1, cutting

Selection and cutting of cuttings;

What kind of branches are best to cut in autumn? Generally speaking, we should choose branches, leaves and buds on mature plants, which are full and not affected by pests and diseases. It is best to choose sunny branches or branches with full leaf buds outside the crown. The tenderness of selected branches also has a certain influence on cutting. Too old and too young is not appropriate. Branches that are too old, cuttings are not easy to produce cross-sectional callus. Too tender branches have imperfect internal tissues, tender buds and leaves, and cannot store nutrients.

In the rainy season from May to June, select young mother trees and cut annual branches from the top, about 10cm long. Remove the lower blades, flatten the lower nodes with blades, leave 1 terminal buds and 2 ~ 3 blades at the top, and insert them into river sand or gravel medium with the insertion depth of 1/3~2/3. After transplanting, cover the grass curtain for shade, strengthen foliar spraying, keep the air humidity of the transplanting bed and promote rooting. In order to improve the survival rate of cuttings, cuttings can be soaked in 50 ~ 100 ppm ABT rooting powder solution for 8 ~ 12 hours.

How to reproduce by all-light cutting;

Under a certain air humidity, camellia can carry out rootless photosynthesis, produce nutrients, and promote the rapid healing of the basal tissue of cuttings and the survival of hair roots by using sunlight and irradiation.

(1) Cutting seedbed Seedbed is generally made of bricks, with a height of 30cm, a length of 200m and a width of 80cm. According to the number of cuttings, the size of seedbed can be changed appropriately.

(2) In general, the best cutting time is from mid-June to mid-July every year.

At this time, the cuttings are in the semi-lignification stage, and the branches are rich in nutrition. Temperature and humidity are also suitable. The survival rate after cutting is relatively improved. However, the summer shoots on camellia mother plants generally mature late and cannot be taken immediately.

(3) Cuttings used to propagate camellia should be branches free from pests and diseases, and the length is about 8 cm. There are 1-2 leaves on the branches, which are beneficial to photosynthesis after cutting.

(4) Management after camellia cutting: Camellia cutting adopts full light spraying, and a nozzle is installed 2 meters above the seedbed. If possible, a timing switch can be installed next to the nozzle, which can make it spray automatically and turn off automatically. If only nozzles are installed, they should be managed manually. Generally, it is open in the sun, closed at sunset and closed when it rains.

This management generally takes half a month to take root and one and a half months to transplant. The main factor that determines the rooting speed of camellia is the amount of nutrients in branches and their transformation ability. How to promote its transformation is determined by external factors-light, medium and air humidity.

* Illumination: The branches and leaves of cuttings can continue to make nutrients through photosynthesis and supply them to plants.

* Spraying: It can keep the cutting leaves moist and avoid water shortage caused by rootlessness.

* Medium: It can keep the humidity and darkness of the underground part of the cuttings. Promote the regulation of physiological tissue of camellia branches.

* At the same time, prevent radicle from rotting due to excessive humidity. So the medium should be loose.

2. Transplantation method

Selecting healthy seedlings or camellia varieties which are easy to survive by cutting as rootstocks, cutting at a distance of 4-5cm from the ground, splitting through pith to a depth of about1.5cm, using 1-2-year-old branches as scions, leaving 1-2 leaves on the upper part of the scion, cutting the lower part into wedges, and inserting into the split part of the rootstocks.

The arcs on both sides should be closely connected, and then tied with plastic tape.

After management, put a plastic bag on the scion and tie it with a belt below, but not too tight, so that water drops can form in the bag and drip on the rootstock continuously. Then add a packaging paper bag outside the plastic bag to block the direct sunlight.

Camellia belongs to the evergreen shrub of Theaceae, but the growth rate is slow whether it is cutting or ring propagation, and it usually takes three or four years at the earliest to form and be viewed in potted plants. In recent years, Camellia oleifera has been grafted with high stock in southern China, and the survival rate is over 90%. When the new buds grow to 50 cm, they can bloom within two years. Grafting technology is introduced as follows:

1, rootstock selection: Camellia sinensis and Camellia oleifera belong to the same family, with strong affinity, strong adaptability, fast growth and strong germination ability. Therefore, it is best to choose Camellia oleifera with strong growth, no pests and diseases and many branches as rootstock.

2. Selection of scions: scions should choose excellent clones and branches in the middle and upper part of the crown. Camellia should choose branches with vigorous growth, full axillary buds, normal leaf color and no pests and diseases. In summer, spring shoots of the current year are used, and in autumn, spring shoots or summer shoots of the current year are used as scions. Put it away in a basin or cup filled with water in the morning to avoid dehydration and dryness. It is best to pick the scion at the same time to avoid carrying shady branches, old branches and diseases and pests.

3. Grafting time: In order to improve the grafting survival rate, rootstocks must be grafted in the vigorous period of water and nutrient swimming absorption, usually from May to September. According to the test results, June-July is the best grafting time. At this time, the temperature is suitable, the camellia oleifera scion has been lignified, and the transplanted camellia oleifera rootstock seedlings have survived, and the grafting survival rate can reach 90%.

4. Grafting method: First, the anvil is broken. 2-4 main branches with different directions, straight stems, smooth skin and no pests and diseases are selected as grafting rootstocks for each camellia oleifera. Cut off the rhizome at 40-80 cm from the ground to prevent it from tearing when it is broken, and polish the incision slightly after it is broken. 2-3 branches of each tree are reserved for nutrition and shade, and most branches are sawed off. The second is to cut the anvil. According to the size and length of the scion, cut it with a single-sided knife at the broken part of the rootstock, with some xylem. If more than two scions are to be grafted on the rootstock, cut two knives in parallel on both sides of the rootstock. The orientation of anvil cutting edge should consider the growth direction of new branches after grafting, and the tree shape that is conducive to the formation of camellia is appropriate. The third is to splice the ear. Put the cuttings of the scion on the board, hold the cuttings with one hand, and use the single-sided blade with the other hand to cut a knife directly from 3-5 mm below the base of the bud on the opposite side of the bud, with a section of 2 cm, slightly seeing xylem, and inclining inward to the pith of the base of the scion. Cut a short cut at the base of the other side of the scion, cut it into a slope of 20-30 degrees, and cut it 5 mm above the bud to form a scion of 1 bud 1 leaf. Leave 1 leaves on the scion (big leaves leave 1/2-2/3 leaves). Cut the scion and put it in clear water for later use. The fourth is to insert the scion. The long section of the scion is inward, and the skin-to-skin (cambium-to-cambium) is inserted into the incision of the rootstock, and then the incision skin of the rootstock is covered on the short section of the scion to make the two skins fit well. The fifth is to tie the scion. Tie the joint with plastic film tape with the width of 1- 1.5 cm from top to bottom, pay attention to prevent the scion from moving and keep it moist.

5. Post-grafting management

(1) trunk: the healing should be observed in time 20-30 days after transplantation. For the healed plants, the original trunk of the rootstock should be sawed off with a small saw at the scion 2-3 cm and kept downward. Generally, it is not necessary to cut off the trunk immediately, because the scion has not been able to absorb nutrients. The remaining trunk will continue to absorb the water and nutrients needed for scion growth. After 70 days, the axillary buds of the scion will begin to sprout, and then all the trunks can be cut off.

⑵ Release: After the axillary bud of the scion grows, the original sealed and bandaged film can be released. About 20 days, cut off the tight bandage to make it grow and develop normally.

⑶ Bud grafting: There are many sprouting branches on the rootstock grafted with high stock, which grow fast. Bud grafting must be removed in time, otherwise it will affect the growth of scions, resulting in slow growth or withering. In addition to germination, it is necessary to wait until the scion growth is dominant.

⑷ Shaping: After the grafting survives, it should be properly shaped. According to the needs of camellia tree shape and branch position, it should be bound with ropes for directional shaping.

3. Bud cuttings

Take each bud node as a section, keep a leaf, about 1.5cm long, obliquely cut the lower part, and then insert it into the culture medium, the depth of which shall be subject to covering the branches. This method can make full use of branches and is suitable for mass propagation.

1, planted in the open air

1) The soil is fertile, slightly acidic and well drained, with a PH value of 5.5-6.

2) The planting time is from February to March, and seedlings are mainly planted in spring; The planting effect is better in autumn after 1 1 month.

3) Fertilizing Camellia doesn't like fertilizer. Generally, it is applied 2-4 times before flowering (10 ~1month) and after flowering (April-May). Fertilizer mainly adopts compound fertilizer and compost, with appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer; The principle of fertilization is to apply more fertilizer. There are many strong seedlings and few or none weak seedlings.

4) Camellia grows slowly and is not suitable for intensity pruning; The crown develops evenly, so it doesn't need special pruning, just cut off the branches of diseases and pests, too dense branches, weak branches and virtual branches. Newly planted seedlings can also be trimmed moderately to ensure survival. Bud picking is an important part of cultivation management. Generally, each branch leaves at most 3 buds and keeps a certain distance, which can reduce excessive nutrient consumption of plants and affect flowering. The flowering period of camellia lasts for half a year, so it is of great benefit to remove wilting flowers in time, reduce nutrient consumption and enhance tree vigor.

5) Pest control and intertillage weeding The main diseases of camellia are brown spot, yellowing and parasitic mosses on branches. The pest is red spider. All kinds of scale insects and moths. Rose sawfly, etc. The occurrence of pests and diseases has greatly affected the vitality and ornamental value of trees. The prevention and control methods are as follows: spraying Bordeaux solution before spring germination, and spraying once every half month thereafter, paying attention to drainage and fertilization, removing damaged leaves and burning. Yellowing disease is mainly caused by the lack of trace elements in soil, and it can be prevented and controlled by frequent application of ferrous sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution. Spraying turpentine mixture and strengthening ventilation to control red spiders and various scale insects. All kinds of thorn moths, rose sawflies, etc. Spray 40% omethoate with 400 ~ 155 times or 80% dichlorvos EC with 1000 ~ 1200 times respectively. Intertillage weeding and cleaning the garden can also effectively control pests and diseases, enhance tree vigor and make flowers hypertrophy. Six to seven intertillages should be carried out throughout the year.

2. Potted plants

1) The basin soil is a slightly acidic, loose and fertile mixed soil, and the proportion of mixed soil is 6 parts of garden soil, 3 parts of loose humus soil and 2 parts of sandy soil.

2) Pot made of clay is the best choice for cultivating pots. The size ratio of pots to seedlings is: Camellia seedlings are 40-50 cm in height, 20-25 cm in crown width and 20-25 cm in diameter. Other sizes and so on. Purple sand pots for commercial seedlings are better, which can improve the ornamental effect.

3) Selection of potted seedlings: The plants grow healthily, the trunk and single trunk have no branches, the crown is beautiful, the leaves are light green, and there are no pests and diseases.

4) Water management of newly planted seedlings. Water the seedlings thoroughly for the first time, and water them frequently within 2 months to keep the soil moist. In the future, water will be like other potted plants. The frequency depends on the climate to keep the soil moist. Water more in spring to meet the needs of MengMeng; It should be in the morning and evening in summer, prevent water accumulation in rainy season, water in time in autumn drought, prevent freezing in winter and water at noon.

5) Shading and cold-proof camellia should be given enough sunshine in spring and rainy season, and shading and cooling should be done in summer and autumn; When the temperature drops to zero in winter, you need to move indoors to keep out the cold.

6) The control of flowering period is mainly through variety selection, temperature control, hormone treatment and other means to achieve the purpose of early flowering or delayed flowering. For example, in order to delay flowering, late flowering varieties can be selected, and low temperature control (refrigeration above 2 ~ 3 degrees, storage of wrapped cold-proof plants) can delay flowering in January. In order to make it bloom early, it is necessary to choose varieties that bloom early, such as small powder, snow tower and scenery all around, and then apply heavy fertilizer and hormone treatment. The method is to stop the growth of camellia in spring. After the flower buds are formed, heavy fertilizer should be applied to make the shoots mature as soon as possible and stop growing. In mid-July or early August, apply 500 ~ 1000 ppm gibberellin to flower buds with a brush once every three days, and add reasonable water and fertilizer; Gibberellin should be applied in September according to the hypertrophy of flower buds. If it can't meet the requirements, it should be applied several times, supplemented by water spraying and topdressing, so that the flower buds will grow rapidly and bloom from late September to165438+1October.

7) Floating seedling raising is a common technology in agricultural production, which is often used to cultivate tobacco seedlings and other crops. However, this technology has been used to cultivate camellia seedlings in Dali. In the past, rootstock was an essential material for Camellia oleifera breeding. In order to plant Camellia oleifera on a large scale, enough East China tea and Camellia oleifera are needed as grafting rootstocks. However, rootstock seedlings have to be purchased from other places. Slowly, there are fewer and fewer rootstock seedlings on the market, and the price is getting higher and higher, which is far from meeting the needs of large-scale planting of camellia.

After the success of the floating seedling raising experiment, only one bud of the rootstock seedling needs to be inserted into the culture medium, and a strong rootstock seedling for transplanting can be grown in one or two months, with a survival rate of over 95% and a very fast propagation speed. A greenhouse can cultivate tens of thousands of rootstock seedlings every year.

8) The habit of camellia, the requirement for light, is to like semi-shade and avoid the scorching sun. When cultivated in Shanghai and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, it is necessary to prevent sun exposure in summer and autumn, especially some precious camellia from Yunnan, such as Crown, Flower Pearl and Eighteen Singles. Otherwise, it is easy to cause white burning of leaves, that is, irregular focal spots of different sizes, just like the problems mentioned in the letter. So this problem did not appear a few years ago, but in the same place, in the same summer this year, why did this happen? In this regard, one of the reasons is that the hot and scorching sun in Shanghai this summer came earlier than in previous years. The new leaves that have just grown are not completely aging, but they are exposed to the sudden strong sunlight and can't stand it, so there are burnt spots. Another reason may be that the environment has changed. For example, in the past, there were other trees on the slope for shade, and camellia was in a semi-shady environment in summer. This year, the trees planted beside Camellia were pruned, which reduced or lost the shading conditions in summer, aggravated or aggravated the burn degree of Camellia leaves, and thus more scorched spots appeared.

What about the dried leaves? It is impossible to change it from dry to green. If it remains on the tea tree, it will affect the overall appreciation value. The only way is to cut off the dead leaves step by step with the passage of time, combined with tree pruning.

Autumn cutting and old branch grafting of camellia;

Autumn cuttage in the home potted Camellia Capital is generally carried out from September to 65438+ 10. It is best to use branches left over from summer for autumn planting, because these new branches are semi-lignified, which can fully meet the energy needs of their healing and rooting. Therefore, some varieties will take root in the same year, but generally they can't send branches in the same year, and they can't send branches and leaves until next spring. In winter, measures should be taken to prevent cold and drought and strengthen management.

Grafting of Camellia oleifera is a very important mode of production in Camellia oleifera industry. Grafting the buds or branches of an excellent camellia variety to another camellia plant with root system, so that the branches of this excellent camellia variety can get the nutrition of rootstock and grow into an independent camellia variety.

Winter maintenance of camellia;

Camellia is one of the famous flowers in China, which is native to southern provinces. It is colorful and changeable, open in the Spring Festival and deeply loved by people. In winter, we should pay attention to the following points:

Light. Camellia is a semi-negative flower, which needs to be shaded by a shed in summer. After beginning of autumn, the temperature dropped, and camellia entered the flower bud differentiation stage, so the whole plant should gradually receive sufficient light. In winter, it should be placed in a sunny place indoors. If the indoor light is too weak, camellia will grow poorly and be prone to pests and diseases.

Temperature. Camellia likes warmth and is afraid of cold. The indoor temperature should not be lower than 5℃. If appropriate other measures are taken indoors at the temperature of 10℃ to 15℃, the Spring Festival can also bloom and the flowering period can last until March. Humidity. In winter, it is generally dry indoors, so we should often spray water on the leaves of camellia to form a humid microclimate. But avoid spraying water in rainy days.

Water it. Watering in winter depends on the indoor temperature, usually once every three days. Keep the soil moist, and avoid accumulating water or pouring half water. Tap water should be put in a bucket for a day or two to allow chlorine to evaporate. It is best to put 1% ferrous sulfate in the water to improve the water quality.

Fertilize. Camellia likes to be fat. Generally, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied at the bottom of the basin when putting or changing the basin. In autumn and winter, due to the rapid development of flower buds, decomposed light liquid fertilizer should be poured once a week and topdressing 1 to 2 times of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Too much nitrogen fertilizer is easy to scorch the flower buds, and it can be applied less or not after flowering.

How is the morbidness of lacking various elements manifested?

The growth, development and flowering of camellia need various elements as nutrients. However, most camellia lovers only know about watering and fertilizing, and seldom know that many pathological conditions of camellia are caused by the lack of certain elements. This is a brief introduction:

(1) Nitrogen deficiency indicates the growth of camellia branches and leaves. Enough nitrogen fertilizer is needed, otherwise the branches and leaves will not flourish. If nitrogen fertilizer is lacking in the prosperous period, the old leaves of Camellia will turn yellow. If there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, camellia will show too many branches and leaves, leading to sterility of flower buds. Therefore, proper fertilization is an important part of camellia cultivation.

(2) Phosphorus deficiency is the main nutrient for flowering and fruiting of camellia. If the phosphorus fertilizer is insufficient, the flower buds will weaken, the flowers will shrink, and in severe cases, the buds will drop. Insufficient phosphate fertilizer also affects the formation and proliferation of camellia cells. Therefore, camellia plants grow slowly and their old leaves are dark purple.

(3) Potassium deficiency can promote the health of Camellia oleifera stems and enhance external resistance. Once plants lack such elements, their pathological manifestations are: the tip and edge of leaves are scorched, the leaves are wrinkled and the old leaves are yellow.

(4) Expression of Iron Deficiency Once the Camellia plants are deficient in iron, their pathological manifestations are: Camellia plants lack vitality, their leaves turn from green to yellow, then turn pale, and their branches and leaves grow slowly.

(5) Performance of sulfur deficiency If the camellia plants lack sulfur fertilizer, the color of the leaves will change from dark green to grayish white.

(6) Magnesium deficiency is an important component of chlorophyll. If camellia leaves lack such elements, the center and edge of the leaves will turn green and white, and white spots will appear on the veins.

(7) The lack of calcium indicates that calcium can promote the growth of young roots of camellia. If the content of calcium in the soil is insufficient, the performance of Camellia is: the young leaves lose their green color, the leaf edges curl up and white stripes appear.

(8) Boron deficiency means that the potted soil is deficient in boron, the leaves of Camellia turn green and white, the leaves are curled, and the terminal buds are not long.

(9) Zinc deficiency means that there is insufficient zinc in Camellia leaves, and its pathological manifestations are: Camellia leaves turn yellow, sometimes white spots appear, branches are soft and leaves are thin.

(10) The lack of cobalt in camellia leaves showed that the color of the leaves changed from green to light, and the whole leaves bent upward, but not curled.

It is found that camellia lacks some elements from (1) to (4), so it should be supplemented by fertilization in time. If some elements from (5) to (10) are lacking, there is no need to simply supplement fertilizer, because the demand for these trace elements and camellia is not great, and it can be solved by turning over the pots and replacing the soil, because these trace elements are all in the new soil.

The song of raising camellia:

1. Acid humus soil, flying with flowers; If saline-alkali land is used, ten plants should be supplemented.

2. The ground planting should be high, and the shallow planting should be breathable; There is water in the lowlands, but there is no cure for rotten roots.

3. big pot seedlings. Pot soil is hard to dry; Camellia will die if the roots are wet and rotten for a long time.

4. If you don't water or do it, the water seepage can be seen; If you pour it randomly at ordinary times, the camellia will pour half.

If you want to spend fresh flowers, sparse buds are in time. Keep one branch, bloom every year.

6. Apply nitrogen fertilizer in spring to promote new leaves, apply phosphorus fertilizer in summer to promote bud pregnancy, apply potassium fertilizer in autumn to strengthen branches, and fertilize soil and water in winter.

7. Heavy fat and water are the source of the disease, and thin fat and green flowers; Fertilization is thin in hot summer, and it is safest to deduct fertilizer in severe winter.

8. Camellia is a fleshy root with loose soil and vibrating leaves. Porous earthen pots are good for planting flowers, but the water stored in magnetic pots will suffer from plague.

9. Take the pot of the four seasons seriously and don't turn it next season; Most avoid the moon and the basin, in vain, especially being spent.

10. During the winter dormancy period of camellia, stomata are closed, breathing is slight, roots do not absorb water, soil is moist, leaves do not transpiration, and water is needed.

In winter, soil evaporation is less, so it is most suitable to adhere to fertilizer and water.

1 1. Pay attention to the early frost in autumn, and the fresh branches and leaves will be destroyed; The tender buds germinate in warm spring, which is more resistant to the disasters caused by late frost.

12. Don't put tea outdoors in winter, because it is easy to be polluted due to poor ventilation; There is little ice in the south of the Yangtze River, so it can be placed under the eaves facing south.

Flowers.