The official position of a doctor
Dr. d? Senior officials of feudal society in China
Ancient official names. In the vassal States after the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were three levels of monarchs: Qing, doctor and scholar. Doctor? Hereditary, and fiefs. Later, the doctor became the name of the general.
If you are alone, the doctor is guilty. ? Zuozhuan? Thirty-three years of Xi Gong
Ancient official names. In the pre-Qin vassal States, there were three levels under the monarch: Qing, doctor and scholar. Doctors are hereditary and have fiefs. Later generations took the doctor as their general official position. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the title of doctor was senior rank. Senior civil servants in Ming and Qing Dynasties were called doctors and military commanders. Qing? Qian's Introduction to the Southern Expedition: Linguistically speaking, climbing can empower, but can you be a doctor? , its "should be (the son of Yuan Keli)?
In Song Huizong, when the rank is rearranged, it is placed among medical officials. Doctor? Rank, so it is still called a doctor today. Officials in Ming and Qing dynasties did not need doctors as official names.
Cite as evidence
1. Ancient official names.
In the Zhou Dynasty, there were ministers, doctors and scholars under the monarch. Each class is divided into upper, middle and lower levels. Later, I became an official doctor. There were still ancient Jinshi and Shumi in Tang and Song Dynasties, but they were abolished in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
2. Ancient titles.
For example, in the Qin and Han dynasties, titles were divided into men's scholars and superiors, among which doctors ranked fifth, official doctors ranked sixth, official doctors ranked seventh and five doctors ranked ninth. See Hanshu? Guan Bai gong Qing Biao During the Sui, Tang, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Dr. Guanglu and Dr. Rong Lu were both civil servants, specially used for giving gifts.
3. Respect for craftsmen. "Kyoto popular novels? Rolling jade Guanyin:? Ask your mother-in-law, and ask the doctor across the hall to speak. ?
history
origin
Doctors have a long history, as early as the Xia Dynasty (The Book of Rites said:? There are one hundred officials in Xia Houshi, and the Emperor of Heaven has three officials, nine ministers, twenty-seven doctors and eighty-one scholars. ? )。 After Zhou, officials, ministers, doctors, scholars and other officials appeared. Is it a new concept scholar-bureaucrat that appeared during the Warring States Period? . Before that, doctors ranked behind doctors. Are the Warring States classics still in hierarchical order? Doctor? . Xunzi? "Book of Rites" contains: A doctor has a regular family. ? "Lu Chunqiu? "Shang Nong" contains: Therefore, the emperor personally led the princes to cultivate the emperor's land, and doctors and scholars all made achievements. ? On the surface, scholar-officials and scholar-officials are just reversed, which actually reflects a major change: scholar-officials emphasize hierarchy; Scholar-bureaucrat refers to the stratum, which is characterized by a mixture of intellectuals and bureaucrats. In short, no matter before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a doctor refers to a person with a certain official position and title, and his social status is higher than that of a scholar. Why are scholars often crowned before doctors since the Warring States Period? This is the result of the rise of bureaucracy and the talent of scholars. Some people who came from a scholar rose to the top with their own talents, and a group of well-dressed figures appeared. On the other hand, doctors in the Warring States period are different from those in the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors were mostly enfeoffed by clansmen and hereditary. Doctors in the Warring States period are evolving into a position and title in the bureaucratic system. Most doctors are no longer enfeoffed by clans, nor are they generally hereditary. Most of them are driven by scholars. "Scholar-bureaucrat" is the conceptual reflection of the above situation. From the perspective of the times, this concept became popular only after the mid-Warring States period.
Look from the connotation, the scholar-officials mainly include the following two aspects:
One refers to officials and people with positions. "Zhou Li? Examination "cloud:? Sitting and talking about the Tao is called a maharaja. People in your line of work are called literati. ? In modern terms, a scholar-bureaucrat is a functional official. Mozi? Three debates and criticisms? Scholar-officials are tired of treatment? . This refers to all officials. Warring States policy? Two years of Qin ce:? Congratulations to all scholars. ? The scholar-officials here refer to the ministers and kings of the Chu court. Xunzi? Wang Ba:? Farmers plough the fields, Jia sells the goods, and the scholars listen to them. ? Scholar-officials here refer to all the people on the job.
Jundao says:? Only by putting morality first and appointing people on their merits can people do their own things well. The upper sages make it three, the second sages make it a vassal, and the lower sages make it a scholar-bureaucrat, so it is also obvious. ? Scholar-officials refer to officials below the governor. Civilian called scholar-officials, military attache also called scholar-officials, "Xunzi? The discussion of soldiers contains:? The drum will die, the bridle will die, the officials will die, and the literati will die. ? "Woods? Shi Li:? So (Wei) Wuhou set up a temple for a trio of literati. ?
kind
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the title of doctor was senior rank. Senior civil servants in Qing Dynasty were called doctors, while Wu Zhi was called doctors. During Song Huizong's administration, when the ranks were rearranged, were there any differences between medical officials? Doctor? The following ranks, so it is still called a doctor today. Ming? Chen Jiru's The Story of Fujie Temple: (Yuan Keli) Gai was a treasure minister of the first dynasty, and later he set an example for the source of bachelor's and doctor's degree. ?
Basic meaning
From the warring States period? Doctor? There are many meanings.
First of all, talk about the relationship between doctors and professional titles. Is doctor in the Warring States period a special title? From some materials, there is no doubt about it, and look at the following records:
? Shu Ren must never be right (arbitrary), and some scholars are right; Scholars are not always right, and doctors are also right; Doctors can't always be right. Is there a Shu Ren described here by a vassal? Scholar? Doctor? The vassal sequence can be regarded as both an administrative system and a hierarchical sequence.
? In ancient times, there were ceremonies such as nobility and inferiority, and going up and down. The emperor's coffin weighs seven times, the prince five times, the doctor three times and the scholar twice. The emperor's coffin weighs ten times, the vassal weighs five times, the doctor weighs three times and the scholar is heavier. ? These systems do not necessarily refer to the Warring States period, but they show that doctors are still a specific level.
Mozi? When talking about the disaster year, the Seventh Epidemic pointed out: the monarch eats five fifths of the food (Sun Yirang said: five is the mistake of three), and the doctor is in the county, but the scholar does not enter. ? Explain that doctors are in the same class.
"pipe? "Li Zheng" contains: doctors dare not use temples, officials dare not use the DPRK, and their lives are limited to belts. " ? (What about Yi? Mencius was a man in the mid-Warring States period. He buried his mother in a different way from his father. His mother used three pots and his father used five pots. Why? Before the doctor and after the doctor? . This example shows that there is a clear hierarchy between doctors and doctors.
Mencius said:? If killing the scholar is not guilty, the doctor can go; If you kill someone without feeling guilty, you can move. ? Xunzi said:? The king enriches the people, the bully Fuji, and the only doctor who is rich in the country. ? People, scholars and doctors are divided into three different grades.
Judging from the above materials, in the eyes of people at that time, doctor was a specific title. So Mencius said:? Or doctor, this man is also a knight. ? The title of doctor is between public officials and scholars. Doctor, as a title, is a broader rank, which is divided into different sub-ranks. The sub-ranks of doctor appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, but in the Warring States period, the situation was more complicated. The names of these sub-levels are as follows:
Doctor Wu: In the State of Qin, Doctor Wu ranked ninth among 20 grades. In addition, Wei, Zhao and Chu also have five doctors. Dr. Wu is a senior title among doctors. "Shang junshu" Domestic "includes:? Just these five doctors, the tax city is 300. ? Five doctors can lead troops to fight, "Historical Records? "Qin Shiji, forty-five years, make? Five Wonders Attack Korea Ten Cities? . Biographies of Fan Sui and Cai Ze: Make the Five Heroes pacify Wei. ? The tomb also led a division to attack Zhao for five people. Warring States policy? "Wei Zesi" records five great men in the state of Wei: Xin Lingjun made people call them An Lingjun: I'll treat you as five people and make you the captain. ? Warring States policy? Third, Zhao also has five doctors: Jian Xinjun said? Qin made people an official, served the prime minister of the country (note: the ambassador is the official subordinate of the prime minister), and was a knight of the Five Heroes. ? "Lu Chunqiu? After reading it for a long time, Chu is also among the five great men. Where is Chu? Awareness (refers to amaranth? ) Five husbands? . Warring States policy? "Chu Ce Yi" contains: Chu said that the king of Chu would take Zhao away. King and five husbands, and make private. ? In addition, "Mozi? There are orders? Give the knight five points? The language. Doctor Shang: Also known as Dr. Guo, Dr. Chang and Dr. Lie. Zhao, Wei and Qi all have it. Historical records? Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: The prince of Zhao believed that the virtuous doctor would not insult the princes and worshipped him as a doctor. ? Historical records? Tian finished his family, Mr. Qi? They are all given the first place, for the sake of being a doctor. . ? See a doctor? Also called? Dr. Lie , "Historical Records? Mr. Qi from The Biography of Meng Xun? Since Chunyu Kun, all people have been ordered to be doctors? . Do you have the seal of Qi State? On the doctor's decree? . Wei also has a doctor. Yin Wenzizai: Wang Wei gave Jade Man 1000 yuan, and he ate the doctor's money for a long time. ? "Lu Chunqiu? Shen Xiao recorded that Wu Qi rewarded people? Dr Zhang? . G: Dr. Long, go to the doctor quickly. Dr. Chang, also known as the country doctor, said the same thing: "Did you do everything wrong? "On the hidden:? Official country doctor. ?
Chinese medicine: Wei, Zhao and Qi. Chinese medicine is a rank and an official. From the development point of view, the Spring and Autumn Period is still a rank. In the Warring States period, it was sometimes called an official, and sometimes it was called a rank, which needed specific analysis. Did everything wrong? The foreign reserve said that "the bottom left" contained: Therefore, the doctor went to the hospital twice, the doctor went to the hospital twice and once, and the doctor took a special ride. This is also a bright level. ? Xunzi? General "includes:? See a doctor, see Chinese medicine, see a doctor. ? Did everything wrong? The foreign reserve said that the top left, Wang Zhaoxiang rewarded the scholar chapter, what about his own business? Dr. China? . It is clearly pointed out in the article? Dr. China? For knighthood? Rearrange? These materials all say that Dr. China is one of the lords. Historical records? Biographies of Fan Sui and Cai Ze, Wei You? Dr. China? . Did everything wrong? Chu Xia said, Spring and Autumn? Dr. China? "A pipe? How many mountains are there? Still heavy, e? Dr. China? Record. In addition to being a title, Chinese medicine has evolved into an official position, which will be discussed below.
Xiafu: During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was the title of Xiafu. Besides the evidence cited above, The Analects? Xiangdang, Confucius? The doctor said that the same is true of Kan Kan; Have you talked to the doctor? Ruye? . Xunzi? There is no clear time for the doctors at the upper, middle and lower levels mentioned in the outline. Whether there was a doctorate in the Warring States period is uncertain without other information. The records here are for reference only.
Doctor: Wei is state-owned Did everything wrong? On internal storage:? County magistrate Pang Jing also sent the city, but Dr. Zhao Gong returned it, so he sent the city. The city magistrate thought that the order had something to say to the public doctor, but he didn't believe it, so there was no rape. ? Come again:? To return Pang Jing to the doctor. ?
Doctor Shangguan: I'm new to it. Historical records? Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng: Shangguan doctor is in the same column with him, competing for favor. ? Jiang Liangfu's Interpretation of Qu Yuan's Fu:? The Shangguan doctor of Chu is also a doctor. ?
Doctor: Doctor is not only a general term, but also a rank in the doctor rank system. Did everything wrong? On Tibet, Wu Qi? But ordered the doctor to say: Attack the pavilion tomorrow, and the first winner, Doctor Ren Guo, will give Tian Zhai. ? The doctors here are lower than those in China.
On the level of doctors, among the 20 products of Qin Dynasty, doctors are obviously divided into several different grades. Fifth grade scale? Doctor? , sixth grade? Doctor Guan? , said the seventh grade? Dr. Gong? , 8th grade said? Public transport? , said the ninth grade? Five doctors? Li Xueqin believes that these four levels can be called doctoral level.
Secondly, talk about doctors and official positions. Doctor is not only a title, but also an official position. There are two different situations for a doctor to be an official: one is to hold a certain official position with the title of doctor, such as Xunzi? Jundao said? Doctors are good officials? . "pipe? Five auxiliary "said:? When a doctor is appointed as an official to argue things, it is time to act. ? Another situation,? Doctor? It's also an official title. This situation usually occurs in? Doctor? Add an attribute before it. Only the second case is mentioned here. Depending on the country, there are some different names as follows.
Chinese medicine doctor's advice, Chinese medicine: Chinese medicine is originally a title and an official name. Historical records? Does Qin have biographies of Qin Shihuang? Chinese medicine doctor's advice? . Justice: According to the doctor's advice, Qin Guan also. ? "Korea? Books? "Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao" cloud:? Discuss in the doctor's palm. ? During the Warring States Period, Dr. China was an official, but it was not limited to this. Dr China can also be a messenger. Historical records? Biographies of Fan Sui and Cai Ze: Fan Sui was the first doctor in Zhong Wei. ? History as a Mirror Volume V:? Ren Wei and Fan Sui must be appointed by Dr. China. ? It can also be a recent minister, "What have you done wrong? Internal storage displays "contains:? Dr Zhong Qi was shot by foreigners. They drank the king's wine and came out drunk. ? Can also be responsible for financial and economic responsibilities. "pipe? Weight e "includes:? China doctor Wang Yi was ordered to carry 20 million yuan to save his life. ? Even Julian Waghann, a doctor in China, put people in the position of money and sought the skin of a fox. ?
Supervisor: Responsible for supervision. "Lu Chunqiu? Xia Jiji:? It was also that month that the doctors of the Fourth Prison got together in the autumn of 100 counties to support their sacrifices. ?
County doctor, resident military doctor: county magistrate. 《? Tube? Wang? Article:? Ten counties are counties, and there are watchmen, who are appointed as officials, and the county doctors retire themselves. ? Also known as sheriff? Keep the doctor? , "the pipe? From mountain to number? Keep the doctor? The county magistrate.
Dr. Du Yi: Governor. There are no counties in the State of Qi, which was called Doctor Du Yi in the Spring and Autumn Period. Historical records? Tian finished his family:? Xiangzi made his brothers and people work as doctors in Qiduyi. ? Dr. Du Yi is also known as. Dr. Du? . Records include: Dr. Chengyang, Dr. Gai, Dr. Ping, Dr. Jimo, Dr. A, Dr. Linzi, etc.
Also, what's the name of the chief executive of Palm City where you belong? Dr. Yi? . What is the official seal of Sanjin? Dr. Yin Cheng Junyi Jin An? .
Third, the general term for doctors. ? Doctor? In addition to expressing certain titles and titles, it is often used as a general term, covering complex bureaucrats and nobles below the monarch, as evidenced by the following remarks:
? The country's priests and doctors. I want to teach Mencius room in China and raise my disciples for thousands of minutes, so that doctors all over the world and Chinese people will admire me. Both left and right are virtuous, and cannot be done; All the doctors said it was impossible. ? Did everything wrong? The foreign reserve called the list of doctors "down to the right", including Fan Ju, who was appointed as the monarch. "Lu Chunqiu? Self-knowledge includes:? Wei Wenhou swallowed the drink and let the doctors talk about themselves. ? All this and so on? Doctor? Both refer to bureaucrats and nobles. In addition, there are the following terms, which are also common terms.
Dr. Qing: Mozi? "A pipe, Shang Tong? Light and heavy "and unearthed inscriptions? Dr. Qing? The language of association.
Scholar-bureaucrat: This is a new concept in the Warring States period. Before the Warring States period, scholars ranked behind doctors.
What is the rank sequence in the Warring States script? Doctor? . ? Doctor? With what? Scholar-bureaucrats? On the surface, it only reversed its position, but it reflected an important change: scholar-officials emphasized hierarchy, and scholar-officials referred to stratum, which was characterized by a mixture of bureaucrats and intellectuals. The reason why scholars are ahead of doctors is the result of their great talents with the development of bureaucracy. People born in a scholar's family don't have to climb the stairs one by one as in the past. They often rely on their own talents to rise to the top of the world. So the doctor ran in front of the doctor. According to relevant records, the scholar-officials in the Warring States period mainly have two meanings: one refers to people who hold official positions and important positions. "Zhou Li? Examination "cloud:? Those who sit and talk about Tao are called princes, while those who walk and talk about Tao are called doctors. ? Scholar-officials refer to functional officials. Mozi? Criticism of the Three Arguments? Scholar-officials are tired of treatment? , refers to the general officials. Warring States policy? Qin Ce II, Chu Zhi? Congratulations to scholars? This refers to court ministers and kings. Xunzi? Powerful countries record the official situation of Qin state:? Scholar-officials go out of their doors and enter their public doors. ? It refers to all officials. Civil servants are called scholar-officials, and military attaché s also call it. Xunzi? The discussion of soldiers contains:? The scholar-bureaucrat is dead. ? Second, it refers to scholars with certain status. Meng Changjun male, "historical records? Meng Changjun Biography is called Scholar Warring States Policy? Treacherous envoys include:? Today's literati are not ashamed of mud ugliness. ? Scholar-officials refer to ordinary literati. In a word, scholar-officials generally refer to intellectuals and bureaucrats.
Doctor Xian: Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips? Legal question and answer:? But (why) it is said that officials are showing the official knowledge and wisdom of doctors to the king, and more than 600 stone officials are prominent doctors. ?
Dr. Zi: Doctor's honorific title, "Tube? Light and heavy armor:? Child doctor, whole grains, don't take around. Please take Pingjia's son. ?
Doctor San: "A pipe? Is there a mountain to the number? Three doctors? Say, the horse "tube? A new theory on light and heavy articles:? Those who are scattered are listed as doctors. ?
Dr. Ling: A pipe? Say both light a and light b? Yes, doctor? . ? Yes, doctor? Namely. Life doctor? Being a doctor is relatively advanced among doctors, so what's in "Light and Heavy B"? Life doctor? Above? Dr. Lie .
To sum up, doctor is a complex concept, which should be analyzed according to different situations in writing.