1 range
This standard stipulates the techniques of pollution-free golden red apple seedling, garden planning, planting, soil, fertilizer and water management, plastic pruning, flower and fruit management, pest control, fruit harvesting and so on.
This standard is applicable to the production of pollution-free golden red apples in Heilongjiang Province.
2 normative reference documents
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard by reference. All subsequent modifications (excluding errata) or revisions of dated reference documents are not applicable to this standard. However, parties who have reached an agreement according to this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For undated reference documents, the latest edition is applicable to this standard.
GB 4285 Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides
GB/T 832 1 (full text) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides
NY/T 44 1-200 1 apple production technical specification
NY/T 442-2002 Technical Specification for Pear Production
NY/T 496-2002 General Rules for Rational Use of Fertilizers
NY 50 13 environmental conditions of pollution-free food apple producing area
3 seedling raising
3. 1 seedling standard
The main root is broken, with more than 3 ~ 4 large lateral roots in 20cm, and more fibrous roots. The roots are milky white and fresh. From rhizome to terminal bud 100 cm ~ 120 cm, the diameter above the node is more than 0.8cm, and the root section is bright green and contains water. There are more than 8 complete buds between 50 cm and 80 cm above the joint. The joint is not more than 8cm from the ground, the joint heals well, and there are no traces of dead piles and bandages.
3.2 Seedling raising methods
Grafting is the main method to cultivate golden red apple seedlings.
3.2. 1 rootstock selection
The mountain stator is the main one, and it is planted in short density, and GM256 is the best dwarf intermediate anvil.
3.2.2 Seed layering treatment
The grafted golden red apple has strong affinity, fast tree growth and small seeds, about 6.5438+0.5 million per kilogram. Under the condition of 654.38 0℃ ~ 5℃, stratification can pass the dormancy period of 30 ~ 50 days.
3.2.3 Sowing time
Heilongjiang province is generally carried out around the end of April.
3.2.4 Seeding method
Sowing with ridge cultivation. The width of the sowing ditch on the ridge is 10cm, and the depth is 2 cm ~ 3 cm. Pour bottom water into the ditch, sow after seepage, and cover with soil 1cm.
Germination and sowing
One week before sowing, check whether the layered seeds germinate. If not, move the stratified seeds to 25℃ ~ 30℃ to accelerate germination, and sow after germination.
Sowing amount in 3.2.4.2
The seed consumption per mu of mountain stator is 1 kg ~ 1.5 kg.
3.3 Grafting method
T-bud grafting
3.3. 1 grafting time
Generally, bud grafting is carried out from late July to mid-August.
3.3.2 Collection and treatment of scions
Take the developing branches on the periphery of fruit trees as scions, and the cut scions should be defoliated immediately to reduce water evaporation and keep the petiole, which is convenient for taking buds and checking the survival rate. After harvesting, the lower end of the scion is soaked in a small bucket for grafting.
3.4 Management after grafting
3.4. 1 Check the survival rate
After bud grafting15 days, the survival rate was checked. If the grafted bud is fresh and the petiole falls off when touched, it means it is alive. Grafted seedlings without survival should be replanted in time.
Cold protection
In order to prevent the bud grafting from freezing, it is necessary to cultivate the soil for protection before freezing. Generally, it is enough to cultivate budding about 10cm, and peel it off in time after thawing in the next spring.
Shear anvil
In the spring after the survival of bud grafting, the rootstocks above bud grafting should be cut off in order to concentrate nutrients for the growth of bud grafting. Generally, the rootstock should be cut off 0.5cm above the bud grafting.
3.5 seedlings out of the nursery
When raising seedlings in autumn, try not to hurt the trunk and leave more lateral roots. When the heel of the seedling is inward, the trunk inclines 45 degrees to the south, with one layer of seedling and one layer of soil. The soil thickness is only 1/2 ~ 1/3 of the height of seedlings. The root system should be fully and closely connected with the soil, and the seedlings should be watered when the soil is dry to prevent draining.
4 Garden selection and planning
The environmental conditions of pollution-free golden red apple orchard should conform to NY 50 13, and the "three wastes" should be utilized according to local conditions. Orchards can be built in mountainous, flat and hilly areas, but the focus should be on using barren hills and beaches, which will not compete with grain fields and improve the ecological environment.
4. 1 Garden selection
According to 3. 1 in NY/T44 1-200 1. The mountainous terrain is complex and the climate in residential areas is very different. It is determined that the slope should not exceed 15 in warm areas with high temperature in winter, and horizontal terraces should be built if it exceeds; Hills and hills should choose slopes with sunny wind and middle and upper sections where cold air can be discharged smoothly, so as to avoid building gardens in depressions and wind-eroded hills where cold air is stagnant; On the flat land, the park should be built in an area with high terrain, good drainage and underground water level below 2m. The soil in the garden should be deep, loose and well drained, and sandy loam rich in humus is the best. To build a garden on albic soil with thin soil layer and poor soil quality, local soil improvement should be carried out in advance before planting trees.
4.2 Garden planning
According to 3.2 in NY/T442-200 1. When the garden is zoned, it is required that the soil climate and light conditions are basically the same, and the zoning should be rectangular with an area of 2hm2~7hm2. The roads in the orchard are composed of main roads, main roads and branches. Workshops, garages and warehouses should be built in a centralized way, and no land should be occupied. It is best to plant shelterbelts in the garden two years before the garden is built, and the irrigation system and drainage system of the orchard should be installed in place.
Five main cultivated varieties and pollinated varieties
5. 1 main varieties
Jinhong, also known as 123 Apple. The fruit is oval, with yellow background and red clouds with intermittent stripes. The average fruit weight is about 70g. The fruit ripens in mid-September. The flesh is yellow and white, crisp and juicy, sweet and sour, and full of aroma. The fruit can be stored for 90 days to 120 days.
5.2 Pollinated varieties
5.2. 1 K9
The fruit is oval, with yellow-green background, beautiful appearance and bright red color. The flesh is yellow and white, crisp and juicy, sweet and sour. The fruit ripens in mid-August and can be stored for 2 months, with an average single fruit weight of 60g.
Longguan
The fruit has a long cone shape, a yellow-green background, a golden yellow surface and a beautiful appearance. The average weight of a single fruit is 90g, and the fruit is sweet and palatable, which is not resistant to storage and transportation.
Huang Taiping
The average fruit weight is 35 grams. The fruit is slightly oblate, with yellow background and light red, beautiful appearance, thin and shiny skin, yellow flesh, crisp and juicy meat, sweet and sour taste, slightly astringent, ripe in the middle and late August, and cannot be stored.
dragon and phoenix
The fruit is oblate, with a yellow-green background, purplish red, with an average fruit weight of 45g, light yellow flesh and purplish red after storage. Fruit juice is rich, sweet and sour, and the fruit is ripe in mid-September, which is resistant to storage.
6 Colonization
6. 1 dig planting holes
The diameter is 80cm, the depth is 60cm, 30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied to each hole, and it is mixed with topsoil for backfilling.
6.2 Seedling preparation
Before planting, the seedlings should be disinfected and the damaged roots and branches should be pruned. Seedling water shortage should be soaked for one day and night in advance, and then planted.
6.3 Planting density
Plant spacing of 2m×4m or 3m×5m should be adopted.
6.4 Configuration of Pollination Tree
The distance between golden mangrove and pollinated varieties should not exceed 30m, and the general planting ratio can be 2: 1, 4: 1 or 6: 1.
6.5 colonial period
In the middle and late April, after planting, dry it in time, with the drying height of 80cm, and paint or close the cut.
7 Soil, fertilizer and water management
7. 1 soil management
7. 1. 1 Deep tillage for soil improvement
Every autumn, after fruit harvesting, the soil is deeply ploughed and improved to a depth of 40 cm ~ 60 cm, and at the same time, organic fertilizer is deeply applied.
7. 1.2 Orchard full of grass
Straw mulching can cover orchards with straw, weeds and leaves. It is advisable to keep the thickness of grass covering at 15 cm ~ 20 cm throughout the year. Before covering grass, loosen soil, weed and water, and pay attention to fire prevention.
7. 1.3 intertillage
After the rain or irrigation in the growing period, the ploughed orchard should be ploughed and loosened in time to keep the soil loose and free of weeds, which is beneficial to temperature regulation and moisture retention. The intertillage depth is 5 cm ~ 10 cm.
7. 1.4 Intercropping between rows
Leguminosae and other dwarf crops can be intercropped between rows during the young tree period. Adult orchards can be intercropped with clover, wild pea, alfalfa and other green manure plants, and cut three or four times a year.
7.2 fertilization
7.2. 1 fertilizer type
According to NY/T496-2002 General Rules for Rational Use of Fertilizers, the use of chlorine-containing fertilizers is restricted, and the use of farmyard manure such as compost, compost, biogas manure, green manure, straw manure and cake manure is encouraged. Farmhouse manure must be fully decomposed before application.
7.2.2 Fertilization method and quantity
7.2.2. 1 base fertilizer
After the autumn fruits are harvested, farmyard manure is mainly applied. Generally, the fertilization amount of young trees is 25 kg/plant to 30 kg/plant; Results The height of the tree was 50kg/ plant ~ 100kg/ plant, and the organic fertilizer could be applied at the ratio of 1kg/ golden red apple. Base fertilizer is usually applied after the fruit is harvested in autumn.
Topdressing of soil in 7.2.2.2
Three times a year, the first time before and after germination, the second time in the fruit expansion period and the third time in the late fruit growth period. Nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used in the germination stage of fruit trees, combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the flower bud differentiation stage, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is mainly used in the later stage of fruit growth. Results For every 100Kg apple, the amount of fertilizer applied was pure nitrogen 1.0Kg, phosphorus (P2O5)0.5Kg and potassium (K2O) 1.0Kg.
7.2.2.3 foliar topdressing
4 ~ 5 times a year, usually twice in the early growth stage, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; Two or three times in the later stage, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, can supplement the trace elements needed for fruit tree growth. Concentration of common fertilizers: urea 0.3%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.2%, borax 0. 1%, amino acid foliar fertilizer 600 times. The last foliar application of fertilizer should be 20 days before the fruit harvest date.
7.3 Water management
According to the water requirement for the growth and development of golden red apples, there are three key irrigation periods, namely germination water (April to early May), fruit-urging water (from mid-June) and frozen water (from mid-June to1late October). Conditional orchards should be equipped with water-saving irrigation facilities such as drip irrigation and infiltration irrigation. Golden red apples are not tolerant to waterlogging, so drainage should be paid attention to in the rainy season from July to August, and corresponding irrigation and drainage methods should be adopted according to the terrain and orchard conditions.
8 plastic trimming
8. 1 tree
Golden red apple is mainly spindle-shaped, with three main branches, thin layer and small crown. The spindle shape of three main branches is generally 50cm high, with three main branches at the base and spindle shape at the upper part, and the height of the tree is 2.5m m. The stem height and tree height of the small crown sparse layer shape are the same as those of the spindle shape of three main branches, and the main branches have 2 ~ 3 layers.
8.2 pruning
Can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. The general principle is to combine winter and summer, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, maintain the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and achieve high and stable yields year after year. In winter, pruning methods, such as short cutting, dewatering and retraction, are adopted, and at the same time, branches of diseases and pests are cut off to remove diseased fruits and hard fruits. When pruning in summer, measures such as pulling branches, thinning branches, coring and girdling should be taken to remove the upright and strong branches, dense branches and budding branches at the incision in the crown in time to increase ventilation and light transmission in the crown.
Results In the early stage, it is necessary to maintain the growth advantage of the central trunk, cultivate the main lateral branches and expand the crown. Re-cutting and short-cutting peripheral main branches, loosening over-dense branches, competitive branches and long branches, and taking summer pruning measures such as coring, pulling branches and girdling for auxiliary branches to promote flower formation.
The relationship between growth and fruiting should be handled well in the full fruit period. Trees with many flower buds should be cut again, and trees with few flower buds should be cut lightly.
Old trees should be rejuvenated by regeneration of branches. Backbone branches can be recovered and updated in a planned way to promote strong branches and enhance growth potential; For fruiting branches, the full buds of annual and biennial branches should be shortened to promote the growth of branches and update the branches.
9 flower and fruit management
9. 1 flower and fruit protection
Artificial pollination and spraying 0.3% borax at flowering stage were used to improve the fruit setting rate.
9.2 flower thinning and fruit thinning
It is mainly based on artificial thinning of flowers and fruits, and its function is to achieve reasonable load, overcome the big and small years, and make the fruit size neat. Period: cut again after germination and before flowering; Sparse inflorescences, buds and flowers after budding; After fruit setting, the fruit is thinned before fruit dropping. Leave flowers because of trees and fruits because of branches; The work is usually finished within 25 days after the flower falls behind. Leave 2 ~ 3 fruits per inflorescence. Plant yield is controlled at 25 kg ~ 30 kg.
9.3 Fruit bagging
9.3. 1 bagging technology
9.3. 1. 1 Spraying before fruit setting and bagging
Within 30 days after flowering, fruit is bagged and excess fruit is removed. Golden red apple yield per mu1.5,000 ~ 20,000. Sterilization and insecticide should be sprayed two or three times before bagging, especially once every 1d ~ 3d before bagging. You can choose 800 times of original M-45 or 600 ~ 800 times of 50% carbendazim (water should be increased in high temperature period).
9.3. 1.2 bagging period
Bagging within 35d~40d after flower dropping. It is advisable to bag in sunny morning 10 ~ 4 pm, avoiding the high temperature period at noon. When operating, the crown should be placed first, and then under the crown; First in the crown, then outside the crown, to prevent the fruit from falling, and also to prevent the young fruit from sticking to the paper bag and causing sunburn.
9.3. 1.3 bagging cycle and method
Picking bags 30 ~ 35 days before fruit harvesting. When unpacking, unpack the outer bag first, and then unpack the inner bag. Usually 10 unpacks from 4: 00 am to 0: 00 pm. When operating, hold the fruit in one hand, untie the bag with the other hand and tie the silk, then tear off the outer bag from top to bottom. Remove the inner bag after 5 ~ 7 days except the outer bag. The fruit can be harvested after 20 ~ 25 days in the inner bag.
9.3.2 Bagging matching technology
Check the vent.
Black spot and sunburn are closely related to poor ventilation. In dry or rainy years, the ventilation holes of fruit bags should be checked frequently to ensure their patency. Every 10d or so, open the paper bag for spot check. If there are dark spots, sunburn and other symptoms, pay attention to opening the vent, or cut a few small holes in the bottom of the bag with scissors, and pay special attention to insect prevention.
9.3.2.2 supplements calcium in time.
At the beginning of June, the trees were sprayed with calcium fertilizers such as calcium amino acid for 2 ~ 3 times to prevent bitter pox.
9.3.2.3 improves lighting.
In summer, it is necessary to prune strictly, remove redundant big branches and new shoots, and improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the orchard.
9.3.2.4's other work.
Spread reflective film to increase luster. After picking bags, the work of picking leaves and turning fruits should still be carried out normally.
10 pest control
10. 1 control principle
Actively implement the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control". Based on agricultural and physical control, we advocate biological control, and scientifically use chemical control technology according to the occurrence law of pests and diseases to effectively control the harm of pests and diseases. When using chemical pesticides, it should be implemented according to GB 4285 and GB/T 832 1 (all parts).
10.2 main pests and diseases
Major diseases 10.2. 1
Apple rot, dry rot, ring rot, powdery mildew, scab, flower rot.
10.2.2 main pests
Aphids, spider mites, leaf rollers, peach fruit eaters.
10.3 prevention and control procedures
10.3. 1 defoliation to germination stage
Focus on the prevention and control of rot, dry rot, branch ring rot, scab, powdery mildew, red spider and aphid.
Remove garbage, bury it deeply or burn it; Combined with pruning in winter, the branches and dead fruits of pests and diseases are cut off, the rough epidermis, diseased tumors and diseased spots are scraped off by turning the tree tray, and the diseased scars are smeared with Yubiqing or bacterial toxin drugs.
Spraying 5O stone sulfur mixture before germination.
10.3.2 Germination to before flowering
Focus on the prevention and control of rot, dry rot, branch ring rot, powdery mildew, aphids and leaf roller.
Scrape off diseased spots and tumors, and apply ammonium phosphate+thiophanate-methyl; Spraying triadimefon to control powdery mildew; Spraying carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl to prevent diseases; Spraying chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid to control cotton aphid and tumor aphid
10.3.3 From the flower drop to the young fruit bagging.
Focus on the prevention and control of fruit scab, anthracnose, early defoliation, red spider, aphid and leaf roller.
The average daily temperature is 10 d ~ 20 d after flowering, and carbendazim or mancozeb is sprayed every 15d after rain (rainfall is greater than 10mm) to prevent ring rot and anthracnose. After the defoliation rate of leaf spot reached 10%, iprodione was sprayed in combination with the prevention and control of ring rot.
When the average number of hawthorn spider mites and citrus spider mites is 4 ~ 5 per leaf, clofentezine and other acaricides should be sprayed.
After flowering, the leaves begin to roll, and the sweet and sour solution is used to lure the insect buds, or Trichogramma (once every 4 to 5 days, 3 to 4 times, 80,000 to 654.38+10,000 heads per 667m2) is released at the initial stage of emergence to control leaf curl; At the end of the first generation of adults, fenvalerate EC was sprayed once in combination with the control of leaf curl moth.
10.3.4 fruit expansion period
Focus on the control of peach fruit borer, tetranychus urticae, fruit ring rot, anthracnose, Alternaria leaf spot and brown spot.
When the overwintering larvae of peach fruit borer are unearthed, phoxim or chlorpyrifos are sprayed on the ground; When the percentage of eggs and fruits reached 65438 0%, the trees were sprayed with malathion and fenvalerate to control peach fruit borer. Take the fruit out at any time and bury it deeply.
In the period of rapid increase of Tetranychus urticae, when each leaf reaches 7 ~ 8, spraying triazole tin.
Conditional orchards should be bagged 30 ~ 40 days after flowering to prevent peach fruit borer, fruit ring rot and anthracnose.
Alternately use bordeaux mixture (1: 2: 200) or other systemic fungicide to control fruit ring rot and anthracnose, and spray once every 15d; Orchards with serious leaf spot and brown spot should be sprayed with iprodione in combination with the prevention and control of ring rot.
Before and after fruit harvesting 10.3.5
Key fruit ring rot and anthracnose.
Cut off dense branches 20 days before harvesting and spray chlorothalonil once to prevent and control fruit diseases.
1 1 harvest
According to the maturity, use and market demand of fruits, the suitable harvest time is determined comprehensively. First, collect the colorful fruits outside the crown, and then collect the fruits inside. Handle with care when picking, to avoid bumping and stabbing the fruit, and handle with care. The fruit box should be 10 kg ~ 15 kg, and stored in a cool place to extend the sales time of golden red apples.