(1) The golden section law was discovered by Pythagoras, an ancient Greek mathematician in the 6th century BC, and later called it the golden section by Plato, an ancient Greek aesthete. This is actually a numerical proportional relationship, that is, dividing a line into two parts. At this time, the ratio of long segment to short segment is exactly equal to the ratio of the whole line to long segment, and its numerical ratio is 1.6 18: 1 or 1: 0.6 18, that is to say, long. 0.6 18, with strict proportionality, artistry and harmony, contains rich aesthetic value. Why do people instinctively feel the existence of beauty for such a proportion? In fact, this is closely related to the evolution of human beings and the normal development of human bodies. According to research, in the process of evolution from apes to humans, the skull and leg bones changed the most and the body shape changed the least, because it was similar to gold. Many proportions in the human body structure are close to 0.6 18, so the beauty of the human body is fixed in the historical accumulation of hundreds of thousands of years. Humans are most familiar with themselves, and they will inevitably regard the beauty of the human body as the highest aesthetic standard, which is derived from things and people and from people and things. Any object similar to the human body likes it and feels beautiful. Therefore, the golden section law, as an important law of formal beauty, has become an aesthetic classic law handed down from generation to generation, and it has never failed! In recent years, when studying the relationship between the golden section and the human body, it has been found that there are 14 "golden points" (the ratio of short segment to long segment of an object is 0.6 18), 12 "golden rectangles" (the width-length ratio is 0.6 18) and two "golden rectangles". Golden point: (1) navel: the dividing point between the top of the head and the bottom of the foot; (2) Throat: the dividing point between the top of the head and the navel; (3), (4) Knee joint: the dividing point between navel and sole; (5) and (6) Elbow joint: the dividing point between shoulder joint and middle fingertip; (7) and (8) nipple: the dividing point on the longitudinal axis of trunk nipple; (9) Eyebrow point: the dividing point between hairline and chin base 1/3 and 2/3; (10) Subnasal point: the dividing point between hairline and chin base 1/3 and 2/3; (1 1) lip bead point: the dividing point between the nose base and the chin base 1/3 and the middle and lower 2/3; (12) straight point of chin labial groove: the dividing point between 1/3 and upper middle 2/3 is the distance between nose base and chin base; (13) Left corner point: the boundary point between the left 1/3 and the right 2/3 of the horizontal line of the oral fissure; (14) Right corner point: the boundary point between the right 1/3 and the left 2/3 of the horizontal line of the oral fissure. Golden section law of face: golden rectangle of face with three courts and five eyes: (1) Body contour: shoulder width, hip breadth average width, and height from shoulder peak to hip base; (2) Facial contour: the horizontal face of eyes is wide, and the distance from hairline to the bottom of chin is long; (3) Nose contour: the alar is wide and the distance from the nasal root to the nasal floor is long; (4) Lip contour: At rest, the distance between the peaks of the upper and lower lips is wider, and the distance between the lips is longer; (5) and (6) Hand contour: the transverse diameter of the hand is wide, and the average length is taken when the five fingers are together; (7), (8), (9), (10), (1 1), (12) Maxillary incisors, lateral incisors and canine profiles (three on the left and three on the right): the largest mesial and distal diameters.
Golden Index: (1) Nose and lip index reflecting the relationship between the nose and mouth: the ratio of the width of the nose wing to the distance between the corners of the mouth is close to the golden number; (2) Eye-lip index reflecting the relationship between eyes and mouth: the ratio of the distance between the corners of the mouth and the outer canthus of the eyes is close to the golden number. As one of the standard scales of bodybuilding, 0.6 18 is beyond reproach, but it has "fuzzy characteristics". Like other aesthetic parameters, it has an allowable range of change, which is restricted by ethnic, regional and individual differences.
(2) The proportional relationship is to express the beauty of the human body with figures and compare them according to certain benchmarks. The method of judging the proportional relationship between a certain part of the same human body and the human body is called the same body method (see the middle picture). Divided into three groups: coefficient method, constant finger height and length index, such as human body sitting five times and standing seven times, that is, the height is five times the height of head when sitting, and 7 or 7.5 times when standing; Percentage method, the body length is regarded as 100%, and the proportion of all parts of the body in it; Dichotomy: that is, the human body is divided into two parts, most of which are from the foot to the navel, and a small part is from the navel to the top of the head. Standard face, its length-width ratio is coordinated, which accords with three stops and five eyes (see the right picture). Three stops refers to the length of the face, and the distance from the hairline of the head to the chin is divided into three equal parts, that is, from the hairline to the eyebrows, from the eyebrows to the tip of the nose, and from the tip of the nose to the chin. Each equal part is called one stop and three stops; Five eyes refers to the width of the face, and the frontal projection length between the two ears is the length of five-eye fissure. Except for eye fissure, the distance between the inner and outer canthus is the length of one-eye fissure, and there are two eye fissures from both sides to the ear, which is called five eyes.
(3) Angle relation From different angles, it reflects different human body shapes. The theory of side angle put forward by Bert and Campon is to reflect the beauty of human body through angle. Among them, campen's theory is a method to measure the forehead inclination angle in side view based on the straight line connecting the point under the nose and the point at the ear hole, so that the complex three-dimensional head can be described by a simple contour line-this method is called side view qualitative analysis. Use a straight line connecting the tip of the nose and the submental point to observe the protruding degree of the lips and evaluate the beauty and ugliness of the lower part of the face. The nose tip, the red front edge of the lower lip and the submental point are on the same straight line, which is called the Ricketts aesthetic plane, which is a symbol of beauty.
There is no uniform standard for female body aesthetics, but there are different standards according to different national cultures and times. In the 1 7th century, people thought that beauty should have the following standards:1. From the side, the nose should be slightly upturned, not hooked; 2. The upper lip is slightly thinner than the lower lip and there is a dimple on the left. In Victorian times, women were considered plump and beautiful, with big hips and wrinkles on their necks, which were called "Venus Necklace". The standard of contemporary beauty is slim figure and proper proportion of facial features.
1. The golden section theorem: It was discovered by the Pythagorean school in ancient Greece. It focuses on the law of beauty from the mathematical relationship, and holds that beauty is harmony and proportion. According to this proportional relationship, beautiful patterns can be formed. The golden section theorem is actually a proportional relationship of numbers, that is, a line is divided into two parts, and the ratio of long segment to short segment is equal to the ratio of total length to long segment. Their ratio is about 1.6 18: 1 or about 8:6. The human body also has a golden ratio. Especially in an ideal human body, the ratio of the lower half to the upper half is usually 8: 5. This relationship also exists in the head and face, that is, the distance from hairline to chin and from chin to lateral canthus, from chin to lateral canthus and from chin to nasal alar, from chin to cleft lip and from chin to nasal alar, the distance from face width to lateral canthus, and the width of cleft lip and nasal base.
2. Ideal proportion of human body: Aesthetic observation of human body, the theory of human body proportion is advocated by medical circles. The so-called proportional theory is to use mathematical methods to represent the standard human body; According to a certain benchmark, the method of establishing the proportional relationship between a certain part of the same human body and the human body is called the same body method. Leonardo believes that a figure with eight heads (that is, the body length is eight times the height of the head) and the body is divided into two equal parts by the highest point of the ilium on both sides, which is the ideal figure for healthy young men and women.
3. Distribution law of facial features:
(1) The distance from hairline to chin should be equal to the height of three ears or nose, that is, the distance from hairline to eyebrows and chin to nose should be equal to and equal to the height of ears.
(2) As early as the 5th century, Leonardo de Vince divided the craniofacial region into two halves, with the upper half from the top of the skull to the nasal root and the lower half from the nasal root to the chin. The height of these two parts should be equal. At the same time, he also believes that the distance between the eyes is the width of one eye, and the two sides of the nose wing do not exceed the vertical lines of the two inner canthus. The corners of the mouth are just on the vertical lines of the inner edges of the two corneas, and the front face of the face can be vertically divided into four equal parts, that is, from the midline of the face and its left and right sides through the iris side edge and the face side angle. Some people divide the face into five eyes, that is, at the eye level, the distance between the left and right ear holes is exactly equal to the width of the five eyes.
(3) The side edges of the eyebrows are slightly upward and outward, which makes them look young and energetic, otherwise they look lifeless. In plan view, the edge of the upper eyelid is flush with the edge of the upper pupil, and the edge of the lower part is flush with the edge of the lower cornea, but it is not suitable for the elderly.
4. Angle measurement theory. At present, the straight line from the tip of the nose to the submental point is usually the standard. This line can be used to observe the protruding degree of lips, so as to evaluate beauty and ugliness. When the tip of nose-lip-submental point is basically straight, it is considered as one of the signs of beauty.
The golden section law was put forward by Pythagoras, an ancient Greek mathematician in the 6th century BC.
Later, Plato, an ancient Greek aesthete, called it the golden section. this
In fact, it is the proportional relationship of a number, that is, dividing a line into two parts, which
The ratio of long line segment to short line segment is exactly equal to the ratio of whole line to long line segment, and its numerical ratio is
Is 1.6 18: 1 or 1: 0.6 18, which means that the square of a long line segment is equal to the total length.
Short product. 0.6 18, which is strictly proportional, artistic and harmonious.
It contains rich aesthetic value. Why do people pay attention to this ratio?
Can clearly feel the existence of beauty? In fact, this has something to do with human evolution and normal human development.
Closely related.
According to research, in the evolution from apes to humans, skulls and legs are skeletons.
Bone changes the most and body shape changes the least, because it is similar to gold, while human body
There are many proportions close to 0.6 18 in the structure, which makes the human body beautiful for hundreds of thousands of miles.
Freeze in the historical accumulation of years. Humans are most familiar with themselves and will inevitably make the human body beautiful.
As the highest aesthetic standard, from things and people, from people and things, by extension, no matter where.
If you like an object similar to a human body, you will find it beautiful. So the golden section law
As an important law of formal beauty, it has become an aesthetic classic law handed down from generation to generation.
Still enduring!
In recent years, when studying the relationship between the golden section and the human body, the human body knot was discovered.
There are 14 "golden section points" in the structure (the ratio of short section to long section is 0.6 18).
12 "golden rectangle" (rectangle with aspect ratio of 0.6 18) and 2.
A "golden index" (the proportional relationship between two objects is 0.6 18).
Golden point: (1) navel: the dividing point between the top of the head and the bottom of the foot; (2) Throat:
Top of the head-navel demarcation point; (3) and (4) Knee joint: umbilicus-metatarsus.
Split point; (5) and (6) elbow joint: shoulder joint-middle fingertip demarcation point; (7)、
(8) Nipple: the dividing point on the longitudinal axis of trunk nipple; (9) Eyebrow point: hairline-
The boundary point between 1/3 and 2/3 of the chin-base spacing; (10) Subnasal point: hairline-
-1/3 and the boundary point between the upper and middle 2/3 and the chin bottom; (1 1) lip bead point: nasal floor.
—— the dividing point between 1/3 and 2/3 of the chin-bottom spacing; (12) chin and lip groove straight road
Point: 1/3 and the dividing point of the distance between the upper and middle 2/3 and the base of nose and chin; (13) left mouth
Angle: the dividing point between the left 1/3 and the right 2/3 of the horizontal line of the oral fissure; (14) right squabble
Point: the boundary point between the right 1/3 and the left 2/3 of the horizontal line of the oral fissure.
The golden section law of face: face has three courts and five eyes.
Golden rectangle: (1) Body contour: shoulder width, hip breadth average width,
The height from acromion to buttock base is long; (2) facial contour: the facial width of eye horizontal line is
Wide, long distance from hairline to chin bottom; (3) Nose contour: the alar is wide and the nose root is wide.
The distance to the base of nose is long; (4) Lip contour: the peak distance between the upper and lower lips at rest.
Wide, long spat spacing; (5) and (6) Hand contour: the transverse diameter of the hand is wide,
When the five fingers are together, the average length is longer; (7)、(8)、(9)、( 10)、( 1 1)、
(12) Maxillary incisors, lateral incisors, canine teeth (three left and three right) contour: maximum.
The proximal-distal middle diameter is wide and the gingival diameter is long.
Gold index: (1) Nose and lip index reflecting the relationship between nose and mouth: alar width and mouth.
The angular spacing ratio is similar to the golden section number; (2) Eye and lip index reflecting the relationship between eyes and mouth: mouth.
The ratio of angular distance to the distance between the outer canthus of both eyes is close to the golden number. 0.6 18, as a
One of the standard scales of bodybuilding is beyond reproach, but its existence can not be ignored.
There is a "fuzzy feature", which, like other aesthetic parameters, has a right.
The range of change is limited by ethnic, regional and individual differences.