory of thirteen dynasties mentioned above, the theory of seventeen dynasties added four more regimes, namely, the replacement emperor Liu Xuan in the late Western Han Dynasty, Daqi Huang Chao in the late Tang Dynasty and Dashun Li Baicheng in the late Ming Dynasty. Among them, the author calls the regime established by Liu Xuan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "one of the hegemonic countries in the Western Han Dynasty", while the latter three are called "regimes established by peasants and refugees". Although this theory was published at the beginning of 199 1, it was not recognized by the authors of the theory of thirteen dynasties and fourteen dynasties, which was obviously caused by different academic viewpoints. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the above viewpoints and other viewpoints about Xi 'an Jiandu Dynasty, it is believed that the main reasons for the divergent opinions and disagreement are the vague criteria for judging the ancient capital and the inconsistent understanding of some historical facts. The former focuses on the understanding of the capital city built by the regime established by the peasant uprising, while the latter is reflected in the question of whether the Zhou Dynasty built by the Western Jin Dynasty, Li and Wu Zetian was built in Chang 'an. Therefore, to solve this problem, we must first define the manpower from the scientific ancient capital, and on this basis, based on historical facts, determine the dynasty of the capital. Some scholars have made their own explanations on the definition of ancient capital. However, at present, the definition recognized by most scholars in the academic circles of ancient capitals in China is that all dynasties, capitals established by political power (including some regional capitals) and accompanying capitals are ancient capitals, which is obviously relatively broad. That is to say, all the cities ruled by the rulers of a dynasty or regime in history, regardless of the length of time, the width and narrowness of the ruling area, the dynasty or kingdom in the period of unification, the regime established by the Chinese nation or other nationalities, the regime established by the aristocratic strongmen or the peasant uprising, the formation of the capital or capital, ruins or new cities, should be regarded as ancient capitals. Definition Analysis According to the above definition, the thirteen dynasties confirmed by Professor Niu Zhigong above, namely Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, New Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty, Former Zhao Dynasty, Former Qin Dynasty, Later Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, were all in Anjian Capital. Emperor Huidi of the Western Jin Dynasty and Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty should not be considered as moving their capital to Chang 'an, while the Zhou Dynasty established by Wu Zetian took Luoyang as its capital and changed its name to God's capital. The political life of the Wu and Zhou Dynasties has always been based on God, so Chang 'an is not the capital. Professor Niu Zhigong made an incisive exposition on the above situation in the article "Dynasty with Xi 'an as its capital", which is not quoted here. Therefore, these three dynasties should be excluded from the dynasties that once established Xi 'an as their capital. As for the regimes established by Liu Xuan, Liu Pengzi, Huang Chao and Li Zicheng. Xi 'an, the capital of Xi 'an, should be considered as a peasant regime, and the sentence "no need to be compared with the feudal dynasty" should be denied immediately. The most detailed record of Liu Xuan and Liu Pengzi's deeds in the official history is the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, which was once biographied by Liu Xuan and Liu Pengzi, ranking first among biographies, second only to emperors. You can see that they are heavy. According to its historical facts, both of them took advantage of the situation in the last years of Xin Mang, gathered people to revolt and became emperors. Successively invaded Chang 'an, making the kings bow down. The year of establishment and the administrative order last for 2 years respectively. Therefore, Liu Xuan, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and Liu Pengzi, the Emperor with Red Eyebrows, should be regarded as the capital of Chang 'an. For Huang Chao, both old and new Tang books have been circulated. According to records, in the first year of Tang Xizong Guangming (880), on February 5th, 65438, Huang Chao led a rebel army to capture Chang 'an, and on February 3rd, 65438, he proclaimed himself emperor in the Hanyuan Temple. The title of the country is Daqi and Jianyuan is Jintong. Later, he left Chang 'an on April 10 in the fourth year of Jin Tong (883). Chang 'an has established its capital for three years, so the Daqi regime should also be included in the regime of Xi 'an, which has established its capital. As for Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty, although Xi 'an was captured in October in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1643), he was king in Xi 'an in the first month of the seventeenth year (1644), with the title of Dashun and Yongchang. But the good times did not last long, that is, in February of that year, he crossed the Yellow River eastward and entered Shanxi. On March 19, he captured the capital and proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing. Therefore, Li Zicheng only regards Xi 'an as the base to seize the capital, but does not regard it as the capital. To sum up, it can be judged that Xi 'an has six unified dynasties, namely, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, New Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. Five divided regimes, namely, pre-Zhao, pre-Qin, post-Qin, Western Wei and Northern Zhou; Two last emperors, namely Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Xi 'an; And three farmers, namely, Emperor Liu Xuan, Emperor Liu Pengzi and Emperor Huang Chao. Therefore, Xi 'an can be called "the ancient capital of the Sixteenth Dynasties". There are also many opinions about how many years the dynasty and political power have been established in Xi 'an. The short one is 1062, the old one is 1220, and there are 1077, 1 158, 1098 in the middle. This is obviously related to the different dynasties and calculation methods in their respective capitals. According to the above sixteen dynasties, the calculation is as follows: Western Zhou Dynasty: all of them were in Fenghao, which began in the last year of King Wen and ended in the eleventh year of King You. The eleventh year of Wang You recorded in history is 77 BC1year. As for when King Wen became rich, there were different opinions. In 2000, the 1996-2000 stage achievement report (abridged version) published by the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties dating engineering expert group designated BC 1046 as the first choice year for merchants of the king of Wu. So according to historical records. Zhou Benji, the first year of King Wu in 1057 BC, died in 1058 BC. Zhou people moved from Qi to the east in BC 1059, and became rich cities on the west bank of Fenghe River. This is the year when Xi 'an established its capital, and it is also the year when Xi 'an was established. If this year is regarded as the starting year of Xi 'an, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it will take 289 years from the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the death of Zhou Youwang in 77 1 BC and the country's demise. Qin: They were all in Liyang, starting with two years of dedication. In 383), it ended in the twelfth year of filial piety (the first 350 years) and lasted for 34 years; The capital is Chengyang, which started in the 12th year of Xiaozong and ended in the first year of Zi Ying (207 BC), and lasted 144 years. Total 178 years. Western Han Dynasty: Both of them were in Liyang, starting in the fifth year of Gaozu (the first 202 years) and ending in the seventh year of Gaozu (the first 200 years), which lasted for 3 years; The capital is in Chang 'an, which started in the seventh year of Gaozu and ended in the third year (eight years) of Ruzi Yingju, lasting 208 years. Total 2 1 1 year. New: They are all in Chang 'an, which lasted 15 years from the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (9 years) to the end of the fourth year of the Emperor (23 years). Liu Xuan, the emperor of the early Han Dynasty, started in Chang 'an for two years (24 years) and started his career for three years (25 years), which lasted for two years. Liu Penzi, the Emperor with Red Eyebrows: The capital is in Chang 'an, which started in the first year of the foundation (25 years) and ended in the second year of the foundation (26 years) and lasted for 2 years. Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty: They were all in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Chuping (190) and ending in the second year of Xingping (195), which lasted for 6 years. Emperor Yi of the Western Jin Dynasty: The capital was in Chang 'an, which began in the first year of Jianxing (365,438+03) and ended in the fourth year of Jianxing (365,438+06), lasting for 4 years. Former Zhao: All of them were in Chang 'an, starting from the first year of Liu Yaoguang (3 18) and ending in the twelfth year (329), lasting 12 years. Pre-Qin: They were all in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Jian Di (35 1) and ending in the first year of Tai 'an (385), which lasted for 35 years. Later Qin Dynasty: Both of them were in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Yao Chang's founding (386) and ending in the second year of Yao Hongyong and Yonghe (4 17), which lasted for 32 years. Western Wei Dynasty: Both of them were in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Emperor Wendi's Datong (535) and ending in the third year of Emperor Gongdi (556), which lasted for 22 years. Northern Zhou Dynasty: All in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Ming Emperor (557) and ending in the first year of Jingdi Dading (58 1), which lasted for 25 years. Sui: They were all in Daxing, starting in the first year of Wendi (58 1) and ending in the second year of Gongdi (6 18), which lasted for 38 years. Don: They are all in Chang 'an. Since Wu Zetian established the Zhou Dynasty, moved the capital to Luoyang (now Luoyang) and Huang Chao's Daqi regime was once in Chang 'an, the Tang Dynasty in Chang 'an can be divided into three periods: before, during and after. The early period began in the first year of Gaozu Wude (6 18) and ended in the first year of Zongrui civilization (684), which lasted for 67 years. The middle period began in the first year of Qianlong in Zhongzong (705) and ended in the first year of Guangming in Xuanzong (880), lasting 176 years. The last period began in the third year of Nuozhongzong (883) and ended in the first year of Zhao Zongtian You (904), which lasted for 22 years. The pre-,mid-and post-periods totaled 265 years. Huang Chao, Emperor of Daqi: The capital was in Chang 'an, which started in Jin and Yuan Dynasties (880) and ended in Jin Dynasty (883), and lasted for 4 years. The 16 dynasties and political powers listed above were all established in Xi 'an. Excluding the overlapping seven years, the total number was 1 133. In short, Xi 'an was the ancient capital of the 16th Dynasty, and its capital was established for 1 133 years.