Mango likes warmth, not cold and frost. The optimum growth temperature is 25-30℃. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the growth is slow. When the temperature is lower than 10℃, the leaves and inflorescences will stop growing, and the nearly ripe fruits will suffer from chilling injury. The annual average temperature in mango producing areas in the world is above 20℃, and the monthly minimum temperature is above 15℃.
The average annual temperature in the producing areas with normal growth in China is 19.8-24. 1℃, but the average annual temperature is 2 1-22℃, and the highest temperature in Leng Yue exceeds 15℃, and there are many areas with almost no frost all the year round. The effective temperature for mango growth is 18-35℃, the suitable temperature for new shoot growth is 24-29℃, and the average daily temperature for fruit setting and young fruit growth should be greater than 20℃.
Insufficient temperature, poor pollination and fertilization, and even inflorescence death or embryo abortion death. When the temperature is higher than 37℃, the fruit of Copanawa will be sunburned; When the temperature is lower than 10℃, the growth of new shoots and new ears stops; When the temperature is lower than 5℃, seedlings, tender shoots and ears will suffer from cold; When the temperature is about 0℃, the shoots, shoots and peripheral leaves of seedlings and trees will be damaged or even died. Young trees below -3℃ freeze to death, and big trees freeze seriously.
Mango is a kind of fruit tree that likes light. Adequate light can promote flower bud differentiation, blossom and set fruit, improve fruit quality and appearance. Usually, there are many flowers per plant with sunny crown or open environment, and the fruit setting rate is high; Mango with too many branches and leaves, closed crown and insufficient light has less flowers and fruits, and its fruit appearance and quality are poor. We can improve the lighting conditions in the garden and trees by shaping and pruning, thus increasing the yield and prolonging the high-yield period.
Mango grows well in the area with annual rainfall of 700-2000 mm, but the uneven distribution of annual rainfall in South China often affects its growth and development. If the air is too dry during flowering and early fruiting, it is easy to cause falling flowers and fruits; Too much rain leads to rotten flowers and poor pollination and fertilization; Too concentrated rainfall in summer often induces serious fruit diseases; Autumn drought after harvest mostly affects the germination and growth of autumn shoot mother branches.
Mango is not harsh on soil and can be planted in areas below 600 meters above sea level. However, loam or sandy loam with deep soil layer, underground water level below 3 meters, good drainage and slight acidity is better.
Distribution: Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces, born in hillsides, river valleys or sparse forests at an altitude of 200- 1350m. India, Bengal, zhina Peninsula and Malaysia. This species is widely cultivated all over the world, and has bred more than 100 varieties, and more than 40 varieties have been bred in China.
Extended data
cultivation techniques
1, planting mango in time.
Mango likes warm weather and has poor cold tolerance during its growth, so it needs to be prepared in the process of garden construction and planted in combination with the actual situation in the planting area. The ideal planting temperature is below the annual average temperature of 20℃, and there is no frost all year round. Before mango planting, it is necessary to build a garden in advance. Orchard construction needs to be close to water sources. In areas with good irrigation and drainage conditions, planting soil needs to be deep, with good soil quality and not easy to harden.
The planting time can be selected from August to 10 every year, whether it is rainy or cloudy. Before planting 1 month, measures should be taken to dig pits and apply base fertilizer, and the specific specifications of digging pits need to be mastered. The bottom is 60 cm wide, 70 cm deep and 80 cm wide. Apply appropriate farmyard manure and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to each pit. In the process of colonization, it is necessary to choose a suitable colonization method.
The survival rate of mango seedlings can be improved by preparing a solution with a corresponding concentration with strong rooting powder, and then soaking the roots of seedlings in the solution before planting. After planting, the roots should be thoroughly watered, then the soil should be compacted, the upper soil should be covered with plastic film, management measures should be strengthened, and seedlings should be replanted in time according to the actual growth of mango.
2. Reasonable close planting
Reasonable close planting measures should be taken to control the spacing between plants. At present, the plant spacing can be controlled at 4 m×4 m and 2.5 m× 4 m, which can be used in flat land and 2.4 m×3.5 m in sloping land under normal growth environment. In order to improve the income of mango planting, appropriate planting measures can be selected at the initial stage of planting, and the whole garden needs to be carried out after 3 ~ 5 years of growth.
3. Young tree management technology
At the growth stage of young trees, fertilizer and water management and pest control should be strengthened. After planting, the natural weather conditions should be analyzed, and watering measures should be taken in 5 ~ 7 days in dry season to ensure that the soil planted with tree trays remains moist. The main purpose of fertilization for young mango trees is to better promote the effective growth of plants, expand the crown area and lay the foundation for high yield of subsequent planting.
At this stage, growers need to apply nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in time and add appropriate amount of potassium fertilizer according to the actual growth of young trees. After the mango seedlings grow the second bud, topdressing measures are taken. In the first year of seedling growth, 20 ~ 25g urea should be applied to each young tree.
For young trees over one year old, 50 ~ 100 g urea should be applied to each tree. Planting managers can also take measures such as topdressing outside the roots, spraying urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution and foliar fertilizer with corresponding concentration according to the growth of young trees, so as to effectively promote the new shoots of young mango trees. Spray pesticides in time after the new buds are pulled out.
At present, the main pest that harms young trees is Noctuidae, which is actually harmful, so it is necessary to focus on prevention and control during planting, and drugs such as bromocyanic acid or cis-bromocyanic acid can be used for prevention and control; Trichlorfon can be selected for spraying aphids; The mixed solution of trichlorfon and omethoate can be used to spray leaf-cutting weevil and short-headed cicada. ?
4, fertilization management measures
After mango grows to fruiting stage, plants will consume more nutrients after bearing a large number of fruits, so relevant personnel need to take fertilization activities at this time to provide sufficient fertilizer for the growth of mango trees so as not to affect the overall yield of mango. According to the needs of soil fertilization, ring fertilization and furrow fertilization are selected.
Mango will enter the flower bud differentiation stage before flowering 1 month. Fertilization is needed before flower bud differentiation, and nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer can be applied, which can effectively promote flower bud differentiation of mango plants.
The actual fertilization amount needs to be about 20%, and urea and potassium chloride can be applied to each plant. Growers can combine foliar fertilization, choose the corresponding concentration of KH2PO4 solution for spraying, and spray it continuously after the foliar surface is covered with water droplets.
Mango trees consume more nutrients at flowering stage, so nitrogen fertilizer needs to be applied at flowering stage. Growers need to determine the specific fertilization time according to the actual growth of fruit trees and the basic morphology of plants. Fertilization is most suitable after bud appears in the terminal branches of mango trees. At this time, it is necessary to add an appropriate amount of fertilizer and spray borax and other solutions.
The amount of flower-promoting fertilizer should be enough to ensure the healthy growth of plants.
When mango trees wither, strong fruit fertilizer should be applied, and the fruit growth rate will be accelerated about 30 days after withering. At this time, growers need to add urea and potassium chloride as fruit-strengthening fertilizers according to the actual growth of each plant, which can be used together with phosphate fertilizer. In the fruiting period, mango itself will consume a lot of nutrients, so it needs to be supplemented with fertilizers in time to effectively promote the growth of mango trees.
Fertilization measures should be taken before fruit picking, and appropriate urea and potassium chloride should be applied according to the actual growth of each plant, which can better promote tree germination. Boron and calcium should be applied from flowering stage to young fruit stage of mango, and boric acid and calcium fertilizer should be applied before flowering 10 d and at full flowering stage to ensure pollination results of mango trees. ?
5. Integrated management of trees
Pruning mango trees can better promote fruit growth and fruiting, make the fruit trees develop in a balanced way, comprehensively improve the fruiting problems, comprehensively improve the overall yield of fruit trees, expand the economic benefits of planting, optimize the light transmission of mango trees, avoid various diseases and insect pests, and improve the overall quality of mango fruits. Pruning activities should be carried out after fruit picking, mainly short pruning, and mopping branches and branches with high density should be cut off.
In the growing period, pruning activities are mainly bud wiping and thinning activities, leaving 1~3 new shoots. Before flower bud differentiation, the branches with high growth density and poor growth position should be pruned by erasing measures.
The growth retardant paclobutrazol can be sprayed on the leaves of plants. The absorption of paclobutrazol during the growth of mango plants will effectively inhibit gibberellin synthesis, slow down the cell division of plants, and achieve the effect of controlling shoots and promoting flowers. In addition, spraying ethephon on the leaves of mango plants can promote mango flowering.
6, pest control
During the growth of mango trees, the main pests are striped moth, American white moth, longicorn beetle, fruit fly and so on. Among them, Spodoptera striata mainly harms the shoots and inflorescences of mango trees, which makes it difficult for mango to bear fruit effectively when it is actually harmed. It can be controlled by spraying chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate and other pesticides with corresponding concentration.
In addition, there are many diseases that endanger the stable growth of mango, mainly bacterial diseases such as anthracnose, powdery mildew, gummosis and angular leaf spot. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides mainly harms the tender shoots, flowers and fruits of mango. Powdery mildew mostly occurs in the flowering and fruiting period of mango, which will lead to falling flowers and leaves. In the process of cultivation management, copper oxychloride and thiophanate-methyl solution with corresponding concentrations can be selected for prevention and control.
Baidu encyclopedia-mango tree
Baidu encyclopedia-mango