Origin and distribution
Originated in India and Malaysia, it spread to tropical and subtropical countries and even some south temperate regions. Mainly produced in India and Malaysia, cultivated in the West Indies, Hawaii to Ryukyu Islands, Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, Florida and California, and southern China. China was recorded in Lingnan Miscellanies in Qing Dynasty (1694), and was introduced to China before17th century. Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Yunnan and Guizhou are all distributed.
Features and characteristics
This tree is 5 ~ 7 meters high. Short stem, multi-branched, conical crown. The skin of trunk is brown and smooth. The buds are gray-green. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, leathery, 12 ~ 25cm long and 3 ~ 5cm wide. The leaves have many transparent small glandular points, and the petiole is short and slightly enlarged. Flowers have terminal inflorescences and several flowers, usually planted on branches born in the previous year; The flowers are green and white, fragrant, with sepals 4 and petals 4, and the bud stage is arranged in bands; Stamens are numerous and uneven in length; Pistil 1, thin stigma, filiform style, 2-loculed ovary. The fruit is spherical or ovoid with a longitudinal diameter of 3 ~ 5cm and a transverse diameter of 3 ~ 4cm. Light yellow or apricot yellow, white flesh, loose texture, rose fragrance, thin and hollow flesh, with 1 ~ 2 seeds, shaking with noise. The seeds are spherical, taupe, multi-embryo, and the cotyledons are green (see figure). The subtropical region of South China blooms from March to April every year, and the fruit ripens from May to July.
Strong adaptability, mostly warm and humid tropical riverside and valley wetlands, but it still performs well in subtropical areas with intermittent dryness in slightly cold areas. There is little choice of soil. All kinds of soil can be planted on sandy soil and grow well, but fertile, deep and moist soil is the best.
principal item
Peach trees in China are mostly used as ornamental trees in gardens, but few are cultivated economically. According to the investigation in Dongguan, Guangdong, there are three types of peach varieties: ① Black seed. The leaves are long, the ripe fruit is reddish, the meat is sweet and crisp, the slag is melted, the aroma is rich, the core is small to seedless, and the quality is the best. ② Near gold species. The leaves are slender, the ripe fruit is yellow-green, the meat is thin and the quality is good. ③ White nuclear species. The leaves are wide, the fruit is big, round, the meat is thin, the stone is big, and the yield is unstable.
Key points of cultivation techniques
Common seedling propagation method. The seeds are completely mature, stored a little before sowing, and germinate 1 week after sowing. Cuttings and high-pressure strips are also easy to survive. Bud grafting scion adopts mature branches and is grafted with rootstock. Seedlings should be planted in seedbed for 2 years, and the suitable planting period is from 65438+February to the following February, and 4-5-year-old trees enter the fruiting period. It can be planted in spring and autumn. The plant spacing is 5 ~ 6 meters. After picking the fruit, plow the garden, loosen the soil and build a mound. Fertilization is mainly based on after-fruit fertilizer and winter fertilizer, and soil miscellaneous fertilizers such as nitrogen and potassium compound fertilizer, pond mud and manure can be used. At the same time, pay attention to pruning, relieve dead branches, pests and diseases, shady branches and too dense branches.
economic value
Mature peach fruit contains 84. 15% water, 0.73% sugar1/kloc-0, 0.79% protein, 0. 18% fat, 0.03% acid, 0.98% crude fiber and 0.29% ash. Fruit roses have a strong fragrance. Besides being eaten fresh, it can also be used to make dried peach slices, fruit purees, preserves, fruit juices and wine making. Peach leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds can be used as medicine, and mashed leaves and flowers can cure acne; Soaking the shell in wine has the effect of preventing miscarriage and stopping vomiting; Seeds can cure dysentery. Peach trees with deep roots and luxuriant leaves can be used as dikes and sand-fixing windbreaks. The tree is beautiful and can be used as an ornamental tree and a street tree.
Nursery plastic surgery
Trimming method of tree-shaped basic skeleton of nursery seedlings. Its seedlings are called plastic seedlings. Using plastic seedlings to build a garden, the orchard is neat, the young trees grow vigorously, take shape quickly and bear fruit early, which is beneficial to high yield. It usually takes 1 ~ 2 years to cultivate plastic seedlings. The number of seedlings per unit area is small, the cost of seedlings increases, and packaging and transportation are difficult. However, because plastic seedlings bear fruit early and yield is high, the economic benefit is still high. Abroad, it is widely used in the seedling raising of apple, pear, peach, citrus and other major fruit trees. In China, it has been used to raise seedlings of apples and other tree species, but it is rarely used in practice. Only when a large orchard is established can seedlings be transplanted nearby.
Generally, the height of grafted apple seedlings with vigorous growth often greatly exceeds the fixed dry standard, which often leads to insufficient plastic buds or grows into seedlings with secondary branches, which is not conducive to the shaping of young trees after they leave the nursery. Excellent plastic seedlings can be obtained by plastic surgery in the nursery.
When cultivating plastic seedlings in nursery, you can plant rootstock seedlings, graft varieties after survival and cultivate them on the spot; You can also plant grafted semi-mature seedlings and cultivate them into plastic seedlings; Or plant the single-stem fruit seedlings that have been bred and continue to cultivate. This method has a long seedling raising period, but the seedling quality is the best. In any case, the following technical links should be paid attention to in seedling raising. ① Increase the planting distance of seedlings. Generally, the plant spacing should be increased by 50 ~ 100% compared with single-stem seedlings, which is beneficial to the growth and shaping operation of branches. (2) Erase the buds below the plastic belt in time, so that the buds in the plastic belt are full and the branches are well branched. ③ Fixed drying time. Single-stem seedlings are usually fixed before germination in early spring, and new branches are cored during growth, which promotes secondary branching and rapidly expands the crown. The other two kinds should be fixed before the end of June in summer, when the height of grafted seedlings is 10 ~ 15 cm above the plastic belt, so as to promote the sprouting and branching in the plastic belt, and its length can reach the standard required for the growth of main branches at the end of growth. ④ Determination of trees. The fixed dry height (see tree) should be determined according to tree species, rootstocks and cultivation purposes, so as to build the basic skeleton of the tree in a planned way. ⑤ Adjust the growth of branches. Young trees have strong growth polarity and small branching angle, and it is easy to have strong upper branches and weak lower branches. In the growth period, the opening angle of the upper branches should be increased and the opening angle of the weak branches should be reduced by pulling, and the central branches should be bent with the core removed, so that the branches can grow in a balanced way and meet the plastic requirements. ⑥ Combined use of plant growth regulators such as cytokinins to promote hair growth. ⑦ Strengthen water and fertilizer management and pest control in the growing period to ensure the healthy growth of seedlings.
The plastic seedlings in the nursery are flourishing and bulky, so every link from nursery to planting must be carefully operated to avoid damaging the seedlings. When raising seedlings, the root system should be damaged as little as possible, so that the above-ground and underground parts can be kept as balanced as possible, and the phenomenon of delaying seedlings after planting can be alleviated. When packing and transporting, the roots should be dipped in mud, filled with moisturizing materials such as moss, and the branches should be tied into bundles. The whole plant should be tightly wrapped with plastic film and protected with sacks or small bags. It is best to put it in wooden cases and tie it tightly before shipment. If you can't plant it right away, you must transport it to the planting site and follow it as soon as possible.