Pruning is an important management measure to adjust nutrient distribution and utilization and improve yield and quality. Plastic surgery is done by pruning technology, and pruning must be carried out according to the requirements of plastic surgery. The general task is to prune the crown reasonably according to the tree nature and environmental conditions, so that young trees can quickly form a strong skeleton, with appropriate branch density and easy management, enter the high-yield period as soon as possible, maintain high and stable yield, prolong the full fruit period and economic life, improve fruit yield and quality, and achieve higher economic benefits. Although plastic pruning is one of the important measures to ensure high yield, it must be combined with soil, fertilizer, water management and pest control to play its greatest role.
(A) the concept
1. Plastic Surgery
Plastic surgery is to artificially make a tree into a certain shape to make its shape conform to its own growth and development characteristics. The purpose of shaping is to make the main lateral branches reasonably arranged in the crown to form a solid skeleton, which can bear the weight of high yield, make full use of space and light, reduce invalid branches, shorten the distance between the aboveground part and the underground part, and make the fruit trees bear three-dimensional fruits, grow sturdily and have high yield.
prune
Pruning branches (mechanical, chemical and physical methods), any method that can control the growth of fruit tree branches can be called pruning. Pruning is a measure to adjust the relationship between fruit tree growth and fruiting. It is necessary not only to complete the task of shaping, but also to coordinate the distribution of various branches, make full use of light conditions and adjust the distribution of nutrients, so that fruit trees can bear fruit early, bear fruit early, stabilize high yield, and prolong the full fruit period and economic life.
(B) the significance of plastic trimming
Plastic pruning can make fruit trees bear fruit early and control vegetative growth to reproductive growth; Extend the economic life (the length of economic high-yield period), reduce freezing injury and oxidation, slow down the aging of branches, change the transportation and distribution of substances, and make the ground more nutritious; Increase yield and overcome the phenomenon of big year and small year (big year and small year will reduce the life span of fruit trees); Improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the tree body, so that the light in the crown can reach the effective intensity and improve the quality; Reduce pests and diseases and improve stress resistance.
Second, the role and basis of plastic pruning
(A) the role
Trimming can adjust the relationship between fruit trees and the environment, make rational use of light energy and adapt to environmental conditions; Adjust the balance of all parts of trees and the contradiction between vegetative growth and reproductive growth; Adjust the physiological activities of trees.
1. Adjust the relationship between fruit trees and the environment
One of the important tasks of plastic pruning is to adjust the structure of individuals and groups, improve ventilation and light transmission, make full and reasonable use of space and light energy, and adjust the relationship between fruit trees and environmental factors such as temperature, soil and water, so that fruit trees can adapt to the environment and the environment is more conducive to the growth and development of fruit trees.
In mountainous dry land with poor soil and water shortage, it is advisable to control the flower amount with small crown and proper pruning to make it beneficial to dry land cultivation; In cold regions, apples, peaches, etc. Creeping and shaping, the grapes are trimmed in a fan shape, and there is no trunk, which is convenient for burying the soil in winter to prevent cold; In the northern areas where fruit trees are prone to freezing and drought, it is one of the effective methods to prevent freezing and drought by removing stones and enriching branches and buds in autumn and cutting immature branches before winter. In the places susceptible to late frost in spring, the influence of late frost on the yield can be alleviated to some extent by properly fixing the axillary buds of Vatalu on apples and pears and pruning them in summer to form secondary branches of apricot trees. Pear trees planted in Japan are shaped with horizontal scaffolding, which is beneficial to typhoon resistance. The above examples show that unfavorable environmental conditions such as soil, moisture, temperature and wind can be overcome to some extent through proper shaping and pruning.
Plastic pruning can adjust the individual and group structure of fruit trees, improve the lighting conditions, make the crown and lower part have suitable lighting, and make the tree up and down inside and out, showing a three-dimensional effect. From the tree's point of view, a happy shape is better than a tree with a central trunk. For the middle and large crown with trunk, the height and crown width of the tree should be controlled, and the appropriate thickness of leaf curtain should be maintained. Usually, the leaf curtain can be divided into 2 ~ 3 layers, and the distance between the leaf curtains can be kept at about 1m, so that light energy can directly penetrate into the crown and the ineffective area of photosynthesis can be minimized.
Increasing planting density and adopting small crown tree shape are beneficial to improve the utilization rate of light energy and increase the light reception on the surface. The thickness of the curtain is easy to control. If the density is too high, the lines will be connected, and the population structure will also form an invalid area. In addition, lighting conditions can be improved by opening corners, paying attention to thinning and strengthening summer pruning.