Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence), the English abbreviation is AI. It is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, technologies and application systems for simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that can respond in a manner similar to human intelligence. Research in this field includes robotics, language recognition, image recognition, Natural language processing and expert systems, etc.

Artificial intelligence, the English word artilect, comes from the works of Hugo de Garis. The term "artificial intelligence" was first proposed at the Dartmouth Society in 1956. Since then, researchers have developed numerous theories and principles, and the concept of artificial intelligence has also expanded. Artificial intelligence is an extremely challenging science, and people engaged in this work must understand computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is a very broad science, which consists of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc. Generally speaking, a main goal of artificial intelligence research is to enable machines to perform tasks that usually require human intelligence. Complex work. But different times and different people have different understandings of this "complex work". For example, heavy scientific and engineering calculations were originally undertaken by the human brain. Now computers can not only complete such calculations, but can also do them faster and more accurately than the human brain. Therefore, contemporary people no longer regard such calculations as Work is "a complex task that requires human intelligence to complete." It can be seen that the definition of complex work changes with the development of the times and the advancement of technology. The science of artificial intelligence The specific goals will naturally evolve with the changes of the times. On the one hand, it continues to make new progress, and on the other hand, it turns to more meaningful and difficult goals. At present, the main material means that can be used to study artificial intelligence and the machine that can realize artificial intelligence technology are computers. The history of the development of artificial intelligence is linked to the history of the development of computer science and technology. In addition to computer science, artificial intelligence also involves information theory, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, mathematical logic, linguistics, medicine, philosophy and other disciplines. The main contents of artificial intelligence subject research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search methods, machine learning and knowledge acquisition, knowledge processing systems, natural language understanding, computer vision, intelligent robots, automatic programming, etc. Practical applications of machine vision: fingerprint recognition, face recognition, retinal recognition, iris recognition, palmprint recognition, expert system, intelligent search, theorem proving, gaming, automatic programming, and aerospace applications, etc. ?Discipline Scope Artificial Intelligence is a frontier subject that belongs to the intersection of natural science and social science. Involving the disciplines of philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiology, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, uncertainty theory, bionics, research scope natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, Knowledge acquisition, combinatorial scheduling problems, perception problems, pattern recognition, logic programming, soft computing, imprecise and uncertain management, artificial life, neural networks, complex systems, genetic algorithms, human thinking methods, application fields, intelligent control, expert systems, Robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming, robot factory safety issues, artificial intelligence are still under research, but some scholars believe that it is very dangerous for computers to have IQ, and it may rebel against humans. This hidden danger has also occurred in many movies.

Two ways to implement artificial intelligence

There are two different ways to implement artificial intelligence on computers. One is to use traditional programming techniques to make the system appear intelligent, regardless of whether the methods used are the same as those used by human or animal organisms. This method is called the Engineering approach, and it has produced results in some fields, such as text recognition and computer chess playing. The other is the modeling approach, which not only depends on the effect, but also requires the implementation method to be the same or similar to the method used by humans or biological organisms. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) introduced in this book both belong to the latter type. Genetic algorithms simulate the genetic-evolutionary mechanism of humans or organisms, while artificial neural networks simulate the activity of nerve cells in the brains of humans or animals. In order to obtain the same intelligent effect, both methods can usually be used. Using the former method requires manual detailed specification of program logic, which is convenient if the game is simple. If the game is complex and the number of characters and activity space increase, the corresponding logic will be very complicated (increasing exponentially), and manual programming will be very cumbersome and error-prone. Once an error occurs, the original program must be modified, recompiled, debugged, and finally a new version or a new patch provided to the user, which is very troublesome.

When using the latter method, the programmer needs to design an intelligent system (a module) for each character to control. This intelligent system (module) does not understand anything at first, just like a newborn baby, but it can learn and can Gradually adapt to the environment and cope with various complex situations. This kind of system often makes mistakes in the beginning, but it can learn lessons and correct them the next time it is run. At least it will not make mistakes forever and there will be no need to release new versions or apply patches. Using this method to implement artificial intelligence requires programmers to have biological thinking methods, which makes it more difficult to get started. But once you get in, it can be widely used. Since this method does not require detailed regulations on the character's activity rules when programming, it is usually more labor-saving than the previous method when applied to complex problems.

Definition

The definition of artificial intelligence can be divided into two parts, namely "artificial intelligence" and "intelligence". "Artificial" is easier to understand and less controversial. Sometimes we have to consider what is possible for humans to create, or whether humans are intelligent enough to create artificial intelligence, etc. But in general, "artificial systems" are artificial systems in the usual sense. There are many questions about what “intelligence” is. This involves other issues such as consciousness, self, mind (including unconscious_mind), etc. The only intelligence that people understand is the intelligence of the person himself, which is a generally accepted view. However, Our understanding of our own intelligence is very limited, and we also have a limited understanding of the necessary elements that constitute human intelligence, so it is difficult to define what “artificial” intelligence is. Therefore, the research on artificial intelligence often involves human intelligence. The study of intelligence itself. Other intelligence related to animals or other artificial systems are also generally considered to be research topics related to artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is currently receiving more and more attention in the field of computers, and is used in robots, economic and political decision-making, and control. Professor Nelson from the famous Stanford University Artificial Intelligence Research Center defined artificial intelligence as follows: "Artificial intelligence is a subject about knowledge - how to represent knowledge and how to obtain and use knowledge. Science.” Another professor from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Winston, believes: “Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do intelligent work that only humans could do in the past.” These statements reflect the basic ideas and principles of the artificial intelligence discipline. Basic content. That is, artificial intelligence is the study of the laws of human intelligent activities, the construction of artificial systems with certain intelligence, and the study of how to let computers complete tasks that previously required human intelligence, that is, the study of how to use computer software and hardware to simulate humans. The basic theories, methods and technologies of certain intelligent behaviors. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science and has been known as one of the world's three cutting-edge technologies (space technology, energy) since the 1970s. technology, artificial intelligence). It is also considered one of the three cutting-edge technologies in the 21st century (genetic engineering, nanoscience, artificial intelligence). This is because it has developed rapidly in many disciplines. It has been widely used and achieved fruitful results. Artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch and has become a system of its own both in theory and practice. Artificial intelligence is the study of using computers to simulate certain thinking processes and behaviors of humans. The discipline of intelligent behavior (such as learning, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.) mainly includes the principles of computer realization of intelligence and the creation of computers similar to human brain intelligence, so that computers can achieve higher-level applications. Artificial intelligence will involve computer science. , psychology, philosophy, linguistics and other disciplines. It can be said that almost all disciplines of natural science and social science, its scope has far exceeded the scope of computer science. The relationship between artificial intelligence and thinking science is a relationship between practice and theory. Artificial intelligence is at the technical application level of thinking science and is an application branch of it. From a thinking point of view, artificial intelligence is not limited to logical thinking. Only by considering image thinking and inspirational thinking can the breakthrough development of artificial intelligence be promoted. Mathematics is often used. It is considered to be the basic science of many disciplines. Mathematics has also entered the fields of language and thinking. Artificial intelligence disciplines must also borrow mathematical tools. Mathematics not only plays a role in standard logic, fuzzy mathematics, etc., but mathematics has entered the artificial intelligence disciplines, and they will promote each other. Grow faster.

Edit this brief history

The legend of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development of electronic computers since 1941, technology has finally been able to create machine intelligence, " The term "artificial intelligence" was first proposed at the Dartmouth Society in 1956. Since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, and the concept of artificial intelligence has also expanded. In its short history , the development of artificial intelligence is slower than expected, but it has been moving forward. From its emergence 40 years ago to the present, many AI programs have appeared, and they have also affected the development of other technologies.