Mango is not only a kind of nutritious fruit, but also has certain medicinal value. Chinese medicine believes that mango is sweet and sour, warm in nature, beneficial to stomach, anti-vomiting, thirst quenching and diuretic. In recent years, scientific research has found that provitamin A and vitamin C in mango are beneficial to reduce the concentration of cholesterol and triglyceride in human blood and prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. Mango orange contained in fresh mango has expectorant and antitussive effects [1].
Main cultivation and management techniques
(1) Reclamation and planting
1, reclamation
After the flat garden is prepared, it can be reclaimed directly according to the planting specifications, and the platform with a width of 1.8 meters can be repaired and dug. Hilly areas or mountainous areas should be reclaimed according to the contour elevation after cutting mountains and clearing mountains. If the slope is above 5 degrees, it is necessary to repair and dig the platform around the mountain with an inverse slope of 8- 10 degrees. The width of the platform around the mountain depends on the slope, which is generally1.5-1.8m..
2. Planting specifications
Depending on the variety characteristics, climate and soil environment. Short crown and thin soil are suitable for planting density, and vice versa. At present, the commonly used plant spacing specifications are: 3m * 5m, 4m * 5m or 4 * 4m. There are also methods of dense planting first and then sparse planting. The width and depth of the hole planting surface and the width of the bottom are 80cm * 80cm * 60cm.
3, planting materials and planting time
Excellent varieties with more than 2 leaves, fully mature terminal leaves, strong and free from pests and diseases are budded and bagged. Planting should be carried out in cool weather or before rain in rainy season from May to August. In the meantime, we should catch up earlier rather than later.
(2), fertilizer and water management
1, fertilizer and water management of young trees
One month before planting, each planting hole is fully mixed with 15-25 kg organic fertilizer and then returned to the hole. When the seedlings are planted, they should be watered with enough water, and then watered 2-3 times a month according to the weather conditions to promote the growth of the seedlings.
Fertilization of seedlings: Because base fertilizer has been applied when seedlings are planted, topdressing is generally not needed in the first year. From the second year, topdressing should be combined with topping. The main fertilizer is nitrogen fertilizer, supplemented by potassium fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer applied depends on the growth of seedlings. Generally, urea 100- 150g, potassium sulfate 150-250g or compound fertilizer 200-250g are applied to each plant, 2-3 times a year. The principle of topdressing seedlings is a small number of times.
2, fruit tree irrigation
Results The irrigation of trees should be controlled in two main periods: in the first period, after fruit picking and pruning, it is in the dry season, so irrigation should be combined with fertilization after fruit application to promote autumn shoots and cultivate healthy fruiting mother branches in the coming year; The second period is the fruit development period. At this stage, fruit development, cell division and fruit expansion all need a lot of water. At this time, irrigation can completely meet the needs of fruit growth and development, and improve the yield. According to the weather, irrigate 2-3 times a month.
Generally speaking, fruit development requires low temperature and high soil temperature. This is not only beneficial to the development of fruits, but also reduces the pests and diseases caused by excessive air humidity in orchards. However, attention should be paid to avoid water accumulation to avoid fruit falling.
3. Fertilization of fruit trees
Results The tree should pay attention to the following four kinds of fertilization:
(1), fertilization after fruit application (early June-July)
Postharvest fertilization is the focus of annual fertilization, and the amount of fertilization accounts for 70-80% of the annual fertilization. The main purpose is to promote autumn shoots, restore growth and lay a good foundation for next year's results. Nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer are mainly available. Apply 30-50kg of organic fertilizer, 0-5kg of 65438+ urea and 0.5kg of compound fertilizer to each plant, and apply them after picking and pruning. If there are irrigation conditions, it can also be fertilized first and then pruned.
(2) applying flower-promoting fertilizer
The normal flower bud differentiation of mango in Hainan is usually in11-65438+February, and the flower bud differentiation of chemicals can be earlier than 65438+1October. Therefore, the flower-promoting fertilizer should be applied before the end of the rainy season, mainly potassium fertilizer, with potassium nitrate 1- 1.5 kg per plant.
(3) Thanks to the flower fertilizer
The flowering of mango will cause a lot of nutrient consumption, so it is necessary to apply a quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer at the time of flowering, and apply 0.5- 1 kg urea or potassium nitrate per plant. Urea or potassium nitrate can be mixed with water to prepare a 0.5- 1% fertilizer solution, which can be sprayed on leaves, topdressing outside the roots and supplementing nutrients.
(4) applying strong effect fertilizer
About 30 days after mango withers, young fruits grow rapidly. In order to reduce fruit drop, 0.5- 1 kg urea and potassium nitrate or other foliar fertilizers should be applied to each plant.
With the development and progress of agricultural science and technology, the new technology of nutrition diagnosis fertilization is gradually popularized in agricultural fertilization. That is to say, by detecting the nutrient content of orchard soil and fruit tree leaves and comparing it with the standard content value, whoever fails to reach the standard content value will be fertilized accordingly, and whatever nutrient is lacking will be supplemented, which will not cause waste and achieve the purpose of fertilization.
Content standards of various elements in mango leaves in the United States and India
Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus pentoxide (%) K2O(%) Calcium (%) Magnesium (%)
Usa1.0-1.50.08-0.1750.3-0.82.0-3.50.15-0.4.
India 0.1.51.50.151.0
Note: below the above values, there will be element deficiency, which should be supplemented in time.
* Source: Xu Shupei, China University of Tropical Agriculture.
(3) Pruning and shaping mango trees
The purpose of pruning and shaping mango trees is to cultivate stable, high-yield and healthy trees, create a ventilated crown structure and cultivate effective fruiting branches on a large scale.
1, the shaping of unfruitful trees
When the seedlings grow to a height of 50-60 cm after planting, the seeds are removed, and after the lateral buds are extracted, 2-3 branches without pests and diseases are selected from different directions as the primary main branches; Cut 30-40 cm of the primary main branches when they are mature, and select 2-3 branches as the secondary main branches; When the secondary main branch is mature, cut off 30-40 cm and select the side branch. In the future, select and keep side branches according to this method.
2. Prune the result tree
Pruning of fruit trees mainly includes two stages: one is pruning after fruit picking; The second is thinning branches before flower bud differentiation.
(1), the fruit is pruned after picking.
The purpose of pruning after fruit picking is to promote the emergence of autumn shoots and cultivate fruiting mother branches in the coming year. The method is to retract and prune the fruiting mother branches of the year after picking the fruits, and at the same time, cut off the weak branches, pests and diseases branches, dead branches, shaded branches, overlapping branches, crossed branches and some branches with too dense tops, and re-cultivate the tree skeleton with reasonable structure to form a good crown foundation. After fruit pruning, light pruning, moderate pruning or intensive pruning should be selected according to the management level and tree potential. The general principle is conducive to restoring growth and strength.
(2) thinning branches before flower bud differentiation
After the fruit is pruned, the branches tend to be more and more dense. Therefore, before flower bud differentiation, some branches that are too much, too dense, too thick and too thin should be properly thinned to keep proper excellent fruiting mother branches. Production practice has proved that branches that are too thick and too thin are difficult to bloom or have poor flowering quality. Therefore, the principles of thinning branches are: to be strong, to be weak, and to stay in the middle. That is to say, the thick branches and thin branches with a diameter greater than 1 cm are thinned, and the middle branches with a diameter of about 0.8 cm are reserved as fruiting branches in the coming year. Generally, a five-year-old tree can retain 250-300 mother branches.
(4) shoot control and flower forcing of mango trees
1, tip control
In order to achieve the goal of early flowering and early fruiting, paclobutrazol (PP333) is mainly used to control new shoots in production at present. Its principle is that paclobutrazol inhibits the synthesis of endogenous gibberellin in plant cells, thus inhibiting the vegetative growth of plants, promoting reproductive growth and promoting early flowering.
Usage and concentration of (1) and paclobutrazol (PP333):
Soil application: Dig an annular groove of about 15cm in the mango crown drip line, evenly spread paclobutrazol in the annular groove, and cover the soil after application. Canopy projection area per square meter is 8 ~ 10g. Alternatively, paclobutrazol can be mixed with water to form a liquid medicine, which can be directly sprayed in the ring ditch and covered with soil after application.
Foliar spraying: mix 100g paclobutrazol with 15kg water to prepare a liquid medicine with the concentration of 1000PPM, and spray the liquid medicine directly and evenly on both sides of the leaves, depending on whether the liquid medicine drops. Spray 3-5 times, once every 7- 10 day. If you meet fish within 4 hours after spraying, you should spray it again.
Soil application+foliar spraying. The method and concentration are the same as above, but according to the different efficacy, the number of foliar spraying is changed to 2-3 times. When using paclobutrazol to control the tip, we should pay attention to mastering the dosage and not exceeding it to avoid phytotoxicity. According to different varieties, different management levels and plant growth conditions, as well as different soil types, the dosage should be appropriately increased or decreased. Generally speaking, coconut, Tainong, Baiya and Luzon have strong resistance to paclobutrazol, so the dosage can be increased appropriately on the original basis; Other varieties sensitive to paclobutrazol can be reduced appropriately. At the same time, the amount of plants with good management level and shoots that are too long, too thick and too flourishing can be appropriately increased in red soil with good water and fertilizer conservation, otherwise it can be appropriately reduced. At the same time, it is necessary to increase fertilizer, strengthen pest control, and spray gibberellin liquid in time to remedy plant damage.
The application time of paclobutrazol is generally in July and August when the first or second awning tip leaves of mango trees are fully mature.
(2) Ethyl interest
Ethephon has a wide mechanism of action, and different concentrations have different effects. It can inhibit plant cell elongation, induce flower bud differentiation, promote flowering and promote leaf, flower and fruit shedding. So pay special attention to the concentration when using ethylene to control the tip, otherwise it will be counterproductive. The concentration of ethephon used for shoot control in production is generally 200-300PPM (about 15 kg water plus 8- 10 ml ethephon). Mainly used for foliar spraying, spraying 2-3 times according to plant phenology, and spraying once every 10- 15 days.
It should be noted that high concentration of ethephon liquid will burn buds and buds.
2, urging flowers
There are generally three basic conditions for mango trees to blossom: first, trees are tired of rich nutrients; Second, drought; Third, a period of low temperature. However, due to the application of plant regulators to promote flowering, the requirement of low temperature for mango flowering is not absolutely strict.
The drugs and methods for promoting flowers are as follows:
(1) 0.5-0.6 kg of potassium nitrate or 0.3-0.4 kg of potassium treasure.
(2) borax 0.15kg
(3) 3 tablets of NAA (15ml)
(4) Ethephon 8 8~ 10/0ml
(5) Aiduoshou 1/3 Pack (3g)
All the above medicines are mixed into 15 kg of water, which is evenly sprayed on the front and back of leaves after being fully stirred. If the sprayed liquid medicine does not drip, it is usually sprayed for 2-3 times.
The flowering time must be controlled when the leaves at the end of the mother branch are fully mature, and the weather conditions in the next few days should also be considered. If the temperature is suitable, flower buds can appear 20-30 days after spraying.
(5), mango flower and fruit protection technical measures
Flowering and fruiting of mango seriously affect mango yield. Therefore, it is an important link to ensure the stable and high yield of mango to protect flowers and fruits.
1, the main reason of mango falling flowers and fruits.
Mango fruit drop is generally obviously divided into two times: the first time, within 2 weeks after flowering, the fruit drop is about 90%; The second time, about 60% of the fruit fell within 5 weeks after the flower withered. The main reasons for mango falling flowers and fruits are as follows:
First, poor pollination. It belongs to normal physiological fruit drop, which is the main reason for the first fruit drop.
Second, insufficient nutrition. Mango has consumed a lot of nutrition when it blooms, and young fruit needs enough nutrition in the process of expansion and development. At this time, if the nutrition supply is insufficient, it will cause the young fruit to fall for the second time.
Third, pests and diseases are harmful. There are mainly powdery mildew, anthracnose, stem borer, potassium worm and so on.
Fourth, improper application of pesticides. Improper use type, concentration, timing or time of pesticides will also lead to falling flowers and fruits. For example, the use of copper-sulfur pesticides at noon when the temperature is high during flowering, or the concentration of ethephon is too high, will cause different degrees of falling flowers and fruits.
Fifth, bad weather. Such as typhoon, continuous high temperature and drought (above 37℃) accompanied by continuous dry hot wind, continuous low temperature (below 10℃), etc., will also cause flowers and fruits to fall. In addition, the mixture of fruit, flower and tender shoot at the same time will also cause different degrees of falling flowers and fruits.
2. Technical measures to protect flowers and fruits
(1), do a good job in cleaning the garden to reduce the probability of insect infection.
To keep the garden clean, especially before flower bud differentiation, it is necessary to clear branches, cut off branches and leaves of pests and diseases, kill weeds in the garden with herbicides, spray 1% bordeaux mixture on the whole and coat 1% bordeaux mixture on the trunk to reduce parasitic parts of pests and diseases, reduce the sources of pests and diseases and reduce the incidence of pests and diseases.
(2) Strengthen fertilization and watering.
In addition to normal fertilization, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer and water management at the fruiting stage. Spraying 0. 1% boric acid solution or 40PPM naphthylacetic acid on the leaves of young fruits (pea size) once; Spraying 10-20PPM gibberellin every 7- 10 to prepare foliar fertilizer such as 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, triacontanol or 0.5% urea solution, and spraying for 2-4 times. If there are irrigation conditions, it is necessary to cooperate with irrigation, and apply 0.5- 1 kg compound fertilizer or urea per plant to increase nutrients and promote fruit growth.
(3) Strengthen pest control, treat diseases and protect fruits.
Special attention should be paid to the prevention and control of horses, red spiders, stem borers, anthracnose, powdery mildew and bacterial angular leaf spot during flowering and young fruit periods. Spray every 5-7 days from the time the bud grows to 2 cm. Horses, red spiders and stem borers can be controlled by pesticides such as Tian Li, Bataan, Insect Forest, Yijinjing, Hongantai, Sulfur Suspension Concentrate and Nongge. Anthracnose, powdery mildew and bacterial angular leaf spot can be controlled by pesticides such as Renkebike, Guo Bing Jukang and Streptomyces agriculturalis.
(4), bagging fruit protection
Fruit packaging can reduce spraying times, reduce pesticide residues, reduce pests and diseases, and improve the commodity rate of fruits. Bagging method: Choose different types of fruit bags according to different varieties. Generally, the bagging time is after the second physiological fruit drop and fruiting, and spraying protection before bagging to achieve the purpose of fruit protection. If it is a red-skinned variety, the bag should be removed 15-20 days before fruit picking to promote coloring.
(6) Prevention and control of mango diseases and insect pests
Mango is a tropical fruit tree, evergreen all year round, with buds all year round, which provides a good parasitic place for pests and diseases. At the same time, the tropical climate provides favorable conditions for the latent, breeding, occurrence and epidemic of pests and diseases. It is reported that there are more than 50 kinds of mango diseases in the world [4]. According to Luo Yongming (1990), a professor at China University of Tropical Agriculture, there are 109 kinds of mango pests in southern China, belonging to 8 orders and 43 families, which harm mango buds, flowers, leaves, branches, fruits and roots respectively. At present, the main common diseases and insect pests in Hainan are as follows:
1, major diseases
(1), anthrax
Anthracnose harms young leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits, resulting in postharvest flowers, fruits and rotten fruits. The pathogen is spread by wind, rain, insects and other media, and it is easy to occur and spread in rainy and foggy weather at 25-28℃.
Control methods: (1) remove diseased leaves of diseased branches in orchards and reduce bacterial sources in orchards; (2) Drug control is available: 1% Bordeaux solution and 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500-600 times; 40% miebingwei 600-800 times liquid medicine; Chlorothalonil; Tolbuzin methyl; Zineb; Round charcoal must be grams.
(2) powdery mildew
Harm young leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, etc. , leading to falling flowers and fruits. Germ spores spread with airflow, wind, rain or insects, and are easy to occur and spread in rainy or foggy weather at 2 1-22℃.
Control method: (1) Remove weeds and diseased branches and leaves in the orchard, and create a ventilated and light-transmitting environment. (2) Drug control: Sulfur powder (not available at flowering stage), colloidal sulfur, thiophanate-methyl and copper triazole can be used.
(3) Bacterial angular leaf spot or intestinal canker mainly harms shoots, leaves and fruits, resulting in a large number of leaf spots and fruit spots, which seriously affects the appearance and commercial value of fruits. Pathogens invade from leaf tips and fruit wounds with wind and rain, mostly in orchards or low-lying areas in windward areas, and less in orchards with shelter from the wind and higher ground.
Control methods: (1) Do a good job in orchard sanitation and eliminate weeds and pests in the orchard; (2) Regularly spray copper drugs or 120 units of agricultural streptomycin sulfate or 1% bordeaux mixture and other fungicides [5].
2. Main pests
(1), Noctuidae is also called insect.
The larvae of this insect 1-2 are harmful to young leaves, veins and petioles, and the larvae above 3 years old are infected with young shoots and inflorescence spindles, which makes them wither, with a damage rate of 30-50%. The insect has 8 generations a year, and the generations overlap.
Prevention and control methods: mango should be treated with drugs in time every time it sprouts. The control effect is the best before the 3rd instar. Pesticides such as trichlorfon, Wanlingsan and Kung Fu can be selected and used alternately to prevent pests from developing drug resistance.
(2) Anoplophora longicorn
The branches of mango trees are mainly broken or killed by their larvae. This kind of insect occurs once a year and is completed in the new year. It overwinters mainly as larvae, and a large number of adults occur from April to July every year.
Prevention and control methods: (1) Cut off the victim's branches and burn them centrally; (2) killing adults. Install black lights in orchards from April to July every year to trap and kill adults or kill adults artificially; (3) Poisoning the larvae. Kill the larvae artificially with wire hooks or dip cotton in pesticides and put them in moth holes to kill them.
(3), planing horses, spiders, mosquitoes
All of them mainly harm shoots, spikes and young fruits, resulting in abnormal leaves and falling flowers and fruits. Young fruit injury causes skin tissue hyperplasia, skin thickening and rust spots, which affects the appearance of fruit and reduces the commodity rate of fruit. Mosquitoes hurt young leaves and cause anthrax.
Control methods: 0/000 times of liquid medicine/kloc-0, 0/500-2000 times of highly effective pyrethroid/kloc-0, 2,000-3000 times of 0.5% chlorfenapyr, 8,000-15000 times of 25% avermectin and 654,300 times of pyridaben. Drugs should be used alternately to prevent pests from developing drug resistance.
(4), mealybug
The mealybug harms treetops, leaves and fruits, and sucks the sap of their tissues, resulting in defoliation and fruit drop. The insect body is fixed on the peel, causing insect spots, and secreting a lot of honey dew and wax, causing bituminous coal disease, affecting the appearance of fruit and reducing its commercial value. Control methods: (1) Strengthen orchard pruning to improve ventilation and light transmission of orchard; (2) According to the insect situation, 35% chlorfenapyr can be used 1000-2000 times, 10% chlorfenapyr can be used 800- 1500 times, and 20% chlorfenapyr can be used 800-2000 times (avoid using in flowering period).
(7) High-level grafting and crown replacement to improve varieties.
Due to the continuous emergence of new fine varieties, there are two main methods to promote the application of high grafting and crown replacement to improve varieties in production at present:
1. Cut off branches at the height of the original mango plant 1.2- 1.5 meters, and graft directly by bud grafting. This method will soon form a crown, which will bear fruit in the second year of grafting in the same year without affecting the second year's output.
2. Trunk the original plant, with a height of about 1.2m, and graft or insert buds when the newly extracted shoots reach the grafting standard. This method is about half a year to a year slower than the first one.
As long as the original plants grow normally and the climate is suitable, they can be grafted all year round, but the survival rate of grafting is the highest in February-May. After grafting, it is necessary to spray drugs in time to prevent pests such as ants, especially to control borers, red spiders and horses. At the same time, the new buds extracted from the original plant should be smoothed in time, and all kinds of nursing work should be done to ensure the healthy growth of the new buds extracted after crown change.