A study of English loanwords in network language. 438+1On April 20th, 994, computer network information center accessed the Internet through the American Sprint Company. /kloc-since 0/0, the Internet industry in China has developed vigorously and its application has spread rapidly. The 14th Statistical Report on China's Internet Development released by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) on July 20th, 2004 shows that as of June 30th, 2004, there were 87 million netizens and 36.3 million computers in China. At present, the number of netizens in China accounts for 6.7% of the total population in China, accounting for 1 1% of the global netizens, which is considerable. With the development of network communication, network language came into being and showed great vitality. (A) the concept and classification of network language "network language is a communication symbol for people to exchange and process information on the Internet, and it is the product of the information age." [1] Network languages can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized network languages can be divided into three categories: first, professional terms related to the network, such as mouse, firewall, browser and so on. ; The second is the special terms related to the network, such as netizens, internet bugs, hackers and so on. Thirdly, words and symbols commonly used by netizens in chat rooms and BBS, such as pretty girl, rookie, Dongdong, etc. [2] Symbols such as ":-D" (laughs). Network language in a narrow sense only refers to the third category. The network language discussed in this paper refers to the generalized network language. Qin Xiubai (2003) further distinguishes network language from network discourse from the stylistic point of view, and points out that "network language" is a functional variant of language. [3] (2) The essence of network language Network language is a CMC (Computer Mediated Communication) language, that is, a computer-mediated communication language. Network language is a new media language, which is mainly active in BBS, chat rooms, emails, online magazines and blogs. Network language can be regarded as a social dialect of virtual space. Social dialect is a variation of language used by people of different ages, genders, occupations, classes and strata in society, and it is a symbol of speech community. [4] The netizens in China are mainly composed of some specific groups, which may be mainly men, young people, students and low-income people (according to the 14th statistical report on Internet development in China). Therefore, the network language can be said to be a social dialect of a specific group of netizens, and it is a language variation influenced by the network and netizens. Introduction to loanwords "Loanwords are also called loanwords, which refer to words borrowed from foreign languages." [5] In addition to "loanwords" and "loanwords", some scholars use such terms as "loanwords", "loanwords" and "loanwords". Some scholars, such as Wang Li and Zhou, regard "loanwords" and "loanwords" as concepts with different names. Scholars such as Gao, Li and Yang advocate distinguishing between "loanwords" and "loanwords". [6] The concept and scope of "loanwords" or "loanwords" have been debated for a long time in China academic circles, and there is no unified opinion so far. The focus of people's debate is whether its concept refers to all the sounds and meanings of loanwords, or to any factor in the form, sound and meaning of loanwords. Regarding the definition of its scope, there are differences in the attribution of free translation words and Japanese characters. Zhang Jinwen (2003) divided "loanwords" into three categories: one is "loanwords", that is, words that directly borrow loanwords or letters; The second is "mixed words", that is, words formed by borrowing western letters and Chinese morphemes; The third is "loanwords", that is, fully transliterated, fully translated, semi-transliterated and semi-translated words. [7] Here "loanwords" and "loanwords" are subordinate, and the scope of "loanwords" is larger than that of "loanwords". This article has no intention of getting entangled in terms and concepts and deviating from the theme of the article. This paper uses the term "loanwords" on the basis of Zhang Jinwen's classification, and intends to discuss it from a broader perspective. In recent ten years, with the development of the Internet in China, the increasing frequency of foreign exchanges, the contact and collision between Chinese and Western languages and cultures, many English loanwords have flooded into online languages, forming distinctive language features and having unique research value. The composition of English loanwords in network language The characteristics of network language are mainly embodied in vocabulary, and borrowing vocabulary from English is a prominent feature of network language. Combining the classification of network language and loanwords, the composition of English loanwords in network language can be summarized as follows: (1) Borrowing English words and letters directly can be divided into three ways: directly borrowing English words, directly borrowing English numbers and borrowing the combination of English words and letters. English words are borrowed directly, such as chat room, click, download, Java (a programming language), Modem, Yahoo (Yahoo website) and so on. There are three types of direct borrowing of English letters: one is borrowing the initials or homophonic abbreviations of English words or phrases, which are generally capital letters, such as THX(Thanks), UR(Your), BF (boyfriend), BTW (incidentally), TMR(Tomorrow), ASAP (as soon as possible), AFAIK (as far as I know) and ic (as soon as possible). The second is to borrow the combination of letters and numbers, in which the numbers either represent the meaning of numbers (usually Chinese pronunciation) or the homonym of English letters and words (usually English pronunciation). Such as Y2K (year 2000), 3G (third generation), B2B (business-to-business), B4 (before), I H8 U (I hate you). The third is the combination of borrowing symbols and English words or letters. For example: Com (network) Services (network services) and so on. In addition, another form is a combination of English words and letters, some with hyphens in the middle. Such as Pocket PC, P to P, E-mail, Web-J and so on. (2) Borrow the combination of English letters or words and Chinese characters. In this way, English letters or words can be placed in front of, behind or between Chinese characters, and some English letters or words will be accompanied by numbers or symbols. Such as: CIH virus, E-era, IP phone, USB interface, Cookie information, Internet peripherals, Java special effects, Xday generation, handheld PC, mobile QICQ, post-PC era, China C network, E-era I management, MP3 mobile phone, BIG5 code, email,. Com economy, China.com, etc. (3) Loanwords The loanwords mentioned here mainly include complete transliteration words (or pure transliteration words), semi-transliteration words, transliteration words and free translation words. Complete transliteration refers to imitating the pronunciation of foreign words and using Chinese characters with the same or similar pronunciation. Such as Beta, Copy, Homepage, Windows and so on. Semi-transliteration and semi-free translation means that some of the translated words imitate pronunciation and some reflect meaning. Such as the Internet. A word with both sound and meaning means that the translated word takes into account both the sound and meaning of the original word. Such as hackers, talk shows, etc. Free translation words are converted into Chinese characters according to the meaning of English words. Such as: click, surf, link, bulletin board (BBS), attachment, webpage, favorite, online, add water, etc. The characteristics of English loanwords in network language are determined by factors such as network language, network communication mode and the composition of loanwords themselves. Their distinctive features can be summarized as follows: (1) Simplicity Because network communication needs to be realized by typing characters on the keyboard and reading characters from the screen, it is difficult to synchronize thinking and communication, which often leads to the delay and disconnection of dialogue. [8] In addition to the impact of keyboard input speed and network cost, netizens can only exchange information in a convenient and timely manner by adopting abbreviated language forms. The conciseness of English loanwords is formed to meet the needs of network communication. For example, B4 replaces before, DL replaces download, IE replaces IE, ISP replaces Internet Service Provider, VG replaces Very good, HRU replaces How are you, and FAQ replaces Frequently. English loanwords in network language have the characteristics of conciseness, clarity and abbreviation, and some people call it the economy of language. [9] (2) Novelty China's netizens are mostly young people, and young people like to be different and unconventional. So they like to use novel and interesting language to show their personality and attract attention. For example, foreign words in English, such as "cat", "mouse", "Yi Meier", "roast chicken", "rookie", "irrigation" and so on. Com team is very novel and strange. (3) Strong professional technical color A large number of English loanwords in the network language are technical terms of information technology, which have distinct professional technical color. Such as: information technology (IT), electronic commerce (e-commerce), URL (Uniform Resource Location Format), WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), VDTs dry eye, POP protocol, Flash animation, free software, etc. (D) The word formation of some foreign words in the unstable network language is unstable. The letters in loanwords are not capitalized, such as "e" sometimes, and e sometimes; The word form is uncertain, such as: sometimes it is "DL" and sometimes it is "download"; In English, "to" can be replaced by "2" with similar pronunciation, or represented by the symbol "-". [10] For example, "B to B", "B2B" and "B-B" all mean "business to business". In addition, there is a phenomenon in loanwords, that is, there is no fixed word form in the translated words, and various translation methods coexist. For example, Internet, Internet, Internet, Internet, Global Internet and Computer Internet all refer to Internet. Downline, downline, downline, downline, downline all refer to downline. The translation of "login" includes both "login" and "login"; The transliteration of "download" includes "when" and "when". The rhetorical functions of English loanwords in network language are not only ideographic, but also unique. (1) emotive color "emotive color is the color produced by language units to express meaning, which is used to describe feelings and images, and to express the feelings and attitudes of speakers and writers towards the objects of speech and writing. They refer to the writer's subjective evaluation of objective things. It can be divided into three types: emotional color, attitude color and image color. " [1 1] Loanwords in network language often show humor, humor, irony and other emotions and attitudes. For example, transliteration of "home page" as "roast chicken", "modem" as "cat" and "e-mail" as "Yi Meier" is humorous and amiable. Hackers, on the other hand, show their hatred for "people who take illegal measures to escape the access control of computer network systems and enter the computer network". In addition, code-switching between Chinese and English often occurs in online language communication, and English words are mixed in Chinese, which reflects young people's recognition of western language and culture and their pursuit of novelty and fashion. The loanwords "bug", "BTW", "case" and "e" in the following paragraphs are good examples. "XXX company: I put a software on your company's roast chicken, which can't be used. I don't think it's the cat. Maybe there are too many bugs in your company. Now I send a post to inform everyone that although it is a small case, please pay attention. By the way, please send me the revised software if possible. Prawn. " [12] (2) Stylistic color "Stylistic color is the environmental color of language units, which is produced by the constraints of language environment. In the synonymous means of language system, it often appears in a certain language environment, and the language unit applied to a certain style has that style color. " [13] Network communication is mainly written communication, so network style is written style. However, the communication under the network environment needs to be fast and concise, which makes the network language tend to be colloquial. Yu Genyuan believes that "generally speaking, the style of online language is colloquial and written." [14] English loanwords, as an important part of network language, mainly reflect the written stylistic features of colloquialism. It can also be said that the stylistic color of English loanwords is manifested in the coexistence and mutual penetration of written style and spoken style. Technical terms such as virtual reality, shareware, OA (Office Automation), Y2K(2000), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) embody scientific style in written style. However, foreign words such as "cat", "Yi Meier", "irrigation", "firewall" and "died of plague" are colloquial. (3) Associative color "Associative color is the derivative color of language unit, which mainly comes from the association of form, sound and meaning of words." [15] Some English loanwords can arouse people's association and enhance their expressive force. For example, MUD (multi-user dungeon) is translated into "mud" (the English word "mud" means this), which is associative. MUD is an online game in which many people participate. The more you play, the more you want to play, which makes the participants unable to extricate themselves. When people see "mud", they will think that this game will make people addicted to it, just like being stuck in mud. Another example is to see "Yahoo!" People will think of Gulliver's Travels, a novel written by British writer Swift in the 9th century. In the novel, the writer describes the most ideal animal species in the universe, which has all the advantages that human beings can imagine, and its body image runs like a galloping horse. The name of this animal is Yahoo. [16] This association makes people feel fast and almost perfect about Yahoo's website. Attitude towards network language and its English loanwords; Network language is gradually entering the mass media and permeating the daily life of young people, which will have an impact on the communication methods of more and more people. People have different attitudes towards network language. Shen Xiaolong holds a positive attitude and thinks that "the emergence of network language is a kind of progress, a very beneficial development trend and a manifestation of Chinese vitality". [17] Some people hold a negative attitude and think that "network language destroys the purity of Chinese". [18] The arbitrariness and alternative writing methods of online language will inevitably lead people to think about language and writing norms. Some people argue that we should adopt a tolerant attitude towards network language and regulate it in an appropriate way. For example, Wang Xianpei believes that "standardization-dynamic and flexible norms" should be emphasized, not pure. [19] It should be noted that there are some problems with English loanwords in network language, such as confusing transliteration, random abbreviations, confusion between English abbreviations and Chinese phonetic abbreviations, irregular word forms and irregular pronunciation. These problems should attract our attention. We should take an open and constructive attitude towards English loanwords in network language. On the one hand, we should admit the rationality of their existence; On the other hand, it is necessary to intervene and take certain planning measures. We shouldn't worry too much, because there are many English loanwords in online language. On the contrary, "the use and popularization of network language, the great changes in the language environment after the reform and opening up, and the introduction of a large number of foreign words have made contemporary Chinese face the biggest and most profound changes since the May Fourth Movement, and we should actively cheer for its arrival." [20] Cyberspace has changed people's communication ways and expanded people's communication scope and freedom. With the development of information technology, network language will have a far-reaching impact on people's communicative behavior. Network language is an open symbol system, and its openness, inclusiveness and innovation will make more English loanwords enter it and play its due role. English loanwords in network language are the supplement and development of Chinese, reflecting the influence of Internet media with English as the main information carrier on Chinese language contact and communication, the influence of English-speaking countries' language and culture on China's language and culture, and the development and changes of China's social culture in the network information age. Studying English loanwords in network language can promote the development of language communication and cross-cultural communication under the network context, which is of practical significance to the healthy development of network language, language standardization, language teaching and the compilation of new dictionaries, and should be paid attention to by language writers. Reference 1. Qi xiaojie. On the Network Language [J]. China Architecture, 200 1, (8): 14- 15.2. Li jun On the influence of network language on modern Chinese [J]. Frontiers of Social Sciences, 2002, (6) 4. 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