1, temperature Ficus carica is a deciduous fruit tree, which likes warmth and high temperature, and high temperature generally does not harm Ficus carica plants; It is also cold-tolerant, and the cold tolerance varies from variety to variety. Blank, Ziguang, Kawasaki, Japanese purple fruit and other varieties have strong cold resistance, and the adult trees can withstand the low temperature of-16 degrees. In the south of the Yellow River, Ficus carica can choose suitable plots for safe wintering. Masiyi peach powder, Lvkang 1 and other varieties have poor cold resistance and can be frozen at MINUS 8 degrees. Through many years' practice, the fig research institute in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province has developed a set of cold-resistant cultivation techniques and measures for figs, so that figs can safely overwinter in cold areas such as Liaoning and Jilin, and obtain ideal yield.
2. Ficus carica has developed root system and strong drought resistance, and it can also obtain high yield when cultivated on sloping land in mountainous areas. For a long time, people have always thought that figs are drought-tolerant and afraid of waterlogging, but the cultivation practice in recent years has proved that figs are also very waterlogged-tolerant. /kloc-0 In the autumn of 1999, the fig high-yield garden in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province was flooded, and some plots were flooded for more than 20 days. A large number of aerial roots are produced in flooded parts such as fig trunk, and the growth results are basically normal except for poor fruit quality. However, serious waterlogging or excessive air humidity may lead to fruit cracking and rotting, and long-term water shortage will lead to fruit becoming smaller and falling, so irrigation in drought and drainage in waterlogging should be done as much as possible to improve yield and quality.
3. Soil Ficus carica has strong adaptability to soil, and can be cultivated in sandy soil, loam soil and various cohesive soils, but the most suitable soil is neutral or alkaline sandy calcareous soil with deep soil layer. Figs also have strong salt tolerance and are one of the most salt-tolerant fruit trees.
It can be planted in coastal beaches and inland saline-alkali land. Figs have a great demand for calcium. When planting in acidic and calcium-deficient land, applying lime to regulate soil can increase yield significantly.
(2) Garden site selection
Ficus carica has strong adaptability to the environment and low requirements for soil, and can be used in plains, hills, dry fields, saline-alkali land and coastal beaches. But better soil conditions are more conducive to the improvement of yield and quality. In addition, because figs are soft and juicy, poor in storage resistance and inconvenient to transport, orchards should be developed in places with convenient transportation and close to cities or processing plants for processing and sales.
(3) Variety selection
According to different cultivation purposes, figs can be divided into several types, namely, fresh food varieties, processed varieties, landscaping varieties and dual-purpose varieties.
In recent years, the fig research institute in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, in cooperation with other scientific research units, has introduced and collected more than 90 improved varieties of figs from France, the United States, Japan, Israel and other countries in China, and screened out more than 10 excellent varieties suitable for cultivation in most areas of China, among which Kawasaki, Japanese purple fruit and Ziguang are excellent fresh food varieties, with the maximum fruit weight of more than 280 grams. Kawasaki is superior and the yield is high, while Blanc is resistant. Red dwarf is especially suitable for gardening bonsai, and it is a rising star among fig varieties. Masiyi peach powder is a big fruit, but it has a general flavor and is easy to crack. Not suitable for planting in rainy areas. The sugar content of green tangerine peel is high, but the peel is thick and the appearance is not beautiful.
(4) Planting
Ficus carica grows faster, and the requirements for seedling size are not strict. Generally, annual cuttings (10-30 cm) can be planted in autumn or spring. Due to shrub cultivation, the planting density is relatively high, the row spacing is 2-3m, the plant spacing is1-2m, and the number of plants per mu is11-333. Dry land should be thin and dense, and fertile land should be sparse. When cultivated by Y-pruning method, the row spacing is generally 2 meters, the hole spacing is 4 meters, and there are 2 plants per hole, each mu 170 plants. This method has the advantages of early effect, high yield and convenient management, and is worth popularizing. Before planting figs, thoroughly turn over the garden, fully apply organic fertilizer, and dig a pit half a meter square. Before planting, apply 20 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer and 2 kg of phosphate fertilizer. After planting, the aboveground parts of the seedlings will be sealed with soil to prevent cold and water, and then peeled off before germination in spring to facilitate germination.
Second, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
soil management
1, soil improvement is generally to build a fig garden. Plants are self-rooted seedlings with shallow root layer, and the main distribution area of roots is about 30 ~ 40 cm underground. Therefore, in order to achieve high yield and high quality in fig cultivation, we should improve the soil structure, loosen the soil, ventilate and retain water, and promote root development.
Main measures: First, dig deep into the soil. Fig orchards in hilly and clay areas should be deeply ploughed for 2 ~ 2 times at the young age of the first fruit, with a depth of 40 ~ 50 cm. Interlaced plants can be used for deep ploughing to ripen rhizosphere soil. Second, intertillage weeding. Because figs are harvested for a long time and the orchard is trampled many times, the soil is easy to harden, thus destroying the soil structure in the rhizosphere. According to the soil type, strengthen intertillage and loosen the soil to weed.
2. In fig orchards managed between rows in saline-alkali land, the soil management system of planting grass between rows or combining intercropping with grass mulching should be adopted, which can inhibit salt return, reduce soil salt content, improve soil structure and improve soil fertility. In fig orchards in hilly areas, the soil management system combining grass mulching with planting should be adopted, which can improve soil moisture, keep moisture and prevent soil erosion in rainy season. In fig orchards in plain areas, leguminous crops and vegetable crops can be intercropped between rows during young trees and early fruit. Intensive cultivation should be carried out in densely planted orchards.
(2) Fertilization
Ficus carica has a large growth and needs a lot of fertilizer, so special attention should be paid to supplementing potassium fertilizer and calcium fertilizer to supplement the growth of trees and keep the soil neutral and slightly acidic.
1, basal fertilizer Ficus carica, generally after defoliation,1It is better to apply manure from mid-October to early February. According to the requirements of adult trees, the actual application amount of various base fertilizers is calculated according to the amount of nitrogen100 ~120kg, phosphorus 80 ~100kg and potassium 80 ~100kg per hectare. Fertilization method: base fertilizer can be applied in fertilization ditches with a width of 30cm and a depth of 30 ~ 50 cm between rows or plants.
2. The growth of branches and leaves and the development of fruits of topdressing Ficus carica are synchronous and complementary, and the demand for nutrition is balanced. If possible, topdressing should be done 7-8 times a year, usually 3-4 times. If the base fertilizer can be fully applied, 1 topdressing should be based on nitrogen fertilizer in May when the new shoots are vigorous, and the application amount per hectare is 200 ~ 300 kg. When the fruit is ripe in August ~10, topdressing is carried out for 2 ~ 3 times, mainly with compound fertilizer, and the dosage is 250 ~ 300 kg per hectare each time. Fertilization method is the same as base fertilizer. In addition, spraying 0.3% ~ 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or nitrogen-potassium compound fertilizer can also achieve the effect of increasing fruit and reducing crack.
(3) Irrigation and drainage
1, irrigated fig has developed roots and is relatively drought-tolerant; However, the leaves are large, and there is a lot of evaporation water in summer and high temperature season, which requires a lot of water. If the water supply cannot be met, the growth of new shoots will be inhibited and the yield will be reduced. In severe cases, the fruit is small, the quality is poor, and even the leaves fall early. Therefore, in order to ensure high yield and high quality, water should be replenished in time when normal rainfall cannot be met. The main water requirement period of fig is before overwintering, germination period and July to September of fruit growth and development period. Irrigation methods include traditional furrow irrigation and cave irrigation, as well as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation.
2. Drain water when the fruit is ripe. If there is too much rainfall, it will not only reduce the sugar content of the fruit, but also make the quality worse and even cause the fruit to crack. Therefore, in rainy season or low-lying areas, attention should be paid to timely eliminating stagnant water or making high ridges to reduce waterlogging.
Third, plastic pruning technology
(1) plastic surgery
Reasonable tree shape is the basis of high, stable and excellent yield of fig, so fig likes light, so the central trunk should be heart-shaped or flat, but a certain number of branches and leaves should be reserved to protect the main branches and big branches from direct sunlight. Otherwise, it is easy to get sunburn, and in severe cases, it will crack on the branches. The main tree types are as follows:
1, the pile-shaped crown is relatively short, with no trunk, and it is clustered. Young trees can bear fruit directly from the base, and adult trees can bear fruit from the main branch evolved from the bearing branch, and then they are replaced with new bearing branches after bearing, with lower pumping position. The tree shape is easy to prune, which is suitable for windy areas and areas that need cold protection. However, poor lighting conditions and low fruiting parts affect fruit quality. Tree shape is suitable for varieties with strong branches, strong branches and weak drought resistance.
2. The happy crown is large, the trunk is low, there is no central trunk, and there are 2 ~ 3 main branches and lateral branches. The tree has strong stereoscopic fruiting ability, and the tree potential is easy to control and prune. Canopy has good ventilation and light transmission, high yield and good quality, which is suitable for Xia Guo and autumn fruit varieties. This type is not suitable in windy areas. This type of canopy is relatively large, which is not convenient for harvesting.
Key points of plastic surgery: in the year of seedling planting, the plant height after cutting is 10 ~ 15 cm, which promotes axillary bud germination and branching. Select 3 ~ 4 branches with ideal orientation and good growth potential as the main branches for cultivation, and leave about 60cm for short grafting when cutting in winter that year. Generally, lateral buds or outer buds should be left after cutting, and the crown will continue to expand after germination in the second year. Among the branches sprouting on the main branch, the selected branches are cultured as side branches, and the bearing branches are cultured on the main branch and side branches in the following year.
3. "Wen" glyph "Wen" glyph is a kind of tree widely used in Japan, especially suitable for protected cultivation; Similar to the form of a grape trellis. Its main tree structure is characterized by: first, it is dry and short. The two main branches extend horizontally or forward along the line; On the horizontal main branch, the fruiting branches grow evenly, so that the fruiting parts are on a vertical plane and the fruits ripen from bottom to top. The tree has high density of fruiting branches, high yield and convenient harvesting management. Tree shape is suitable for varieties with strong tree potential, vigorous branch growth and easy fruit bearing.
Key points of plastic surgery: Generally, the plant spacing should be 2 ~ 2.5m× 3 ~ 5m. The stem height in the spring of the planting year is 40 cm. When the shoots grow to 15 ~ 20 cm, two new shoots extending along the row direction and making an angle of about 20 degrees with the row direction are selected as the main branches for culture. The extension direction and opening angle can be fixed with bamboo poles, and the two main branches should be balanced as much as possible. When pruning in winter that year, about 2/3 of the branches should be left and chopped to keep the buds full. Before germination in the following spring, the iron wire (No.8 ~ 10) guiding and binding the main branches along the line direction, with the height of 40 ~ 50 cm, and the original bamboo poles and other fixed supports were removed, and the main branches were bound on the iron wire; After the main branch germinates, divide it into two sides according to 40cm, and select the bearing branch. Keep the spacing at 20 cm and remove other branches and buds.
(2) Pruning technology
1, winter pruning
According to different fruit habits, figs can be divided into two pruning methods.
(1) The pruning-intolerant varieties have loose branches and many branches, such as Guo Zi 1 and Mingxing. If you cut it again, there will be more new branches, less fruits, poor illumination and low yield. There are also varieties dominated by Xia Guo, because Xia Guo was born at the top of the branch, so it is not appropriate to cut it short and cut it again, otherwise it will affect the yield; However, in order to update the bearing branch, it is necessary to retract or refine the branch properly.
(2) Pruning-resistant varieties have strong regeneration ability, even if all the aboveground parts are dead, new shoots can still bear fruit; There are also varieties with weak regeneration ability, which can promote branching after relatively heavy short cutting. Such as Brunswick, brown turkey, etc. When pruning, the main branches and lateral branches of vigorous young trees and adult trees can be intercepted for a relatively long time; As a result, the mother branch can be cut harder. Pruning should also remove dead branches, pests and diseases and branches that affect the tree shape.
2. Pruning in the growing season
In the growing season, tillers, sprouting strips and long branches should be cut off in time to keep ventilation and light transmission. For varieties with weak branching ability but vigorous growth, in July and August, that is, before and after the new shoots spread 20 ~ 25 leaves, the tips should be picked in time to control vigorous growth and promote branching, so as to increase the number of branches and increase the yield.
(3) Mature technology
Because of different varieties and different fruiting habits, figs have a long mature supply period and are scattered in the market. If artificial ripening can be carried out, it can not only be listed in batches, but also avoid typhoons and rainy days, improve the value of products and commodities, and significantly increase economic benefits. Generally, the following two methods are adopted.
Fourth, winter protection.
Although Ficus carica has certain cold resistance, the temperature is very low in winter in northern China. If anti-freezing measures are not taken, figs will be stripped and even their trunks will freeze to death, which will affect next year's output. For more than ten years, the fig research institute in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, has explored a set of cold-resistant cultivation techniques of figs through a series of experimental studies, so that figs can survive the winter safely.
This needs to meet the following conditions:
1, choose a good garden site, try to choose the south slope of the mountain, and avoid the valley between the canyon mouth and the mountain. The south of Pingyuan village can block the north wind.
2. Choosing good varieties and varieties with strong cold resistance, such as Blank and Kawasaki, can greatly reduce the workload of cold protection.
3. Strengthen management, strengthen the growth of trees, prevent excessive growth and enhance the resistance of trees.
4. Watering overwintering water before overwintering can effectively prevent branches from draining.
5. The branches are wrapped with crop straws and then wrapped with plastic film, which can prevent freezing and keep the moisture of trees.
6. Spray antifreeze. By taking the above measures, figs in Shandong, Henan, southern Hebei and other places can survive the winter smoothly. If you can't survive the winter, you must use special cold protection methods (omitted). The temperature in the north of Shenyang is low, so intensive cultivation and intensive cultivation can be used to overwinter or cultivate in protected areas.
Five, pest control
Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Figs have fewer pests and diseases. During the fruit growing period, it is easy to emit special smell to the surrounding area, causing the harm of Apriona germari; Fruits are easily attacked by birds when they are ripe. In addition to artificially catching Apriona germari and driving away birds, eggs can also be killed manually or by drugs. Scarecrow can also tie plastic ribbons and stick them in the fields to drive away birds.
Seedling raising techniques of fig
First, hardwood cutting seedling raising
(1) Choose fully mature 1 ~ 2-year-old branches as cuttings. When pruning in winter, completely lignified branches with a diameter of 1 ~ 1.5 cm and a length of 30 ~ 60 cm can be cut off, bundled into long bundles and buried in indoor containers or outdoor pits, and stored in wet sand for wintering; You can also cut and insert in spring. Generally, when the average daily temperature in March-April in spring is above 15℃, cuttings can be cut in advance in 65438+ 10 month by using protected nursery.
(2) Sandy soil is suitable for bed cutting, with a general width of1~1.2m; The base fertilizer should be organic fertilizer such as single fertilizer, manure and appropriate amount of calcium superphosphate or lime; Nursery should have irrigation and drainage conditions. After scarifying the seedbed, cutting can be carried out, or plastic film can be spread on the seedbed to increase the ground temperature and promote rooting. When cutting, the branches stored in winter or cut from trees are taken out and cut into branches with a length of 15cm and 2-3 complete buds; When pruning, the top of the upper bud of the branch is cut into a flat mouth, and the distance between the cutting mouth and the bud is1cm; Cut the lower end into an inclined plane. Soak the lower end of the cuttings in 1000 ~ 2000 ml/kg indolebutyric acid or acetic acid-resistant solution for about1~ 3min, take them out and dry them in the shade, then insert them into the seedbed. Cutting density 15 ~ 20~25cm, row spacing 20~25cm. The number of seedlings per hectare is 90000 ~ 15 ~ 20cm. When cutting, insert the cuttings obliquely (45 ~ 80 degrees) into the soil, and the upper buds are slightly thicker and exposed to the ground; After insertion, water is permeable. It can take root after 1 month, and the rooting rate of protected seedlings is generally above 80%. The survival rate in the wild is low.
(3) Management after cutting Although fig cuttings are easy to heal and take root, we should also pay attention to the management after cutting. The main points of management are as follows:
The formation period of its healing tissue needs high temperature, and the ground temperature should be raised in time; At the same time, strengthen water supply. In the later stage of healing and rooting, the cuttings will grow many hairy roots. At this time, the temperature is gradually rising, and attention should be paid to increasing soil moisture. Mud water should be avoided after healing and rooting to prevent leaf burning, especially low-bed cuttings. Insist on watering the soil, water less or not when the soil is wet, and water more when the soil is dry to keep the soil moist; Ficus carica seedlings are not cold-resistant, so it is necessary to do a good job of cold prevention (freezing) and heat preservation before freezing or cold in spring. The simple method is to bury the soil or cover the grass curtain, leaves, straw and other mulch; When the seedlings enter the vegetative growth period, the compound fertilizer mainly containing nitrogen fertilizer should be lightly applied once a month. The amount of fertilization increases gradually with the growth of seedlings, and with the deepening of seedling roots, the effect of deep ditch application is better, but attention should be paid to avoid root damage when fertilizing.
Second, green branch cutting seedling raising technology in greenhouse
(1) Seedbed preparation Seedbed width 1.0 ~ 1.2m, depth 25 ~ 30cm, as required. The bed surface is covered with humus soil and river sand disinfected with 500 times solution of 70% thiophanate methyl, with a ratio of 2: 1 and a thickness of about 20cm, and then covered with 5 ~ 10 cm of fine sand or sawdust, and leveled for later use.
(2) Selecting cuttings in the middle and late September, selecting the branches of the current year as cuttings, with the length of 20-25 cm and 2-3 leaves, the upper cutting distance of the cuttings is about 2cm, and the lower cutting distance is 1cm, and every 30-50 cuttings are tied into 1 bundle, and the lower end is soaked in 0.2% potassium permanganate for 5 seconds.
(3) When cutting, insert holes in the seedbed with bamboo sticks slightly thicker than the cuttings according to the row spacing of 20cm× 15cm, then insert the cuttings into the holes, compact and spray water. Spray 70% thiophanate methyl 1000 times solution immediately after each border is inserted, and then fasten the small arch shed.
(4) Control the temperature in the management shed at 20 ~ 30℃ and keep the soil moist. Open the arch shed at 5438+00 in the middle and late June, cover the seedbed with 5 ~ 10 cm wheat bran or sawdust, spray water, and then fasten the arch shed. In winter and early spring, the arched shed is covered with grass every evening to keep the temperature in the shed suitable. Weed in time in March-April to remove diseased plants. Gradually uncover the arch shed and temper the seedlings. Spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or photosynthetic micro-fertilizer before transplanting. Sow from late April to early May, keep rhizosphere soil as much as possible when sowing, and irrigate in time after sowing to improve the survival rate of transplanting.
Third, graft propagation.
Because fig wood is loose and pith is big, grafting is easy to survive. Generally, the following two grafting methods are adopted:
(1) In spring, 1 year-old branches with high lignification, moderate internode length and full bud eyes are selected as scions, which can be stored in sand or picked in spring. The germination stage of rootstock plants is the suitable time for grafting. Branches usually adopt "V" joint method or tenon joint method. The length of the scion is about 4 ~ 5 cm, with 1 bud. Cut the base of the scion into a "V" shape, and the section length is about 1 ~ 1.5 cm. Select the rootstock with the thickness similar to or slightly thicker than the scion, and cross-cut it at the position about 10 ~ 15 cm from the ground. The section length is also 1 ~ 1.5 cm. The scion incision is attached to the rootstock incision, the cambium is aligned and matched, and then the joint is tightly wrapped with plastic tape, and the bud is exposed. After recovery and survival, untie it in time.
(2) Grafting shoots from June to August in the growth period, and selecting shoots as scions and rootstocks, cutting is easy to survive. In this method, the shoots of cuttings or plants that need to be grafted and replanted in the same year are suitable as rootstocks, and the length of scion is about 3cm. The budding rate is higher in summer. The rootstock should be a local variety "Guo" or "Blanc" with strong drought resistance.
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