(1) Stage pruning of young trees.
A. once a year. The stem height is 80 cm, and the stem height is 40 ~ 60 cm. The height of the tree is less than the row spacing and more than half of the row spacing. The main branch 10 ~ 15, and the included angle is about 80 degrees. There are no side branches on the main branch, and the main branch is directly attached to the branch group without hierarchy. In the improved spindle shape, several larger branches can be planted on several main branches at the base, which can also be called side branches. The distance between the main branches on the same side is more than 50 cm. A few jingles: big branches are bright, and every solitary gang is full of light inside and outside, and there is hope for high yield. The three-dimensional included angle of the auxiliary branch is greater than 90 degrees.
B. pruning of biennial trees. The central stem is short and full of buds, leaving a length of about 50 cm. Sparse two buds. Other branches don't move. That is, cut two scissors (a dozen insect tips to remove the bent parts) every winter.
C. Three-or four-year-old trees can be shaped according to this treatment, with large branches, rapid formation, early flowering and easy fruiting. The center of the young tree's shaping stage is early formation, which increases the amount of branches and leaves.
D. Summer scissors: peel and pull immediately.
Bud carving: March 10 to before germination. The object is to cut off 4 buds, carve one bud every 3 buds, and do not carve it below 40 cm (referring to the current year = new tree planting). The main branch carved all the full buds on both sides and under the back. The auxiliary branches should be fully carved with buds. The method is to cut 1\3 branches with a hacksaw one millimeter in front of the bud and cut them to the xylem.
Girdling: From the end of May to the beginning of June. The object is the central trunk 10 cm or more, and both the main branch and the auxiliary branch can be used. The method is to desquamate for one week, and the index is 1 month, and the width is generally 1 ~ 3 mm, not too wide. According to the local conditions, it is not suitable to peel the overgrown branches twice or even three times.
Raj: It was after beginning of autumn. The objects are the main branch and the auxiliary branch. Methods: The traction was supported by a foot opener. The main branch angle is 70 ~ 80 degrees, and the secondary branch is above 90 degrees. Pay attention to three pulls and three don't pull, that is, the branches that are too weak, the branches of pests and diseases, and the branches that don't see flowers don't pull. Attention: Don't turn around, don't bend over, don't stick to the ground, don't get into the sky, and slide smoothly through a bunch of flowers.
Although branches can be opened in spring, they are easy to run on the shoulders and should be controlled by twisting. Slight twist means that when the branch is about 20 cm to 25 cm, it twists at the semi-lignified place. Core pulling is used for the part that lacks branches. When it is 20 cm new, it will be cut short from 20 cm if it exceeds 20 cm. As long as you pinch it a lot, you can bear fruit.
(2) Pruning fruit trees. Results The tasks in the future are to adjust the number of branches and the projected area of the crown, control the height and continuous expansion of the tree, and adjust the ratio of fruiting branches to vegetative branches, so as to keep the tree robust, ventilated and transparent, and produce more fruits and good fruits.
A. Projected area (i.e. coverage rate): Years of practice have proved that the projected area of tree crown accounts for 70% of the area occupied by fruit trees (only 60% in Japan). If it exceeds 80%, the illumination is poor, which is not conducive to flowering and fruiting, serious pests and diseases, and reduced fruit quality. Therefore, channels should be left between rows to facilitate ventilation, light transmission, pruning and spraying.
B. The light transmittance should be above 30%; below 30%, flowers will not bloom, and 50-60% will bear high-quality fruits.
C. Tree height: The height of the tree should be strictly controlled within the range of more than half of the row spacing and less than the row spacing. If it is close to or greater than the row spacing, it should be lowered in time, otherwise the lighting will be poor.
D number of branches: the number of branches per mu should be controlled within 6,543,800+,and about 20,000 apples can be produced. Take Red Fuji as an example. Three kilograms, the yield per mu can reach more than 6000 kilograms. If the yield per mu is about 3,000 Jin, 60,000 branches will be enough. The number of small fruit branches can be larger, but not more than1.2000 at most. Taking 65438+100000 branches per mu as an example, there are 2222 branches for 45 plants per mu, 1500 branches for 67 plants per mu,11branch for 82 plants per mu, and1branch for 93 plants per mu. A branch is a branch with a growing point.
Prune pear trees
1. If a suitable tree type is selected, permanent plants and temporary plants should be arranged for every 667m2 148 plants; Every 667m283 plants should be spindle-shaped, and the main branches extend uniaxially. In order to prevent the upper part from being strong and the lower part from being weak, the trunk can be bent and extended.
2. The branching ability of young pear trees is weak, and the proportion of short cutting should be increased in the young tree period. Because the growth period of new shoots of pear trees is relatively concentrated, mostly around 1 month after germination, the buds stop growing from late June to July, so the short branches of pear trees can produce similar branches at any position, and it is appropriate to cut them at 40 ~ 50 cm in the young tree period to cultivate compact branches; For the branches that come out, we should be less sparse. We can change the angle by bending, pulling and pressing, strengthen the growth of medium and short branches, cultivate long branches and increase the number of branches.
3. Shorten and lengthen the branches reasonably, so as to prevent the membership difference from being too large, and the difference of short section length should not exceed 10%. Without side branches, it is easy to have strong middle trunk and weak main branches or strong main branches and weak side branches, which is not conducive to the improvement of yield.
4, light cutting and slow release, promoting the flowering of pear branches, and using non-backbone branches to bear fruit early.
5. To prevent the resulting parts from moving out and achieve the stereoscopic effect, pruning methods should be used correctly to ensure the good permeability of the crown, so as to achieve the stereoscopic effect. The peripheral branches and long branches that are shaded should be thinned out in time, the cross branches and overlapping branches that affect the light should be retracted in time, and the weak branches and aging branches should be rejuvenated and updated in time to ensure that the branches are strong.