Technical specification for plum production
1 range
This standard stipulates the requirements of grafting seedling, garden planting, cultivation management, main pest control and fruit harvesting.
This standard is applicable to plum producing areas in Guangdong Province.
2 normative reference documents
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard by reference. All subsequent modifications (excluding errata) or revisions of dated reference documents are not applicable to this standard. However, parties who have reached an agreement according to this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For undated reference documents, the latest edition is applicable to this standard.
GB 4285 Standard for Safe Use of Pesticides
GB/T 832 1 (full text) Guidelines for the rational use of pesticides
NY/T 394 Guide to the Use of Green Food Fertilizer
GB/T 18407.2 environmental requirements for the safety and quality of agricultural products and the producing areas of pollution-free fruits.
GB/T 18406.2 safety requirements for agricultural products and pollution-free fruits.
Announcement 199 of People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Agriculture (May 24, 2002)
3. Cultivation of grafted seedlings
3. 1 nursery selection
Choose sandy loam cultivated land with gentle terrain, abundant sunshine, good irrigation and drainage, deep soil layer, rich organic matter, pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5 and a distance of more than productive Meiyuan 1 km as nursery land.
3.2 rootstock seedling cultivation
3.2. 1 Selection of rootstock seedling varieties
Plum seedlings should be used as rootstocks, peaches or plums should not be used as rootstocks.
3.2.2 Selection and treatment of seeds
Choose seeds with clear sources, such as green bamboo plum, yellow plum, red-faced pearl pier, fire plum, etc., and harvest them after they are fully mature. Pile the fruit for 5 d~7 d, and the pile height should not exceed 30 cm. After the pulp decays, clean the seeds and put them in a ventilated place to dry. The dried seeds should be layered with clean river sand in a cool and dry place indoors, and the river sand should always be moist. The layering height should be within 40 cm, and the humidity should be checked frequently to prevent excessive drying or fever. The stratification treatment time before sowing is not less than 90 d ~100 d.
Before stratification, the seeds were disinfected with 70% thiophanate-methyl 500 times solution for 20 min.
Preparation of nursery
Deeply turn over the soil, apply sole fertilizer and carefully prepare the soil; From the beginning, the frame width was 100 cm ~ 120 cm, the frame height was 20 cm~25 cm, the gutter width was 40 cm~45 cm, and the frame surface was smooth.
3.2.4 Sowing time and method
The seeds treated by stratification should be sown in late October of 165438 and early February of 10 +65438, and the seeds should be evenly spread on the border, and the seeds should be buried in the soil with gentle pressure of wooden boards, covered with fine river sand with a thickness of 3 cm, and then covered with straw and plastic film. After germination, uncover the film and drain the straw several times.
3.2.5 Bed separation and management after bed separation
When the height of seedlings reaches 6 cm ~ 8 cm, transplant them according to the plant spacing 12 cm ~ 15 cm and the row spacing is 23 cm ~ 25 cm, and spray foot root water to keep the border moist until survival.
Rootstock seedlings should be protected from water accumulation, sparse fertilization water, weeding and loosening soil, irrigation in drought, anti-collapse and other pests and diseases, and branches below 30 cm of seedling trunk should be cut off to make the base smooth and convenient for grafting.
3.3 grafting
3.3. 1 scion collection
Scions should be collected from excellent mother trees with pure varieties, strong growth and high and stable yield. Select the vegetative branches with full growth, full bud eyes, green upper part and lignified lower part at the periphery of the crown, and use the middle part as the scion. Pick it up or wrap it in a slightly wrung wet cloth for later use.
Scions were collected from other places, and 50 ~ 100 scions were tied into 1. After the variety name, collection date and collection place are marked, the scion is wrapped with wet grass paper and then the base of the scion is wrapped with plastic film, and the upper part is not sealed. Do quick pick, quick package, express delivery, quick take.
Rootstock specification
The stem thickness of rootstock grafted in winter is above 0.6 cm, and that grafted in autumn is above 0.5 cm.
3.3.3 Grafting period
Grafting in winter is from late February of 65438+ to early October of 10, and grafting in autumn is from late September to early October of 10. Grafting in winter is more suitable.
3.3.4 grafting method
At 15 cm above the ground, cut off the remaining trunk on the rootstock and flatten the section. Grafting in winter, using single bud cutting method; Grafting in autumn, using half-through-head bud cutting method, leaving two buds in the scion. The section of rootstock and scion should be smooth, the cambium should be aligned and closely attached, and tied tightly with ultra-thin film strips.
3.3.5 Reserved scions
At the end of grafting, a certain number of scions are reserved and stored in the sand for supplementary grafting.
3.3.6 Grafting seedling management
20 d after grafting, timely check the grafting, timely wipe off the buds below the grafting interface, and strengthen fertilizer and water management and pest control. When the height of seedlings is above 50 cm~60 cm, the top should be cut off at 40 cm~50 cm from the ground to promote the growth of branches, and three evenly distributed lateral branches should be selected as the main branches, and the rest should be cut off. After 1 year grafting, you can leave the nursery.
3.4 seedlings out of the nursery
3.4. 1 non-garden time
It is suitable for planting in the nursery after defoliation at 5438+0 1 in June and before budding in February of the following year, or after the shoots mature in early May.
3.4.2 emergence
Miao Di will be flooded two days in advance. Dig deep and dig up line by line, and tap the soil to avoid damaging the root system.
3.4.3 Grading of grafted seedlings
Grafted seedlings should have upright trunk, many fibrous roots, complete root system and no obvious mechanical damage. See table 1 for classification criteria.
Table 1 Grading Standard of Grafting li miao
Grade-I trunk is thick in diameter.
Height of trunk (cm)
Height of whole seedling (cm)
Number of main branches (cm)
Main branch length
(cm)
1 level
Grade 2 ≥ 1.2
0.9~ 1.2 40~50
40~50 80~ 100
80~ 100 3
3 ≥30
≥30
3.4.4 Inspection method
The trunk diameter is thick, and the diameter of 2 cm above the joint is measured with caliper (accuracy 0.1mm); The height of the trunk is measured from the ground with a steel tape.
The first main branch is measured; Measure the height of the whole seedling from the ground to the top of the branch with a steel tape.
3.4.5 Quality Inspection and Quarantine
Before leaving the nursery, it should be inspected by the competent department of agriculture (fruit trees) at or above the county level, and quarantined by the plant quarantine department at or above the county level, and the seedling quality certificate and plant quarantine certificate should be issued.
sample
Using random sampling method, the total sampling number is not less than 3% of the total number of seedlings in this batch.
For seedlings of the same level, an error rate of 5% is allowed in the adjacent level, but there shall be no grade error.
When the sampling inspection exceeds the specified error, the total number of seedlings at this level is converted according to the qualified rate.
package
According to the specifications of the nursery, the seedlings and weak seedlings are removed and graded. Every 20 plants are tied into a small bundle, and the roots are evenly dipped in yellow mud. Bundle every five into a bundle, each bundle is packed in a plastic bag, and the top of the seedling is exposed outside the bag. Each bundle has a label, indicating the variety, rootstock, grade, quantity, date of leaving the nursery and who left the nursery.
transport
When shipping, plum seedlings should be laid flat in layers, and at most they can only be stacked to 5 ~ 8 layers continuously to prevent crushing and fever. During transportation, it should be protected from sun, rain and wind, and the compartment should be ventilated and cooled. After arriving at the destination, unload it in the shade and plant it as soon as possible. Do fast loading, express delivery, fast unloading and fast planting.
4. The establishment of Liyuan
4. 1 Garden selection
The garden should be built in hilly and mountainous areas with slope below 25o, open terrain and abundant sunshine, and in flat and dam areas with underground water level below1m. There should be no cold air accumulation in the garden, no wind hazard in late winter and early spring, no frost or long-term rain and fog in flowering and young fruit periods, and it should be far away from atmospheric pollution sources.
The soil should be sandy loam and loam with deep soil layer, loose soil, convenient irrigation and drainage, rich organic matter and pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5.
See appendix a for the selection of ecological suitable areas.
4.2 Garden environment
The quality of irrigation water, soil and ambient air shall meet the requirements of GB/T 18407.2.
4.3 Landscape Planning
Meiyuan can be divided into several areas, including soil and water conservation infrastructure such as road system, irrigation and drainage system, shelter forest, etc. , and supporting septic tanks, green manure bases, warehouses, fertilizers and other production facilities. Contour terraces can be built on slopes with slopes above 10o, and contour terraces can be planted on gentle slopes below 5o.
4.4 planting
4.4. 1. 1 planting density
In the flat land, gentle slope land and garden land with fertile soil and convenient irrigation and drainage, the plant spacing should be 4 m × 5 m; ; In sloping fields and gardens with thin and barren soil, the spacing between plants should be 3 m × 5 m. You can also use the planned close planting method of 3 m×5 m in the early stage, and close planting 1 plant in the later stage, with the row spacing of 5 m× 6 m.
4.4.2 Planting ditch or hole
Excavate planting holes or ditches on the inner side of the center line of the terrace surface. Specification of planting ditch or planting hole: area width 1 m, bottom width 0.8 m and depth 0.6 m~0.8 m Both ends of planting ditch should be connected with drainage ditch.
Planting ditches and holes should be prepared with 20 kg ~ 30 kg/m3 of green manure, 65,438+00 kg ~ 65,438+05 kg of chicken manure or pig manure, 65,438+0 kg of calcium superphosphate and 65,438+0 kg of lime powder as base fertilizers. Backfill topsoil at the bottom of planting ditch (hole), then mix green manure, lime and loose soil, then mix livestock manure, phosphate fertilizer and loose soil, and finally use loose soil to make a mound 25 cm above the ground at the planting hole. Backfilling of planting holes shall be completed 1 month before planting.
4.4.3 Planting time
It should be planted in the first ten days of 165438 and the second ten days of 10 +65438, or in the spring after the spring shoots mature.
4.4.4 Variety selection
The main varieties of red plum available in different regions are Puning Damei, Softwood Damei, Bai Mei, Puning Ai Bai Mei, Chaoan Bai Mei, Li and Mei Tao. Plum varieties include Dahengqing, Henghe and Tianshui Daroumei (see Appendix B for variety characteristics).
4.4.5 Seedling Selection and Planting Method
Grafting seedlings of grade 1 and grade 2 should be used. Planting seedlings in layers. If possible, plant the seedlings into big ones one by one before planting. Put the seedling in the middle of the planting hole, stretch its lateral roots, fill the fine soil into the root gap layer by layer, gently press it layer by layer to make the root neck slightly higher than the soil surface, spray the roots with water, cover the tree tray with straw, and keep the soil moist.
4.4.6 Configuration of pollinated varieties
Orchards should be equipped with pollinating varieties, and two or three main varieties can be planted together and pollinate each other; You can also choose a main variety, and choose 1 ~ 2 varieties with the same flowering period as the pollination tree from other varieties, such as plum, plum, plum, plum and so on. The proportion of pollinated trees accounts for 20% ~ 30% of the total number of plants, and 60 varieties can be planted every 3 ~ 4 rows.
5 cultivation management
5. 1 soil management
5. 1. 1 soil improvement
In the autumn of the second year after planting plum orchards in hills or mountainous areas, holes are expanded outward around the original planting ditches or holes, and strip ditches with a width of 0.3 m, a depth of 0.4 m and a length of 0.5 m ~ 1 m are dug, and each plant is buried with 20 kg~30 kg of green manure, 5 kg ~ 10 kg of decomposed livestock manure, 0.5 kg of lime and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate. Every year from late June 65438+ 10 to late October165438+10/0.
5. 1.2 Intercropping
Within 2 years after planting, leguminous crops such as peanuts, soybeans, mung beans and adzuki beans or short-term crops such as leafy vegetables can be planted outside the tree tray, and the harvested stems and leaves can be used as soil improvement materials to improve the soil.
5. 1.3 soil and weed management
Orchard can be cleared or covered in the tree tray, and the recommended planting methods outside the tree tray are: clearing deep-rooted and malignant weeds, introducing Pogostemon cablin and Stylosanthes on the ground, and mowing regularly to cover the tree tray and the ground.
After picking the fruit, weed the tree tray once, loosen the soil by 5 cm~6 cm, spray herbicide once if the grass is too dense, and leave the ground covered after the weeds die. Plum orchards with serious erosion should be covered with bare roots in summer and autumn. Every year from June 165438+ 10 to mid-February, 65438+February, manual weeding or chemical weeding is carried out in the whole garden. Under the canopy drip line, according to the requirements of deep ploughing and soil improvement, organic fertilizers such as dried grass are dug up and buried underground, and the whole garden surface is shallow and loose 6 cm to 7 cm.
5. 1.4 Drainage and irrigation
Young plum gardens should be moisturized, protected from sun and protected from roots. Results In case of drought in bud stage, flowering stage and young fruit expansion stage, water should be poured or drenched in time. If it rains for a long time and the soil is too wet, it should be drained in time.
5.2 Fertilization
5.2. 1 Fertilization principle
According to NY/T 394 green food fertilizer use guide.
5.2.2 Fertilization of young trees
Fertilize 1 time for each new shoot during the budding period and the leaf turning green period, with nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer and phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium fertilizers as the auxiliary fertilizers; 10 month long-acting organic fertilizer 1 1 times. Each young tree is applied with 0.2 kg ~ 0.6 kg urea, 0.5 kg ~ 1 kg compound fertilizer and 0.5 kg ~ 1.0 kg peanut bran every year.
Fertilization of fruiting tree
Results Fertilization of trees can be divided into pre-flowering fertilizer, strong fruit and strong bamboo shoots fertilizer, after-fruit fertilizer and strong bamboo shoots to protect leaves and promote flower buds.
5.2.3. 1 Fertilization before flowering
Taking long-acting organic fertilizer as the main material, taking the yield per plant as an example, 50 kg, peanut bran 1 kg ~ 1 kg ~ 1.5 kg, and 50 g of borax; Apply to each plant at the beginning of 10. From bud stage to flowering stage, an appropriate amount of quick-acting liquid fertilizer can be applied 1 ~ 2 times, and each plant can be applied with 0.2 kg ~ 0.4 kg compound fertilizer (n: P2O5: K2O = 15: 15, the same below), and then water is sprayed.
5.2.3.2 Guozhuangfei
Mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, with appropriate amount of available nitrogen fertilizer. 0.3 kg ~ 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0. 1 kg of potassium chloride were applied to each plant, and it was applied twice every month from the development period of young fruits to before harvesting/kloc-0. Borax 50 g was applied to each plant in boron-deficient orchard, and lime powder 1 kg was applied to each plant after the first spring rain in the middle and late February.
5.2.3.3 fruit picking fertilizer
Before and after fruit picking, peanut bran 1 kg or chicken manure 10 kg should be applied to each plant. Therefore, many weak trees are applied before fruit picking. After fruit picking, quick-acting fertilizer should be supplemented once in time, and each plant should be sprayed with 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer, 0.5 kg of urea and 0. 1 kg of potassium chloride. After-fruit fertilizer should be applied within one week after fruit picking.
5.2.3.4 protects the leaves and promotes the distribution of chemical fertilizers in flower buds.
Liquid fertilizer is applied once a month from June to September, and compound fertilizer is applied to each plant at 0. 1 kg ~ 0.2 kg each time.
5.3 shaping and pruning
5.3. 1 young tree shaping
After survival, three main branches were selected on the trunk, 45 cm short branches were used to promote vomiting, and 2 ~ 3 staggered oblique branches were selected as auxiliary branches. Leave 40 cm~50 cm chopped side branches in winter. In the future, we will continue to cultivate lateral branches and fruiting branches on auxiliary main branches and extended branches. The vertical branches on the main branches and auxiliary branches in the middle and upper part of the crown, the lateral branches with inappropriate angles and the branches that affect the tree shape should be sprouted or cut off in time. After 2 or 3 years, the natural happiness crown will be developed.
5.3.2 Pruning of the first fruit tree
The key point of pruning the first fruit tree is to keep the short and middle branches and remove the long branches. In winter, cut off branches over 30 cm 1/4 ~ 1/3 to promote short and medium fruit branches to bloom. At the same time, cut off some branches that are too dense, overlapping and shaded, and cut off dead branches and pests.
5.3.3 Pruning of Adult Fruit Trees
There are summer pruning and winter pruning. Pruning in summer should be completed within 15 d after fruit picking, and the upright branches, over-branches or over-branches disturbing the tree shape in the upper part of the crown should be cut off in time, and the shaded crown should be "skylight-open", and some overlapping branches should be cut off appropriately to make solar energy disperse into the crown. In the closed plum orchard, the transverse branches between rows and plants are retracted, and rotten branches, drooping branches, dead branches and pests are cut off. Pruning in winter is carried out from June 1 1 to mid-February before buds appear, and long branches, dead branches, pests and diseases are cut off, and branches that are too dense are pruned; Cut off long fruit branches over 30 cm1/4 ~1/3; According to the tree shape, delete a certain number of short and medium fruit branches appropriately and evenly.
5.3.4 Pruning of old and decaying trees
Old and declining trees are updated and pruned. Before sprouting spring shoots, some large lateral branches are pruned by rotation once a year to promote the emergence of strong vegetative branches and fruiting branches; Regeneration of main branches of decaying trees. If the lower or middle part of the main branch has sprouted long branches, the main branch can be cut short outside the place where the thick and long branches grow, or cut short in the middle and lower part of the main branch to stimulate the germination of latent buds, grow long branches or strong branches, and re-cultivate the crown.
5.4 Regulating defoliation and promoting flower bud differentiation
5.4. 1 premature defoliation and its prevention
Red plum varieties defoliated seriously before the end of September, and green plum varieties defoliated seriously before the end of August, which belonged to abnormal defoliation. To prevent abnormal defoliation, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.003% nucleotide can be sprayed at the spring shoot stage; Drain water in time after typhoon and rainstorm, strengthen the soil and spray foliar fertilizer 1 ~ 2 times.
5.4.2 Late defoliation and its prevention
Those that have not fallen leaves after 10 belong to the late defoliation stage. Spraying 40% ethephon15ml mixed with 50kg of water on the crown can make the leaves fall off gradually. Or deep hoe 15 cm ~ 20 cm in the range of 20 cm~30 cm inside and outside the crown drip line, and hoe off some absorption roots to promote timely defoliation.
5.5 Flower Protection and Fruit Protection
5.5. 1 Bee release in flowering period
Arrange 2 groups of bees per hectare to promote pollination.
5.5.2 Artificial flower protection and fruit protection
The following methods can be selected: spraying 1 ~ 2 times of 0.0075% nucleotide in bud stage; Spraying foliar fertilizer 2 ~ 3 times in young fruit stage; For strong and prosperous trees with few flowers and many fruits, some long branches can be artificially thinned to prevent the branches from competing for nutrients, so as to improve the fruit setting rate.
5.5.3 Prevent drought, fog, rain and frost.
In case of drought in bud stage and flowering stage, it should be watered in time. When the air is too dry, it should be sprayed with water to wet the stigma in the morning. Spray clear water before sunrise, it will bloom in dense fog, and shake flowers and beads in rainy weather; In case of frost in flowering period and young fruit period, cover in advance and smoke at night to prevent cold.
6. Prevention and control of major pests and diseases
6. 1 control principle
We should implement the policy of giving priority to prevention and comprehensive prevention and control. Promote biological control on the basis of agricultural control measures. Chemical control should seize the early stage of disease or the young stage of pests and reduce the frequency and dosage of pesticide use.
6.2 Agricultural control measures
Pay attention to drought prevention, moisture preservation, root protection, increase the application of potassium fertilizer to prevent partial application of nitrogen fertilizer; Reasonable shaping and pruning can make the orchard ventilated and transparent, and enhance the tree potential.
Improve the resistance to pests and diseases. The ground management adopts the method of planting grass to protect natural enemies of pests and reduce the use of chemical pesticides.
6.3 Principles of pesticide use
The selection of pesticides should conform to GB 4285 pesticide safety use standard and GB/T 832 1 (full text) pesticide rational use standard.
Prohibited pesticides should be implemented according to the announcement number. Ministry of Agriculture of People's Republic of China (PRC)199 (May 24th, 2002), banned dimethoate.
6.4 Main pests and diseases and control measures
See appendix c for the main pests and diseases and their control measures.
7 harvest
7. 1 fruit picking tools
Fruit picking tools can be bamboo baskets or cloth bags, laundry baskets or foam boxes, bamboo hooks, bamboo ladders and herringbone ladders. Bamboo baskets and laundry baskets should be padded with soft cloth or paper to prevent peel damage.
7.2 Fruit picking by stages
In the same orchard or the same tree, the fruit maturity varies greatly, so it is advisable to ripen before picking and pick in stages to improve the fruit grade, yield and quality.
7.3 Reduce mechanical damage
When picking fruits, put them in bamboo baskets or cloth bags first, and then put them in laundry baskets or foam boxes to avoid mechanical injury.
7.4 Harvest Maturity
According to the different requirements of processed products, determine the maturity of fruit harvesting;
Crispy plum: seven ripe;
Plum wine: nine ripe;
Plum sauce: 90% to full maturity;
Semi-dried plums and salted plums: 80% to 90% mature;
Plum: Eight to nine ripe.
After harvesting, transport it to the processing plant in time, or do a good job of storage and preservation.
7.5 Fruit Quality and Safety Requirements
According to the requirements of GB/T 18406.2, the quality and safety of agricultural products and the safety of pollution-free fruits should be implemented.
Annex a
(Information Appendix)
Table ecological division of plum in Guangdong province
Table A. 1 Division of ecological suitable areas of Prunus mume in Guangdong Province
Ecological zoning
The most suitable areas are Chaoan, Raoping, Chenghai, Shantou suburb, north-central Chaoyang, Jiedong, Jiexi, Puning, north-central Huilai, south-central Fengshun, Liuhe, north-central Lufeng, north-central Haifeng, north-central Huidong, southwest Zijin, north Huiyang, Boluo and south-central Zengcheng.
Suitable areas are central and southern Huiyang, Dongguan, Panyu, Shunde, Zhongshan, Xinhui, Doumen, Zhuhai, Dabu, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Meixian, Xingning, Wuhua, Fengshun, southern Longchuan, southern Longmen, north-central Dongyuan, north-central Zijin, Nanxiong, Shaoguan (basin), northern Zengcheng, Conghua, Huadu and Guangzhou Baiyun.
The sub-optimal areas are Heping, Li Anping, Lechang, Renhua, Xinfeng, North Longchuan, North Longmen, Qujiang, Ruyuan, Wengyuan, Lianzhou, Lianshan, Liannan, Yangshan and Yingde.
The unsuitable areas are Yangxi, south-central Gaozhou, Huazhou, Maoming, Dianbai, Wuchuan, Lianjiang, Zhanjiang, Haikang and Xuwen.
Table A.2 Indicators of Meihua Ecological Zoning in Guangdong Province
ecological environment
period of dormancy
65438+1October,165438+1October 65438+1October ~165438+1October.
Monthly average temperature and total rainfall
(℃) (mm) flowering period
65438+February 20 to.
Ten-year average is 65438+1October 30th.
Average temperature during fruit development (℃) (℃)
From February to April
Total sunshine hours
(h)
Optimum area
17 ~ 20.570 ~10016 ~141~ 3 300 or more.
Suitable area
17 ~ 22.5100 ~1309 ~114 ~ 15-3 ~ 0.9 or 3 ~ 5 200 ~.
Unsuitable area
More than 22.5 130 15 -3 or more than 5 but less than 200.
Additional record b
(Information Appendix)
Characteristics of main plum varieties in Guangdong
Table B. 1 Characteristics of Main Plum Varieties in Guangdong Province
Variety specificity
Plum with soft branches and big grains belongs to red plum, with round fruit and neat size. The average fruit weight is 28 g, the total acid content is 3.9%, and the edible rate is 92.6%. It was harvested in the middle of April. Adapting to the place with good fertilizer and water conditions and fine management, Puning AiBai Mei and Bai Meimei planted together and pollinated each other, with good results.
Mume is a red berry with short oval fruit and smooth skin. The average fruit weight is 32 g, the total acid content is 3.8%, and the edible rate is 92%. Harvest began in the middle and late April. Grow fast and knot early. It can be pollinated with plum blossom and Puning dwarf Bai Mei. The processed fruit is not easy to crack and shrink, and the skin color of plum embryo is particularly good.
Bai Mei belongs to the family Rosaceae, with round fruit and regular size. Average fruit weight 18.0 g, total acid content 3.9%, edible rate 9 1.7%. It was harvested in the middle of April. This variety has wide adaptability, strong disease resistance, high fruit setting rate, early fruiting and high and stable yield, and is an excellent pollination variety of soft branch and big grain plum and Daqing plum.
Puning Dwarf Bai Mei is a kind of red plum with short tree shape, oblique branches and extremely high fruit acidity. The fruit is round, with an average single fruit weight of 22.4 g, total acid content of 6.5% and edible rate of 89.4%. Harvest in the middle and late April. Wide adaptability, strong disease resistance and high fruit setting rate; Fast growth, fast growth, early fruiting, high and stable yield.
Li Mei belongs to the category of red plum, and the tree is open. The harvest period is in the middle and late April. The average fruit weight is 65438 09.2g, the edible rate is 92.4%, and the total acid content is 4.6%. It is suitable for planting on gentle slopes with deep soil layer, air circulation, humidity and good drainage. Peach and plum are used as pollination trees, and the fruit setting rate is high.
Mei Tao is a kind of red plum, with open tree shape, sparse branches and good fruit setting in the middle and long branches. The harvesting period is from late April to early May. The average fruit weight is 23 g, the edible rate is 92.6%, and the total acid content is 4.6%. The pollination tree can be plum tree or Bai Mei. Sometimes it is easy to have gummosis.
Bai Mei is a kind of red plum, which is open in tree shape and mature from late April to early May. The background color of the peel is light green and white, and the fruit shoulders are reddish. The average fruit weight is 2 1 g, the stone is small, the edible rate is 93%, and the total acid content is 3.9%. Strong adaptability, strong stress resistance and high yield; Mixed planting and pollination with peach and plum, high and stable yield.
Henghe belongs to plum blossom and originated in Luogang Town, Guangzhou. The trees are half-open, and the harvest period is in the middle and late April. The fruit is short and oval, with a protruding shoulder and a blue-green skin. According to the fruit size, it can be divided into three lines: large transverse nucleus, middle transverse nucleus and transverse nucleus, and the average fruit weight is 32 g, 22 g and 12 g respectively. The stone fruit is large, the edible rate is 9 1%, and the total acid content is 4.6%. The middle horizontal stone has high fruit setting rate and good yield. It can be planted and pollinated with red fruits with big leaves and good fruit setting.
Almond with large fruit belongs to plum blossom, which grows vigorously and has a high incidence of short fruit branches. The harvest period is in the middle and late April. The fruit is nearly round and the skin is turquoise. The average fruit weight is 25 g, the stone is slightly larger, the edible rate is 87%, the total acid content is 4.3%, and the pulp is crisp and slightly bitter. This variety uses transverse nucleus as pollination tree, which shows high fruit setting rate and high yield.
Tianshui plum blossom belongs to plum blossom, and the harvest period is from late April to early May. The fruit is big, the stone is slightly bigger, the average fruit weight is 27.6 g, the edible rate is 87.4%, the total acid content is 4.4%, and the pulp is slightly bitter. Short fruit branches are many and strong, and the fruits hang evenly; The root system is developed, there are more fine roots and fibrous roots, and it is fertilizer-tolerant. Cross-nuclear and big nuclear green are used as pollination trees, and the yield is high and stable.
The vulture plum blossom is a kind of green plum with an open tree shape. The harvesting period is from late April to mid-May. The fruit is nearly round and the tip of the fruit leans to one side. The average fruit weight is 33.6 grams, the edible rate is 90.6%, and the total acid content is 4.5%. Good stress resistance, high fruit setting rate and stable yield.
Annex c
(Information Appendix)
Main diseases and insect pests of plum trees and their control
Table C. 1 Main pests and diseases of plum blossom and their control
Name prevention method
In winter, diseased branches and dead branches are cut off in Qingyuan, and the dead branches on the ground are burned centrally to reduce the source of the disease. Spring buds germinate, and the lime-sulfur mixture of 2 Baume to 3 Baume is sprayed to eliminate overwintering germs. Spraying bactericide 1 ~ 2 times in new shoot stage, young fruit stage, hard core stage and fruit expansion stage respectively, spraying 5% mycophenolate mofetil 800 ~ 1000 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 times or 10% water dispersible granule 2000 ~ 3000 times.
Anthracnose combined with pruning and clearing the garden, cutting off diseased branches, dead branches and hard fruits, clearing the fallen leaves on the ground, and centralized burning to reduce overwintering germs. Spraying lime-sulfur mixture of 2 Baume to 3 Baume 1 time just after the flower buds in late autumn, or. Spraying 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder or 2000 times 58% amine-manganese-zinc wettable powder 1000 times before harvesting, and spraying for 2-3 times.
Apply more organic fertilizer to improve gummosis soil; Sprinkle lime powder, plant ash, etc. Neutralize soil acidity during shallow weeding in winter; Borax is applied in combination with topdressing before flowering and after fruit harvesting, and sprayed 1 time in bud stage and young fruit stage respectively; Scrape off the gum in the diseased part of the branch in time, and apply lime milk and Tobuzin liquid medicine to prevent wound infection.
After pruning and clearing the garden in winter, spraying 10% pyridaben wettable powder 4000-5000 times on aphids; Spraying 2000 times of 20% EC at the new shoot stage. Do not use dimethoate, so as not to cause plum tree phytotoxicity.
When clearing the garden after defoliation in winter, the scale insects were sprayed with 40% EC 1000 times, and the trunk and main branches were coated with 10% lime milk to eliminate overwintering adults and nymphs. After the first half of May and the middle of July, the first and second instar nymphs were picked, and sprayed with 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate 2000-4000 times.
The trunk and main branches of longicorn beetles are painted white to prevent them from laying eggs before the spawning peak; Capturing adults manually in the morning and noon of the adult occurrence period from May to July; From June to July, look for wormholes in the spawning ground, dig out the eggs or larvae under the skin with the tip of a knife, or stuff cotton balls with 80% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate of 10 times into the two fecal holes at the bottom of the damaged branches, and seal the holes with wet clay for poisoning.
Scarabs use black light or fire to trap and kill; In the morning or evening, focus on killing the adults who fall off the trees; Before the emergence of adults, 300 times of 50% phoxim EC was sprayed on the soil surface of the tree tray to poison adults and larvae; Spraying 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate with 2000-4000 times of solution on the crown of fruit trees at the night of adult occurrence; Unsuccessful young trees or nurseries can be sprayed with 4.5% beta-cypermethrin 1 500-2,000 times.
In winter, caterpillars are combined with cleaning gardens and spraying chemicals on branches to kill overwintering larvae. Spraying 20% fenvalerate emulsifiable concentrate 2000-4000 times in spring shoots and 90% Wanling wettable powder 3000 times in June-September.