The Korean peninsula entered the Three Kingdoms period around 1 century and was divided into three countries: Koguryo (also known as Korea), Silla and Baekje. In the 6th century AD, Koguryo, which borders China, formed an alliance with Turks, Baekje and Japanese, while China formed an alliance with Silla, which was threatened by Koguryo and Baekje, to counter China.

In March 660 (the fifth year of Tang Xianqing), Baekje invaded Silla with the support of Koguryo, and the Silla army was defeated one after another. King Silla Wulie turned to China for help. General Su, Zuo Wuwei, was appointed commander-in-chief, with an army of 6.5438+0.3 million, and Tang Jun marched eastward for Baekje. In July, the Baekje army was defeated, Baekje king and officials were captured to Chang 'an, and the Baekje dynasty collapsed.

In 66 1 AD, Chen Dao, a monk of Baekje, contacted the minister of Baekje adherents to plot to restore the country, and sent envoys to Japan twice for help, demanding the release of Prince Zhang Feng of Baekje who was still taken hostage by Japan. In the spring of 662, Japanese Emperor Atan Birov led 170 warship to escort Prince Baekje back to China. After Prince Baekje returned to China, he was promoted to King Baekje, and organized Baekje adherents to fight against Tang Jun. During this period, Japan attempted to support the pro-Japanese regime on the Korean Peninsula and provided a lot of assistance to the Baekje regime. However, the good times did not last long. In 663 AD, the Baekje court, which had just been pieced together, had a factional struggle because of the uneven division of internal rights. At the request of Prince Baekje, Japan sent heavy troops into the DPRK, and the naval battle at Baijiangkou took place under such circumstances.

News of Japanese troops supporting Baekje spread to China, and immediately sent right-wing general Sun to reinforce Liu and Liu who fought Baekje. In September, Tang Jun joined forces, and Liu decided to capture Zhou Liucheng, the home of the Baekje Army, where "a group of fierce people gathered", thinking that "if Zhou stays, Zhucheng will die". So the Tang army was divided into two ways: Sun, Liu Renyuan and Silla general Jin Famin led the army to Zhouliucheng by land; Liu, together with Du Shuang of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Fu Yulong, commander of Baekje, led warships to escort grain carriers from Jinxiong along the Baijiang River (now Jinjiang, South Korea) to the city by land and water.

Datang Pingbaekje Tower

On 27th, the pioneer ship of Japanese water army supporting Baekje met Liu Jun in Baijiangkou, and the two sides fought, but the Japanese army retreated. On 28th, Japanese generals discussed with Baekje King that there were more than 400 warships in Japan and only a hundred in Tang Jun, which overestimated their own strength and blindly believed that "we should fight first and retreat". So, without any reorganization and deployment, we "led Japanese soldiers into Tang Jun", and the two sides launched a fierce naval battle. Tang Jun "grabbed the boat and fought around". Under the blow of the failure of Baijiangkou, King Baekje fled to Koguryo, all the other generals surrendered, and Baekje was completely destroyed.

The victory of the naval battle in Baijiangkou completely shattered Japan's ambition to invade the Korean peninsula. Japanese Emperor Tianzhi was afraid that Tang Jun would attack the mainland. Since 664 AD, Japan has invested heavily in building four defense lines at home. Since then, Japan has adjusted its foreign policy, surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, and began to learn from China to strive for self-improvement.

Exposed beam naval battle (1598)

The naval battle in Lvliang was a large-scale naval battle between the Chinese and Korean navies in the waters west of Lvliang, Korean Peninsula, in the 26th year1/month of Wanli period of Ming Dynasty.

Cause of naval battle

Map of Japanese attack on Busan

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, great changes took place in Japan's domestic political situation, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan by force. However, there are still some feudal lords who are self-respecting and difficult to control. In order to ease domestic contradictions and consolidate its rule, Toyotomi Hideyoshi turned its domestic attention to foreign countries and made a military aggression plan to occupy Korea, conquer China and then expand to Southeast Asia. As the first step, it put forward the arrogant demand of "getting the truth from false roads" to North Korea, which was naturally rejected by the North Korean government. On April 13th in the 20th year of Wanli (1592), Toyotomi Hideyoshi launched a war of aggression against Korea. Japan called it "the Battle of Wen Luqing" and China called it "the Battle of Benevolence and Minister". The Japanese invaders crossed the sea from Tsushima Island by more than 700 ships. Landed in Busan the next morning and attacked in three directions: north, south and middle. It took just over two months to occupy Seoul, Kaesong and Pyongyang. North Korea is in danger of national subjugation. So the king of Korea sent a special envoy to the Ming Dynasty for help.

The painting at that time showed a military meeting between the Chinese and Korean armies.

North Korea is China's friendly neighbor, as close as lips and teeth. "Guan Bai (referring to Japanese Prime Minister Toyotomi Hideyoshi) plans North Korea, which means China." In view of this situation, the Ming Dynasty decided to send troops to aid Korea against Japan.

On December 23rd, the 20th year of Wanli (1592), the Ming army entered the DPRK to participate in the war. At the beginning of the following year, Lianping and Kaicheng. On April 20th, Seoul was recovered. The Japanese army retreated to the southern provinces to make peace. Soon, an armistice agreement was reached.

In the 25th year of Wanli (1597), on July 25th, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent more troops to the north to commit crimes. In the second year, the allied forces of China and North Korea launched a large-scale counterattack and continued to win, compressing the Japanese army in a corner of South Korea. In August this year, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died of illness and ordered to withdraw from North Korea. At that time, the Japanese army entrenched in the southeast corner of Korea had more than 46,000 troops besides the main force of the First Army stationed in Ulsan. The evacuation deployment is as follows: the eastern troops stationed in Xishengpu, Liangshan and Zhudao retreated first in 1 1 month, assembled in Busan and waited for the ship to return home; Juchang Zhongjun boarded the ship and returned to China on the spot; The Japanese troops stationed in Shuntian, Sichuan, Nanhai and Gucheng in the west, after the Japanese troops evacuated in the east, gathered in Juji Island respectively, and then returned home by boat.

Troop deployment and operational intentions of both sides

I. Geographical location of the war zone

The physical geography of the South China Sea in the southwest of Korea has two characteristics: first, the terrain is complex, the islands are scattered and the waterways are criss-crossed, which is convenient for the water army to attack the enemy in a hidden and mobile way by relying on the island shore; Second, the tidal range is large, with an average of 10 meter, which is rare in the Far East. At high tide, water is surging. At low tide, the water level plummeted and large shoals quickly surfaced. If the ship doesn't leave quickly, it is in danger of running aground.

Second, the naval forces of both sides.

During the war, the Japanese navy owned more than 1000 ships, and by the end of the war, it had grown to about 3,000 ships. Although the number is considerable, the structure is simple and the performance is poor. Equipped with weapons such as spears (the original muskets), guns, bows and arrows, Japanese knives, etc.

Turtle boat model collected by Junbo

North Korea's navy forces about 80,000 people (1/4), with 488 ships, including 80 warships (80 people each), 192 auxiliary warships (30-60 people each) and 26 service ships. Among these warships, the "Turtle Boat" created by Li Shunchen is very distinctive. This is a large warship with a cover plate with a small cross groove on it. Outside the groove, insert sharp edges and tapered tips. The front is the faucet, and the longkou is the point; After the turtle's tail, there are points under the tail. There are 6 points on both sides, and there are 8- 10 points under the point. The turtle deck is firm and flexible, with good attack and protection capabilities. Hideyoshi, the Japanese navy, once said: "The water war of the Korean people is very different from that of land warfare. The warships are big and fast, and the building boards are thick and thick, so they can't get in. My boat was smashed as soon as it met. " Thus, under the leadership of Li Shunchen, the North Korean navy is not only well-equipped, but also well-trained, which is a powerful maritime force to defeat the Japanese.

In the Ming Dynasty, the number of troops invested in the Korean battlefield was about 6.5438+10,000 (accounting for 6.5438+0/8 of the national total at that time), and then it gradually increased to 6.5438+0.4 million. Among them, there are 65438+3000 naval divisions and more than 500 warships. There are many kinds of warships, such as Fufang, Loufang, Baicao, Sandboat, Cangfang, Tonggu, Balahu and so on. Warships have excellent weapons, besides bows, crossbows, swords, spears and other cold weapons, there are also a large number of firearms, such as Buddha Ji Lang and Tiger Lying Gun. According to historical records, the longest range of Ming artillery can reach 3000 meters, while Japanese artillery only has 100 and 200 meters.

Third, the deployment and operational attempt of the naval division of the Sino-Korean Coalition forces.

After Toyotomi Hideyoshi's death, the Japanese army retreated from the sea in three ways. At that time, there were about 800 warships in the naval division of the Sino-Korean Coalition forces, which were deployed in the waters around the ancient and modern islands and mastered the sea control rights in the southwestern waters of the Korean Peninsula. Chen Lin, the prefect of Ming navy division, first learned the information of Japanese retreat, and decided to stop the Japanese army at sea and make corresponding arrangements:

1, the main force of the joint naval division advanced from the ancient and modern islands and went out to the waters east of Zuoshuiying and Yaolao Island;

2. Establish a base and joint military command post in Zuoshuiying;

3. Occupy Maodao with one force, block Yangguangwan, and cut off the retreat of the second army led by Konishi Yukinaga;

4. Patrol the Lvliang Strait and its east sea area with one unit to monitor the movements of Japanese troops in Sichuan, Nanhai and Gucheng.

Battle route

In the future, the Japanese troops stationed in the western part of Korea will begin to retreat in the 26th year of Wanli (1598) 1 1 month1day. The second army stationed in Shuntian retreated first, and then the Japanese troops stationed in Sichuan, Nanhai and Gucheng gathered in Juji Island in turn, waiting for the ships to return home.

10 in the morning, the second army troops boarded the ship and were ready to go. When its vanguard troops sailed to the waters near Maodao at the mouth of Yangguangwan Bay, they were intercepted by the Sino-Korean allied navy and their retreat was cut off. In order to break through the encirclement; The Second Army organized an assault fleet and launched a few days of attacks on the allied navy, all of which failed, so it had to turn to the Japanese troops stationed in Sichuan and the South China Sea for help.

At this time, the main force of Japan's Fifth Army, led by Hiroshi Shimazu and stationed in Sichuan and Xincheng, has boarded the ship, only to set out at high tide and sail for Jodhi Island. After receiving Konishi Yukinaga's letter for help, Hiroshi Shimazu immediately led this huge fleet and sped to the Lvliang Strait by moonlight on the night of 18, in an attempt to break into Yangguangwan and solve the siege of Konishi Yukinaga. Meet the fleet of Zong Zhiyi's department from the South China Sea halfway. After the two fleets met, * * * had more than 10,000 troops and more than 500 ships, and began to pass through the Lvliang Strait at midnight.

Chen Lin and Chen Lin, after learning the news of Japanese reinforcements marching westward, immediately set out to adjust their deployment, determined to surround and annihilate the aid enemy in the waters west of Lvliang. Its operational deployment is:

1. Deng Zilong led 1000 troops, driving three giant ships as pioneers. After the Japanese fleet passed through the strait, it made a circuitous attack and cut off its way home.

2. Chen Lin led the Mingshui division to pretend to be Zuo Jun, and anchored at Zhudao and Shuimen Donggang in Kunyang, waiting for an opportunity to attack;

3. Li Shunchen led the North Korean navy as a right-wing army, anchored at Guanyinpu in the South China Sea, and stood by to attack the Japanese army with the Ming army.

The history of war written by North Korean Prime Minister Yoo Chan-lung.

19 clown (1: 00 to about 3: 00 am), most of Shimadzu Hony's fleet has sailed out of the Strait and entered the waters west of Lvliang. At this time, "the moon hangs on the western hills, and the mountain shadows fall on the sea, half of which is twilight." There are countless ships coming from the dark, approaching the thief boat, and the shooters are shooting and shouting, and they are straight for the thief boat. All ships should respond. The thief knew I was coming, and the bird Qi Fei shook the sea, and the flying pills fell into the water like rain. " (Liu Chenglong Criminal Records, Volume II, page 68) Due to the disparity in numbers, Deng Zilong was immediately surrounded by Japanese ships. "Zi Su Long is very generous. He is over 70 years old. He is full of enthusiasm. He wants to take the lead and rush to the North Korean ship with 200 strong men. He went straight ahead, causing countless casualties among thieves. He accidentally threw the firearm into the dragon boat. The ship caught fire, the thief took it and Zilong died. " (Biography of Deng Zilong in Ming Dynasty) Chen Lin immediately sent his lieutenant Chen Can to lead the ship to support.

Map of Defeating the Enemy (Part)

At the same time, the naval divisions of China-DPRK Coalition forces launched fierce attacks on the main force of the fleet in the waters east of Oshima from north to south. Li Zhongwu's Travels in Korea vividly describes today's war: "The two armies suddenly attacked from left to right, guns were beating, arrows were ringing, firewood was thrown indiscriminately, and the mountains and seas were shaken together. Many Japanese ships, most of them burned, and thieves and soldiers fought bloody battles to death, but when they entered Guanyin Pu, it was dawn. "

Li Shunchen led the North Korean navy in hot pursuit, entered the Guanyin shop, and fought bloody battles with the Japanese again. Chen Lin also led China's navy to come to support, bombarding with tiger crouching guns, and Japanese ships caught fire one after another. In the chaos, the Japanese army is still dying and desperately fighting back. Li Shunchen took the lead in the bidding, but was shot. Instead of mourning, his son beat gongs and drums, waved flags and shouted, took command on behalf of his father, and continued to fight side by side with the China Navy. By noon, the Japanese had stopped resisting, and most of the ships were either burned and sunk or captured by the allied forces. Japanese soldiers who abandoned the ship and landed. It was also annihilated by the land Coalition forces.

The end of naval battle and its influence

Exposed beam naval battle is a naval battle conducted by China and North Korea alone nearly 400 years ago to cut off the enemy's retreat at sea. This campaign dealt a devastating blow to the Japanese invaders and played an important role in the formation of the 200-year post-war peace situation in Korea.

In this naval battle, the naval forces of China and North Korea cooperated closely, were good at accurately judging the situation, adjusted their deployment in time according to the changes of the enemy's situation, quickly adjusted their troops, relied on the island shore, waited in secret and attacked at the right time. First, impose a tight blockade on the enemy retreating at sea, forcing him to ask for help; When another enemy comes to help. He quickly cut off his retreat and attacked from the north and south, thus achieving the goal of destroying the enemy.

Under the unified command, the close cooperation between the Chinese and Korean navies and their heroic fighting were the decisive factors for Lvliang's naval victory. Li Shunchen, commander-in-chief of the North Korean Navy, took the lead, and Deng Zilong, a veteran of China, died heroically in the fierce battle. After Li Shunchen's sacrifice, his son still "held up the flag to supervise the war and kept advancing", which showed the heroic spirit of the Chinese and Korean armies in fighting bravely and fighting bloody battles with the enemy to the end.

Brief introduction of some weapons of Ming navy

Lucky boat is the general name of a ship type born in Fujian coastal areas. There is No.6, and the lucky ships used in naval warfare refer to 1 and No.2. A so-called Dafu ship, which is "too deep to start and stop late" and has poor maneuverability; Second, it is called a lucky boat, which is slightly smaller than the 1 number and is "commonly used". The draft of a lucky boat is about 3.5 meters. "It is as high as a building and can accommodate one hundred people. Its bottom tip is wide, its head is raised, its mouth is open, and its tail is towering. This building is located on the third floor. Its sides are protected by boards and bamboo. It stands like a wall with two sails and a mast. There are four floors in the middle, and the bottom floor is uninhabitable, but it is solid earth and stone to prevent light floating; The second floor is the place where soldiers sleep, and the basement is hidden, so they must climb down the stairs. On the third floor, there are water gates on the left and right sides, and a water tank in the middle, which is also a place for sailing and cooking. Wooden anchorages are set in front, with brown cables tied to them, and all the anchorages are forced to press on this floor; The top floor is a terrace, and you must go from the third floor. The wings on both sides are like bars, and people can lean on them to attack the enemy, and the arrows are looking down. When small enemy boats meet, they will sink and the enemy will be difficult to attack. It is also a weapon for naval warfare. " ("Wu

The disadvantage of a lucky boat is its poor maneuverability. "It's as high as a city, and it's not human-driven. Because of the agitation, it is not convenient to return the item. Besides, it eats deep water, which is not good for the vast ocean. In the Caspian Sea, it is easy to stick and shallow, so it must be supported by a whistle boat. " ("Continued Literature General Examination")

Crouching tiger cannon

Crouching Tiger Hidden Gun Crouching Tiger Hidden Gun is one of the general guns in the middle of Ming Dynasty (some big guns were named generals in Ming Dynasty), which was created in Jiajing period. This gun is 2 feet long and weighs 36 Jin. It is equipped with an iron hoop, an iron claw and an iron trip. Fix the gun body with big nails before launching. Each batch contains 100 small lead or pebbles with 5 yuan weight, and 1 30 heavy lead or pebbles are pressed on it.

Frongi

During the reign of Frank Ji Ming Zheng De (65438+early 6th century), a new type of artillery was introduced from the west. Franco was originally a general term for Portuguese and Spanish in Ming Dynasty. In the last few years of Zheng De, inspector He Ru of Baisha saw a Spanish ship's western artillery coming to China, and its performance was better than that of China at that time, so he mobilized the China gunner on board to go ashore, and copied the first batch of western artillery for China, which was called the Lang Lang machine.

In the second year of Jiajing (1523), the Ming Dynasty copied Buddha Ji Lang in Nanjing and called him "General". After development and transformation, it was made into three types: large sample, medium sample and small sample, which were cast with copper and iron. The Franco machine is 2 feet, 8 inches and 5 minutes long and weighs more than 300 kilograms. "Wu Bei Zhi" divides the imitation Buddha Lang machine into number 5. Among them, No.3 and No.4 are lighter. No.3 is four or five feet long, and each container of lead weighs 529 yuan, and the medicine is 620 yuan. Number four is two or three feet long, with three taels of lead and three and a half medicines. 1 and 2 times. No. 1 is eight or nine feet long, with lead weight 1 kg per container and dosage 1 kg. No.2 is six or seven feet long, each containing lead weight 10, and the dosage 1 12. The range of various Franco machines weighing more than 70 kilograms can reach five or six miles. 1 and 2 French machines can be used in water warfare.

Franco's belly is enlarged and he has a big mouth. The gun body is wrapped in wood, and the iron hoop is used for explosion protection. There are also five Zhi Zi spears (also called guns, which are equivalent to the medicine room of guns), which are loaded with ammunition and fired in turn in the long mouth of the abdomen. Franc machine is characterized by the separation of mother gun and auxiliary gun, which is a form of afterloading gun, but it is different from modern afterloading gun. There is a sight in front and a door in the back. You can aim from the hole in the door. There is a gun rack, which can rotate up and down and left and right.

World War II in Dagu (1June 25-26, 859)

Cause of naval battle

After the outbreak of the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces successively captured the coastal towns of China by virtue of their maritime superiority. 1June 858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng), the Qing government was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Britain, France, the United States, Russia and other countries, and agreed to formally change the treaty the following year.

Mongolian prince sen gelinqin

After the Tianjin Treaty was signed, the Qing government was quite dissatisfied with the harsh terms in the treaty. Emperor Xianfeng thought it was "impossible to allow" and hoped that countries such as Britain and France would give up these clauses. At the same time, in order to prevent the British and French fleets from invading again, the Qing government appointed the Mongolian prince monk Qin as an imperial envoy, and organized Dagu and JD. Together with Rui Lin, the minister of does, he served as the Minister of National Defense.

The governments of Britain, France and other countries are not satisfied with the rights and interests obtained from the Tianjin Treaty, and think that they should take the opportunity of exchanging contracts to go to war again and ask the Qing government for more benefits. 1June, 859, the British and French envoys who came to exchange contracts refused to enter Beijing according to the route designated by the Qing government. Instead, under the protection of the fleet, it rushed into Dagukou, where foreign ships were forbidden to enter, and removed the obstacles set by the China army. China defenders fought back, and the second battle of Dagu broke out.

The strength of both sides in the war

China:

The Qing army mainly defended Dagukou with Manchu and Mongolian troops led by Sengqin and Shengbao, and transferred to Tianjin from Heilongjiang, Jilin, Suiyuan, Zhili and Beijing, with about 10,000 troops. The main deployment is: 3,800 people in Dagu Nanbeibao, 0.7 million people in Xinhe/KLOC-0, 500 people in Xincheng, 0.0 million people in Shuanggang/KLOC-0, and 3,000 people in Tianjin. In addition, there are about 1 10,000 temporary recruits of Min Yong and Pu Yong, who are deployed on Tanggu-Yan Shui Gu Line (4,000) and Otsu (6,000). Sengqin and Zhili Governor Shi Rongzhuang personally sat in Dagunan Fort.

Britain and France

The fleet of British and French allied forces to Dagu is ***22 ships, including 1 British steam cruiser (5 1 naval gun, with 520 personnel), 3 steam gunboats, 14 steam shallow water gunboats, 2 steam transport ships, carrying 1200 marines; French steam cruiser 1, steam shallow water gunboat 1, carrying marines 100. The commander of this fleet is British Major General Hobbes. In addition, three warships, including the American "King Troy", also participated in the actions of the British and French allied forces.

After the naval battle

Dagu Fort was lost in the first Dagu Defence War. After the conclusion of the Tianjin Treaty, British and French troops withdrew from Tianjin. Ordered to prepare for defense, Sengqin immediately reorganized the army, added Dagu Haikou Navy, and built new defense facilities on the ruins of the battery and camp destroyed in the first Dagu War. There are three forts on the north and south banks, and 60 cannons are installed, including 2 cannons of 12000 kg, 9 cannons of 10000 kg, 2 cannons of 5000 kg and 23 cannons of the west. Around all the fortresses, dike walls are firmly built, trenches are dug outside the dike walls, and stakes are erected. In Haikou, three river chains, shovels and wooden fences were set up to form a giant raft, and the camouflage was strengthened. In order to strengthen the wing defense, the fort was renovated in Beitang area, and the number of guns was increased to 24. Soldiers were also set up to defend the city north of Beitang. In Shuanggang, more than 30 miles east of Tianjin, a 13 battery was built, and steel guns with the size of 8 1 or less were installed, which greatly strengthened the defense in depth.

On June 1859 and 17, the British-French allied fleet led by Major General Hob, commander of the British navy invading China, arrived outside Dagukou and immediately carried out armed provocation. Captain Kang Morrel and translator Meng Gan sent a letter to the Qing army across the river and sand, asking to open the entrance within three days and let the minister return to Tianjin. /kloc-On the afternoon of 0/8, eight British ships went straight into the Baihe River. Taking advantage of the darkness of night, I dragged down four shovels.

On June 20, the envoys of Britain, France and the United States arrived outside Dagukou to meet the allied fleet that arrived in advance. In order to prevent the British and French allied forces from retaking Dagu Fort, the Qing government asked the British, French and American envoys to land in Beitang, north of Dagu, and the Qing government sent troops to protect it and exchanged contracts with Beijing. He also ordered Hengfu, the new governor of Zhili, to meet the envoys of Britain, France and the United States in Beitang, and ordered local officials along the way to prepare materials and take care of them. Prepare three spacious houses outside the Zhengyang Gate in Beijing as the residence of the envoys of the Three Kingdoms.

However, the British and French invaders refused to land from Beitang and shouted arrogantly, "We want to fight, not Beitang", and Herb stepped up preparations. They were scheduled to attack on June 24, but because the American special envoy asked to wait for the American fleet to participate, he decided to postpone the attack until June 25.

At dawn on June 25, the British and French invaders launched an attack on Dagu. Herb personally led 12 allied warships (1/British shallow water steam gunboats and1French shallow water steam gunboats) and sailed into Haikou from Lanjiangsha. The plan is: the gunboat rushes through the chain of Hengjiang and occupies the favorable position at the beginning of the battery, so that it can be attacked from both sides. Then, under the cover of gunboat fire, the Marines landed from the front and quickly seized the battery.

By 2 pm, after the Coalition fleet completed its task, Herb used several ships to clear obstacles in the water and open up access. The rest of the warships lined up to provoke. In this process, all the officers and men of China guarding Dagu Fort were concealed and disguised, and the fort gradually disappeared. A British soldier who participated in the war once recalled: "All the fortresses slept on the sand bank like monsters, without hearing a sound or seeing any flags." Hengfu, governor of Zhili, once again sent officials to take notes and persuaded envoys to land in Beitang to change the contract. The British and French invaders refused to accept this note.

At about 3 pm, the first obstacle in Haikou was removed. Herb immediately asked the fleet to push forward the chain that blocked Haikou and shelled the forts on both sides. "However, all of a sudden, just like magic, all the straw mats covering the fortress cannons were rolled up and all the cannons fired at once." The soldiers of the Qing army guarding the fort began to shoot fiercely, taking advantage of the favorable opportunity when the enemy ship was blocked by obstacles in the water to give full play to their firepower. Soon, many allied warships were injured, and Buch himself was injured. By 4 pm, four allied warships, including the flagship, were sunk, and all other warships participating in the war were injured. Seeing that the situation was not good, the allies put up a white flag and pretended to surrender. Brigadier General Dardanne, commander of the American fleet, hurriedly led the fleet to support the British and French allied forces. After adjustment and deployment, they continued to attack the battery.

At 5 pm, Herb, who was seriously injured, gave the landing order. Under the command of British Colonel Lemmon, more than a thousand British and French marines took more than 20 sailboats and sampans and landed on the south bank of Haikou under the cover of naval gun fire in an attempt to seize three fortresses on the south bank first. After the invading army landed, on the one hand, it was killed by gunfire, on the other hand, the road was muddy and it was difficult to move forward. At the same time, it was blocked by the defenders and Manchu cavalry who came to reinforce the new river and was forced to retreat. That night, the British and French allied forces continued to attack, and the Qing army fought bravely under the irradiation of incendiary bombs, causing great losses to the enemy. After a fierce battle day and night, the allied forces were completely defeated and the remnants of the enemy fled to Hangzhou Bay.

The end of naval battle and its influence

This campaign was the biggest victory of China's army since the First Opium War. * * * Sinked four enemy ships, severely damaged six (completely losing combat effectiveness), captured two, killed 578 British soldiers (478 people), captured 0/4 French soldiers 1 person, and captured British soldiers1person. Hob, commander of the British invasion fleet, was seriously injured. Thirty-eight people were killed in the Qing army, and Shi Rongchun, governor of Zhili, and Long Ruyuan, deputy commander of Daguxie, died heroically in the battle.

The failure of the allied forces lies in underestimating the enemy. Admiral Herb, the commander of the fleet, "thought he was a shoo-in" after breaking into the estuary. Monks also made a more in-depth comment on this battle: "The failure of Gai Yi this time was due to arrogance. It means that the battery camp is easy to get, the water battle is lost, and the next step is dead. Is Iraq don't believe that China dare to world war I ". The Qing army raided within the artillery range, focusing on attacking the enemy flagship, causing its command to fail, falling into chaos and winning a total victory. However, because the Qing army did not have modern ships with fast speed and strong firepower, it failed to pursue victory and expand its achievements, so it had to be safely evacuated from the war zone.

Majiang naval battle

The lower reaches of Minjiang River, from the confluence of Wulong River and Nantai River in the southeast of Fuzhou to the estuary, is commonly known as Majiang, also known as Mawei. The famous Mawei Port is the base of Fujian Navy and an important trading port. Mawei Port is only a hundred miles away from Fuzhou, the provincial capital, and it is also an important barrier for Fujian. In addition, Mawei was the largest shipbuilding base and the largest naval school in the Qing Dynasty. So the strategic position of ponytail is quite important. 65438+ In the early 1980s, when the Sino-French war broke out, France threatened to occupy Fuzhou Port as "collateral" if China did not accept its demands.

On July 1884 and 12, the French government issued an ultimatum to China, demanding that the outrageous demands of "withdrawal" and "compensation" be met within seven days. /kloc-in July of 0/4, under the leadership of Guba, French warships entered Mawei Port in the name of "tourism". China in Mawei Port not only failed to stop it, but gave the French ships "the friendliest hospitality".

Zhang Peilun, a master of clean stream and Fujian shipping minister, later married Li Hongzhang's daughter, and the famous writer Zhang Ailing was her granddaughter.

However, the French fleet did not come to visit. After French ships entered Mawei Port, they immediately occupied a favorable position, scouted the terrain and berthed next to the warships of Fujian Ship Administration Fleet, posing a great threat to China warships and Fujian Ship Administration Shipyard. Zhang Peilun, the Fujian shipping minister who was specially appointed by the Qing court to preside over Fujian's coastal defense, immediately generated electricity and requested other Sanyo fleets to send ships for support, but only the Guangdong Navy sent two warships. While moving reinforcements, Zhang Peilun, Minister of Ship Administration He, Fuzhou General Mu Tushan and others called the Qing court many times to ask about the strategy of war prevention, but most of them got orders such as "He won't move, I won't send", so they ignored the well-documented naval generals and ordered that "no fire should be fired first without purpose, and only enemy ships can fire back." In this way, before the start of the naval battle, the hands and feet of China Navy were bound.

The flagship of the French fleet "Valda"

Before the war, 10 French warships entered Mawei port successively, with a total tonnage of about15,000 tons and 77 guns. Although there are 1 1 warships in China, the total tonnage is only over 9,800 tons and more than 50 guns are equipped. Moreover, most of the warships of the Chinese fleet use vertical steam engines. Above the waterline, they have no armor and are easily damaged. The equipped guns are basically front-bore guns, without armor, and their power and firing rate are not as good as those of French warships. To make matters worse, the French fleet was also equipped with new weapons at that time-cannons and torpedoes.

French Far East Fleet

Name of ship, tonnage, horsepower, number of guns

Walda (flagship) Wooden Cruiser130010001609

Triumphal armored cruiser 4127 2400 41021

Dujushi Road Lead Iron Shell Cruiser 3 189 3740 300 10

Fuehles wooden shell cruiser 2268 2790 250 5

Destin wooden shell cruiser 2236 2790 250 5

Wildcat gunboat 5 15 120 9

One-scale gunboat 47 1 120 9

Viper gunboat 47 1 120 9

Torpedo boat 45

Torpedo boat 46

Fujian ship administration navy

Name of ship, ship type, tonnage, horsepower, number of shots

Wu Yang (flagship) wooden shell cruiser15601130 20011.

Yongbao wooden hull carrier13581501503

Chen Hang wooden hull carrier13581501503

Fu Sheng mosquito boat 250 389 26 1

Jiansheng mosquito-repellent incense boat 250 389 26 1

Yixin gunboat 245 50 30 5

Fu Bo gunboats1258150150 5

Fuxing gunboat 545 80 70 5

Jian gunboat12581501509

Feiyun gunboats1258150150 7

Wei Zhen gunboat 572 80 100 5

Commander of the French Far East Fleet fought alone and died in Taiwan Province Province.

1August 9, 884, France once again offered the Qing government an ultimatum to extort huge sums of money, which was flatly rejected by the Qing court. On August 2 1 day, the French government ordered the acting minister in Beijing to withdraw his flag and return home, and at the same time ordered him to prepare for the war. On the 22nd, Cuba received an order from the French government. At 8 o'clock that night, the captains of French ships held a battle meeting and decided to take advantage of the opportunity of low tide to transfer the hull and launch an attack on the Chinese fleet at about 2 pm the next day. At this time, French warships can use the bow to attack the stern of China warships, which is the weakest part of warships and is easily damaged. Moreover, the Chinese fleet that is moored will have to do it even if there is a reaction.

At 8: 00 a.m. on August 23rd, in order to avoid misunderstanding among warships of various countries in Hong Kong, the French fleet issued a war notice to consulates of various countries, informing four warships in Mawei Port, including the British Champion, the Sapphire, the Alert and the American Enterprise. On 10 in the morning, he jingfu, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang province, received the French gauntlet, stating that he would go to war with China four hours later, but he jingfu kept the news to the outside world until noon 12 later. Zhang Peilun and He were frightened when they heard the news. On the grounds that China didn't have time to prepare for the war, they ordered Wei Han, a famous engineer of Fujian Ship Administration who was proficient in French, to sail for France, demanding that the war be postponed until the next day. When the flagship of the French fleet "Volda" saw a ship coming from China, Guba immediately ordered to open fire on the Chinese fleet, and the naval battle of Majiang broke out. August 23rd1884,65438+0: 45pm.

The Jiansheng moored at Mawei before the war.

At that time, there were eight sanitary shipyards in Fujian Shipbuilding Administration: the transport ships "Yongbao" and "Chen Hang" were parked in front of the shipyards; The flagship "Wu Yang" led gunboats such as Fuxing, Fu Sheng, Jiansheng, Fu Bo and Yixin to berth in the upper reaches of the Rostar Tower, refusing French ships. The other three gunboats "Wei Zhen", "Feiyun" and "Ji 'an" were moored near the customs in the lower reaches of the Luoxing Tower. In addition, there are more than 10 Fujian navy's old warships and armed sampans, which are moored at the south side of Luoxing Tower respectively. The French warships were only a few hundred meters away from the shipping fleet, which formed a north-south attack on China warships, so the attack started from two directions at the same time.

Majiang naval battle

In the upstream direction of the Rostar Tower, the commanding flagship "Volda" and other ships concentrated their main firepower to attack the ship administration flagship "Wu Yang", and used some artillery fire to attack other ships. "Wu Yang" had no time to turn the bow, cut the anchor chain, and fired a tail gun to fight back. The first shot hit the "Walda" bridge, killing five French soldiers. The French attacked the Wu Yang with No.46 torpedo boat, and the Fuxing with No.45 torpedo boat. The starboard torpedo of Wu Yang was seriously injured, and the superstructure began to catch fire. However, Zhang Cheng abandoned the ship and fled by sampan. Although the officers and men of "Wu Yang" resisted tenaciously, the warship was seriously injured and began to sink. At the last moment of sinking, a sailor climbed up.