Answer: Pearl is a valuable ornament and a valuable Chinese herbal medicine, which has high economic value. Pearl industry is often called "treasure house", so it has a bright future. Pearls are cultivated by mussels. Mytilus belongs to Mollusca, Lamellibranchia, with a wide variety and rich resources. In the pearl industry, mussels, crested mussels and pearl mussels are often used for breeding.
There are two softwares in the clam shell called mantle. After being stimulated, it will rapidly divide and proliferate, gradually surround the stimulus source, form a complete pearl sac, and secrete nacre layer by layer with the stimulus source as the center, and finally form pearls. Natural pearls are occasionally invaded by small sand grains, eggs and other foreign bodies, and the epidermal cells of the mantle divide to form pearl sacs, which wrap the foreign bodies and secrete mother-of-pearl to form nucleated pearls.
Second, what season is good for pearl cultivation surgery?
A: Late spring or early autumn is the best time for pearl breeding surgery. Due to the high temperature in midsummer, mussels dehydrate quickly after leaving water, and the wounds are prone to inflammation and ulceration. In winter, mussels almost go into a dormant state, and the surgical wound is not easy to heal, and it is easy to spit and rot.
Pearl mussels are usually caught from wild waters. It is not advisable to pile up for too long after coming out of the water. If it cannot be operated immediately due to transportation or other reasons, it should be temporarily raised in small waters. Temporary ponds can be set up if conditions permit, and the collected mussels can be fattened before operation to improve the success rate of operation.
Third, how to choose the surgical clam?
A: Surgical mussels are divided into producing mussels and inserting mussels. The mussels used to make small pieces of instant mussels and cultivate pearls are all inserted in mussels. Before the operation, according to the ratio of 1: 1, select producers and insert mussels and put them into a basin filled with water. The production of mussels should be 3 years old and the insertion of mussels should be 4 years old. When mussels are young, the pearl secretion function is strong, the pearl formation speed is fast, and the pearl quality is good, but when mussels are old, it is the opposite.
Fourth, please introduce the manufacturing method of the insert.
A: The production of the insert is divided into four steps: cutting mussels, peeling the mantle, peeling the skin, and shaping and slicing. Insert the mussel cutter into the front and rear ends of the mussel, cut off the adductor muscle before and after, and then cut off the joint between the two cloaca and internal organs, taking care not to damage the cloaca, which is clam cutting; Then use tweezers to gently turn the edge film inward along the mark, tear a small mouth at its front or rear edge, clamp the inner epidermis with small tweezers, and put the other tweezers between the inner epidermis and the outer epidermis at the small mouth to separate the inner epidermis from front to back, that is, peel off the outer membrane; Then use a blade or scissors to cut off the outer skin of the edge film along the coating mark, and lay it on a glass plate with one side facing upward to remove the outer skin; Finally, cut off the colored edges with a slicing knife, trim both sides and cut into square pieces with a side length of 0.5 cm. Drop a little chlortetracycline solution with a concentration of 0. 1% on the small piece, which is the edge-cutting piece. It should be noted that the trimmed small pieces should not be stored, so as not to affect the cell vitality.
5. How to insert the insert?
Answer: First, gently insert a bottle opener between the two shells of mussels, so that the shells are scattered, and fix them with plugs, with the opening less than 1. 1- 1.4 cm, and dip a sponge in water to clean the dirt on the epidermis and internal organs in the central membrane; Then insert 3-4 rows into the mantle from the gill line away from the gill base 1 cm, with the row spacing of 0.8 cm and the spacing of 1- 1.5 cm. Inserts should be arranged evenly, which can be plum blossom-shaped, and it is appropriate to insert about 40 pieces. Then tilt the needle, place the needle in the center of the front of the tablet, wrap the tablet evenly on the needle with crochet, puncture the inner epidermis of the mantle with crochet, and send the tablet into the connective tissue between the inner epidermis and the outer epidermis at one time from the opening, with a general depth of about 0.6cm, then press the sent small pieces outside the mantle with crochet, and then pull out the needle to leave the small pieces inside; After the small pieces are sent in, the small pieces are arranged into a drum-shaped protrusion on the inner surface of the mantle with a crochet, and then the other side of the clam is operated. After the operation is completed, the date of the operation is engraved on the mussel shell and sent to the water for pearl culture.
6. How to breed mussels?
A: Single hanging culture is better. That is, a small hole is drilled in the mussel crown, and each mussel is hung and fixed on a bamboo frame or a live Zhi Zhu frame with a row spacing of about 1m and a spacing of about 3cm, and about 1000 mussels are raised per mu. The environment of mussel water area requires ventilation to the sun, with no tall buildings and trees around, water depth of 1m, no aquatic plants, weak running water and neutral water quality, so toxic sewage should be prevented from entering pearl farms.
Mytilus has no predatory organs, but only feeds on the water flow formed by gill cilia activities, so it should be kept in the water layer with the richest food. When the water temperature is 10-30℃ in spring and autumn, it should be hung 20-30 cm above the water surface, and it should be hung 70 cm above the water surface in midsummer and severe winter. Fertilization is not needed in aquaculture waters in winter, and inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer should be applied in spring and autumn to improve water quality, promote plankton growth and provide rich food for mussels. When the temperature is high in summer, inorganic fertilizer should be applied, and the fertilizer should be applied several times.
Seven, how to harvest pearls?
A: Pearl mussels can be harvested after 2-3 years of cultivation. Pearls can be picked when the water temperature is lower than 20℃, because the pearls are delicate and shiny at this time. When selecting pearls, cut the anterior and posterior adductor muscles with a knife, lift the pearls on the mantle with your fingers, gently wash them with clear water, then absorb the moisture with flannel, polish them with white silk, and then sell them in different grades. Mytilus meat can be eaten raw or dried into scallop meat. The outer layer and middle layer of mussel shell can be used as shell powder of livestock and poultry, and the inner layer can be used as pearl powder, which is an important raw material for cosmetics, medicines and food.