Achievements of New China: China has unswervingly promoted reform and opening up, the socialist market economic system has been initially established, an open economy has been formed, social productivity and comprehensive national strength have been continuously enhanced, and various social undertakings have developed comprehensively. People's lives have generally achieved a historic leap from subsistence and clothing to moderate prosperity. In the 25 years from 1978 to 2003, China's economy grew at an average annual rate of 9.4%. Twenty-five years ago, China's annual GDP was US$147.3 billion, and last year it reached more than US$1.400 billion. Twenty-five years ago, China's annual import and export trade totaled US$20.6 billion, and last year it reached US$851.2 billion. Twenty-five years ago, China's foreign exchange reserves were US$167 million, and last year they reached US$403.3 billion. Currently, China's economic aggregate ranks sixth in the world, and its total import and export trade ranks fourth in the world. The most critical reason why China has been able to undergo such tremendous changes is that we have always adhered to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and persisted in reform and opening up, which has stimulated the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of all people.

Although China has made great achievements in development, it has a large population, a weak foundation, underdeveloped productivity, and very unbalanced development. The contradiction between the ecological environment, natural resources, and economic and social development is quite prominent. Although China's per capita GDP has exceeded US$1,000, it still ranks behind the 100th place in the world. For China to realize modernization and enable all its people to live a prosperous life, it still needs long-term and unremitting hard work.

We have clearly defined our goal for the first 20 years of this century, which is to comprehensively build a higher-level moderately prosperous society that benefits more than one billion people, and to double the GDP in 2000 by 2020. times, reaching 4 trillion U.S. dollars, and the per capita GDP reaching 3,000 U.S. dollars, making the economy more developed, democracy more complete, science and education more advanced, culture more prosperous, society more harmonious, and people's lives more prosperous.

The Shame of Old China:

List of Unequal Treaties

Treaty of Nanking, August 1842, Britain

Main Content

1. Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain

2. Pay compensation of 21 million silver dollars

3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as treaty ports

4. The tariff rate for Chinese customs to collect imported and exported goods from British merchants must be negotiated with the British side

Impact

1. The beginning of China becoming a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society

2. The main contradiction has transformed from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class

to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, and the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people

3 .The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation has become the most important contradiction

4. The Chinese people have since shouldered the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and their own feudal rule

5. China has entered the period of the old democratic revolution

The Five-Port Trade Charter and the Treaty of Humen in 1844

The main content

Grabbing consular jurisdiction and one-sided most-favored-nation treatment and privileges such as leasing land, housing, and detention at treaty ports

The Treaty of Wangxia and the Treaty of Whampoa in 1844 between the United States and France

Main content

Acquired more rights for aggression

Treaty of Tianjin, Russia, the United States, Britain and France in the summer of 1858

Main contents

1. Foreign envoys stationed in Beijing

2. Additional openings along the coast and along the river It is one of the 10 commercial ports

3. Foreign warships and merchant ships can navigate through the ports of the Yangtze River

4. Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in mainland China

5. The Qing government compensated Britain and France with 2 million taels of silver each for their expenses, and compensated the British merchants for 2 million taels of silver for their losses

Beijing Treaty of Russia in 1860

Main Content

2. Opened Tianjin as a commercial port

3. Cut off the Kowloon Division to the British

4. The reparations to Britain and France were increased to 8 million taels of silver each

The unique impact of the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty

The Qing government began to be controlled by the great powers, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded , Communist Party of China suppressed the resistance of the Chinese people

The degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudalization of China deepened

Beijing Treaty of Russia in 1860

To the 1880s , occupying more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory in northeastern and northwest China

Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan in April 1895

Main contents

1. Separation of the Liaodong Peninsula , Taiwan and its affiliated islands, and the Penghu Islands to Japan

2. Compensate Japan’s military expenditure of 200 million taels of silver

3. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can Sail along the inland rivers to enter the above ports

4. Japan can invest and set up factories in China's treaty ports, and the products shipped to mainland China are exempt from mainland taxes

Impact

1 .China's territory and sovereignty suffered further serious losses

2. After that, the imperialists scrambled to divide their spheres of influence in China and set off a frenzy to carve up China

3. Forcing the Qing government not to No large-scale political borrowing from foreign powers

4. The opening of new trading ports allowed foreign aggressive forces to further penetrate into mainland China

5. Japan was allowed to invest and set up factories in China, expanding its The export of capital to China has seriously hindered the development of China's national capitalism

6. The degree of semi-colonialization of Chinese society has greatly deepened

The Treaty of Xinchou, Britain, the United States and Russia in September 1901 Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria

Main content

1. The Qing government compensated various countries with 450 million taels of silver, which was to be repaid in 39 years, with principal and interest totaling 980 million taels

2. The compensation is pledged by China’s tariffs and salt taxes, and China’s tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent

3. An “embassy circle” is established in Dongjiaomin Lane, Beijing, during which China is not allowed to people live there, and troops are stationed in various places for protection

4. Destroy the forts from Beijing to Dagu, and allow various countries to send troops to garrison strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan

5. Punish the Boxer Rebellion Officials who have "antagonized" the great powers will forever prohibit the Chinese people from establishing and participating in various anti-imperialist organizations

6. Change the Prime Minister's Yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries

Impact

Such an embassy community has become an area occupied by the great powers in the Chinese capital

The Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China and suppress the people

The great powers can Strengthen control of the Qing government through diplomatic channels

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The following is a list of treaties that some Chinese governments or most Chinese people consider to be unequal.

The Sino-Russian-Mongolian Entente (June 7, 1915, the 4th year of the Republic of China, between China and Russia, signed at: Kyaktu, Outer Mongolia)

The Fourth Civil Treaty (II) Article 11) (May 25, the 4th year of the Republic of China (1915), between China and Japan, signing place: Beijing)

Manzhouli Boundary Treaty (December 20, 1911 (the 3rd year of the Xuantong period), China with Russia, signing place: Manzhouli)

Sino-British Renewal of the Tibetan-Indian Treaty (April 27, 1906 (the 32nd year of Guangxu), signing place: Beijing)

Sino-Japanese Conference Agreement on Matters in the Three Eastern Provinces (December 22, 1905 (the 31st year of Guangxu), signing place: Beijing)

Xin Chou Treaty (September 7, 1901 (the 27th year of the Guangxu reign), signing place: Beijing) )

Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (Time: November 16, 1899 (the 25th year of Guangxu); Signing Place: Guangzhou Bay; China and France)

Special Lease of Weihaiwei (Time: July 1, 1898 (the 24th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu); Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

Special Article for Expanding the Boundary Site of Hong Kong (Time: June, 1898 (the 24th year of the Emperor Guangxu) 9th; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (March 27, 1898 (Guangxu 24th year), Signing place: Beijing. May 7, 1898 The "Renewal of the Luda Land Lease Treaty" was signed in Petersburg, Russia)

The Sino-German Jiao'ao Concession Treaty (March 6, 1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu), Beijing; China and Germany)

Sino-Japanese Commerce and Shipping Treaty (signed in Beijing on July 21, 1896 (Guangxu 22nd year))

Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (June 3, 1896 (Guangxu 22nd year)) Moscow)

Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 17, 1895 (Guangxu 21st year), Shimonoseki, and Japan)

Tibetan and Seal Clauses of the Sino-British Conference (1890 (Guangxu 16th year) Year) March 17, Calcutta, India; supplementary revision: December 5, 1893, Darjeeling)

Sino-British Yantai Treaty (Yantai, 1876 (Guangxu 2nd year); China and Britain)

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Sino-Japanese Treaty on Beijing (October 31, 1874 (Tongzhi 13th year))

Sino-Russian Agreement on the Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary (October 7, 1864 (Tongzhi 3rd year) , Tarbachatai)

Sino-German Trade Treaty (September 2, 1861 (11th year of Xianfeng), Tianjin)

Beijing Treaty

China The Treaty of Beijing between Russia (November 14, 1860 (the 10th year of Xianfeng), Beijing)

The Treaty of Beijing between China and France (Beijing, October 25, 1860 (the 10th year of Xianfeng))

Sino-British Treaty of Beijing (October 24, 1860 (10th year of Xianfeng), Beijing)

Treaty of Tianjin

Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin (June, 1858 (8th year of Xianfeng)) 27th, Tianjin)

Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin (June 26, 1858 (Xianfeng 8th year), Tianjin)

Sino-US Treaty of Tianjin (1858 (Xianfeng 8th year)) June 18, Tianjin)

Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin (June 13, 1858 (Xianfeng 8th year), Tianjin)

Sino-Russian Aihun Treaty (1858 (Xianfeng 8th year) 8 years) May 28, Aihui)

Shanghai British, French and American Concession Charter (July 5, 1854 (Xianfeng 4th year), Shanghai)

China-Russia Yili Tarbahatai Trade Charter (August 6, 1851 (the first year of Xianfeng), Ili)

Huangpu Treaty (October 24, 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), with France, Huangpu)< /p>

The Treaty of Wangxia (July 3, 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), with the United States, Wangxia)

The Treaty of Humen (October 8, 1843 (the 23rd year of Daoguang), With the British, Humen)

Treaty of Nanjing (August 29, 1842 (22nd year of Daoguang), with the British, Nanjing)

In 1917, Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire due to the First In World War I, it became an enemy of China and had its unequal treaties abrogated. In 1917, the Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privileges in China (it was not fully honored afterwards, nor did it return the territory acquired in the treaty). In 1943, the United States and Britain voluntarily gave up their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status when they became enemies of China in World War II. In 1946, France gave up its privileges in China.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it did not recognize all unequal treaties previously signed.