Planning and reclamation of orchards
After selecting a suitable garden, roads, irrigation and drainage ditches, shelterbelts and soil and water conservation should be rationally planned before reclamation, and the reclamation time should end two months before the fixed value. The gentle garden below 5 is demarcated by "cross", with the spacing between plants of 5 m and the row spacing of 7 m, and the labels of the rows of plants are straight and perpendicular to each other; Terraces with the same height should be built on the slope above 5, with row spacing of 7 meters, width of 3-4 meters, spacing of 5 meters and 20 plants per mu.
2. Dig a fixed point hole
The opening width × depth × bottom width of excavation is 80 cm×70 cm×60 cm, and topsoil and raw soil are stacked separately. At the same time, 30 kg of farmyard manure, 5 kg of ternary compound fertilizer 1 kg and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer were fully mixed with the topsoil of each hole, and the hole surface was 10-20 cm higher than the ground.
3. Selection of seedlings
Because the cultivation and grafting of macadamia nut seedlings are professional, difficult and costly, it is generally not necessary for seedlings to propagate and raise themselves. Grafted seedlings must be selected, and robust bagged seedlings and basket seedlings with strong plants, obvious grafting healing, dark green leaves, no pests and diseases, developed roots, neatly trimmed central main branches, slightly longer than 30 cm and more than 50 cm high, twice sprouting and growing branches and leaves should be selected.
4. Variety selection
At present, there are mainly varieties of macadamia nuts with high yield, high efficiency and high quality suitable for planting in Jiangcheng area, such as 0c, h2, OC, 344 and 294. Planting 4-5 varieties in an orchard is not suitable for planting a single variety in an orchard.
5. Planting time
Generally, the fixed value is July-August every year.
6. Planting method
When planting, varieties should be matched according to 1: 1 or 2: 2. Returning the soil in layers makes the soil in good contact with the root system, compacts it from the inside out, and irrigates the root water thoroughly.
7. Postcolonial care
After planting, if there is no natural rainfall, water it once every evening for 7 days. If dead seedlings are found, they should be supplemented in time. Remove the film at the joint in time after survival, and wipe it off in time when you see the brick and wood sprout.
8. Surface treatment
After planting for one month, new buds appear, which proves the survival of planting. It can be watered with urea once a month according to the ratio of each plant 10 g to 5- 10 kg.
9. First-rate
After the seedling height is 1 m, the top is picked from 80 cm.
Third, the management of the orchard.
1, intertillage weeding
1-4-year-old orchards are plowed, hoed and loosened 4-5 times a year; 65438+February was covered by uprooted weeds and interplanted crop straws. 5- 12-year-old orchard, mowing weeds 2-3 times a year in rainy season, shaping and pruning fruits in time after harvesting, intertillage weeding combined with fertilization and root circle covering.
Step 2 apply fertilizer
At the age of 2-4, an annular ditch with a width of 30 cm and a depth of 30 cm is dug outside the crown drip line; When 5-6 years old, dig a semi-gauge ditch; When 7- 10 years old, dig an annular ditch with a width of 40 cm and a depth of 40 cm; Topsoil and fertilizer are mixed in the ditch, and core soil is covered on it.
Fourth, plastic trimming.
1, operation
When pruning, cut off overlapping branches, clustered branches, dead branches, diseased branches, parasitic branches, clustered branches in the inner hall and fruit stalk shafts left on the fruiting branches after harvesting. According to the controlled growth height of the plant type, the "skylight" should be cut short or truncated, or after the canopy is connected between rows, appropriate retraction pruning should be carried out, and the total amount of branches and leaves trimmed each time should not exceed 1/3 of the canopy.
2, pruning time
May and September every year (or immediately after fruit harvest).
3. Preventive measures
Each pruning should not exceed 30% of the crown, so the incision surface should be inclined or vertical.
V. Protecting flowers and fruits
The flowers of macadamia nuts are very large, and it is a normal physiological habit for a large number of immature fruits to fall off during fruit development. If the temperature rises too fast, young fruits will fall. If the daily temperature rises from 25℃ to 30℃, more fruits will fall. When the temperature is 15℃, most fruits will remain, but the size and weight of fruits will be lower than those at 15-25℃. It is necessary to maintain sufficient carbohydrates for flowering, fruit setting and fruit development, and it is also necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizer reasonably. Low nitrogen will also reduce the number of branches with potential for fruiting. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in a small amount for many times, so that trees can absorb and utilize nitrogen fertilizer more effectively. Boron application at flowering stage can improve fruit setting rate and yield.
Six, the root circle coverage
Every year11-65438+February, weeds or straws cut from intercropping crops are used as covering materials, and all plants are covered on the ground 0/5-20 cm away from the nut tree/kloc-0, so as to keep water and increase temperature, which is beneficial to the growth of nut trees.
Seven. Prevention and control of diseases, insects and rats
1, disease
Common diseases mainly include the following:
(1) rapid decline disease
At first, black spots appeared on the sepals, then the whole flower died and soon spread to the whole inflorescence, leaving only the green peduncle unaffected. When the whole inflorescence is infected with epidemic disease, the color of the total pedicel becomes dark, and finally the dead flowers fall off; Or the gray cobweb mycelium is wrapped around the peduncle, and the invaded raceme turns dark gray to black under wet conditions.
Prevention and control methods: it is not advisable to plant densely when planting.
Chemical control: the commonly used fungicides are benlet and mancozeb wettable powder, and spray control. If it rains continuously for 10 days, spray 1 time.
(2) Leaf blight
Pathogens invade from the tip or edge of leaves, and gradually expand into water immersion, forming dark brown spots. Acer grows in the black spots on the diseased tissues on both sides of leaves and is buried under the cuticle of leaves. After conidia mature, the stratum corneum ruptures, and conidia are gradually released, which becomes a new source of infection. In the dry season with high temperature and low humidity, the disease spots are in a stable state, yellow or grayish white, and the disease spots are in a brown stable state from March to May, and the boundary between disease and health is obvious; June-September is the onset period of the disease. Diseases will occur in the seedling stage and the leaves of big trees.
Control method: When fresh leaves of macadamia nuts are picked from June to September every year, spray 1-2 times of zineb 400-600 times every month.
(3) Stem ulcer
Glue flow occurs on the trunk and branches. At the initial stage, the epidermis appeared striped rupture, and brown-red juice flowed out from the lower end of the rupture. Some glue-flowing parts are striped cracks, and the juice gradually turns brown and black. With the continuous expansion of the lesion, longitudinal striped plaque is formed, and the lesion tissue is brown, and the boundary between disease and health is not obvious.
Prevention and control methods: plant disease-free seedlings to minimize water accumulation around the base of the trunk to avoid damaging the trunk; Scrape off the necrotic cortex and xylem, coat with 25 g/L copper oxide mud, and bandage the wound; Spray 80% dichlorvos 250 mg/L or 25 g/L compound metalaxyl 25 g/L on the lower part of the affected trunk.
2. Pests
Common pests mainly include the following:
(1) bloodsucking pests
There are mainly aphids, red spiders, whiteflies, scale insects, thrips, rubber flies and so on. These pests suck the juice of flower tissue with needle-like mouthparts, causing symptoms such as leaf curl, gall, grayish yellow spots on leaves or yellowing of leaves and branches.
Control method: spraying 40% omethoate 1000- 1500 times, and spraying 2.5% deltamethrin to other pests except scale insects for 2500-3000 times; 20% dicofol 1000 times solution can be sprayed to control red spider.
(2) Pests that harm leaves and shoots
There are mainly gray weevil, Tenebrio molitor, velvet cocoon bee, leaf roller moth, thorn moth, leafhopper, aphid and so on. Larvae of small gray butterfly, leaf curl moth and inchworm feed on young leaves, while larvae of spiny moth and marsupial moth feed on mature leaves, which makes it difficult for new buds to sprout, leaves are missing, and in severe cases, branches are bare. Larvae of small gray butterfly, leaf roller moth and spiny moth mainly damage from April to June, and marsupial moth larvae mainly bloom from July to September.
Prevention and control methods: artificially eliminate overwintering cocoons or capsules; Spraying 90% dichlorvos, 50% phoxim or 50% chlorpyrifos 1000 times in the initial incubation period; In order to control scarabs or sawflies, artificial killing can also be used.
(3) Harm fruit column and fruit.
Insects that feed on young fruit peels mainly include cicadas, moths, moths, moth larvae, etc., which brown the peels and even eat the whole fruit. Fruit borers also drill into seed shells to feed on seed kernels before they harden, resulting in empty shells. After the seed shell hardens, it dives into the pericarp to feed on the mesocarp, and the white cicada leads to fruit drop.
Control method: spraying 40% omethoate 1000- 1500 times to artificially eliminate overwintering cocoons or capsules.
Step 3: Rat damage
Mice began to eat after macadamia nut embryos solidified, which caused complete loss of nuts in severe cases. When the seedlings germinate in the seedbed, mice will also be seriously injured.
Control methods: eradicate weeds in the orchard and its vicinity, and keep the orchard clean; Cut off the branches and leaves of the crown perpendicular to the ground and keep the height at least 50 cm; Tie a smooth film to the trunk or make it into an inverted horn to prevent rats from feeding on the tree; In the season when nuts are ripe and fall off, the fruit should be collected on the ground before evening every day to prevent rats from foraging at night; Catching and poisoning rats regularly; Make full use of mouse contraceptives; Cats in the orchard; Clean the orchard, so that mice have nowhere to hide; Pounce on the injured area with a mousetrap; Put tetramine bait.