Basic introduction Chinese name: mbth, xifengkou: xifengkou Location: the junction of Qianxi County and Kuancheng County in the north of Tangshan City. Altitude in the south: more than 200 meters. Altitude in the north:1000m. Ancient name: Lulongsai Country: China City: Tangshan City, Hebei Province. Opening hours: 8:00- 18:0. Ticket price: 25.0 yuan, required reading before departure, scenic spot dynamics, scenic spot introduction, key information, geographical overview, strategic significance, historical deeds, elegy, tourist routes, etc. Geographical overview xifengkou Pass is surrounded by low hills, which are more than 200m above sea level from south to north, 1 1,000m. The terrain is steep and the traffic is difficult. Gu Dao formed by Luanhe River has become a natural channel for communication between the North and the South. Xifengkou Pass, the left and right high cliffs confront each other, and the terrain is dangerous. From there, it turns eastward to the Daling River basin, northward to the upper reaches of the West Liaohe River and the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau, and southwest to Beijing via Zunhua and Jizhou (now Jixian). In 1970s and 1980s, due to the construction of Panjiakou Reservoir, the low-lying Great Wall in xifengkou was submerged by the reservoir area, forming a unique landscape-the underwater Great Wall. This part of the Great Wall shows its true colors with the change of water level. Xifengkou's position as a traffic artery will disappear completely. The Strategic Significance of the Geographical Survey of xifengkou This road has always been the main traffic route from Hebei Plain to Northeast China. Xifengkou is at a crossroads and its strategic position is very important. In ancient times, xifengkou was a place where Han people frequently interacted with various nationalities in the north and northeast. Soldiers guarded it in all previous dynasties, and it was called Lulongsai in the Tang Dynasty. Restore the panorama of xifengkou xifengkou's enemy-destroying heroes (from left to right) Historical deeds of Zhang Zizhong, Song, Qin Dechun and General1933 On March 9, 2003, the joint advance team invaded xifengkou and occupied the top of the Great Wall Line on the north side. Zhao sent Wang Changhai, the brigade commander of 29 army 109 of the Northwest Army stationed in Zunhua, to the rescue. Deeply humiliated by the country, officers and men formed a broadsword team of 500 people, sneaked into the hill occupied by the Japanese army at night, and unexpectedly hacked the Japanese army to death on the hill. Most broadsword teams also died heroically. The next day, the main Japanese army arrived and ordered to capture the Great Wall within three days. Under the cover of planes and artillery, its infantry stormed xifengkou and Gubeikou. At that time, the main forces of 29 army also arrived one after another. Zhao led his troops to a secluded place with mountains and peaks. The enemy's gunfire was temporarily suppressed. As soon as the enemy soldiers approached, they swarmed out and cut them down with broadswords. Zhao was injured, but he still commanded the war. The soldiers were braver and dealt a heavy blow to the enemy. On the same day, the customs department of the Central Army arrived at Gubeikou. Encouraged by patriotic enthusiasm, the officers and men, together with the Northeast Military Department, resisted the attack of the Japanese 16th Brigade. 1 1 In the evening, Zhao Brigade and Tong Zeguang Brigade circled the enemy's rear in two wings, occupied the Japanese artillery positions, destroyed 18 guns and burned their supplies. This is the famous xifengkou Anti-Japanese War. General Song's photo elegy 1933 65438+ At the beginning of October, the Japanese army occupied Shanhaiguan, and the Jehol was in a tight situation. Military Commission Beiping branch deployment, the third army 29 army as xifengkou to Malanyu. In the early morning of March 1933 and 10, three brigades of Zhao, Tong Zeguang, the 37th Division of 29 army, with Song as the general commander, arrived, and Zhao led his team to start hand-to-hand combat with the Japanese army near xifengkou. They carried broadswords and shouted loudly, and recovered several highlands. From the early morning of March 1933, Zhao and Tong Guangze attacked the enemy camp in two ways. Before dawn, Zhao arrived at the Japanese special forces camp, and the broadsword team descended like magic, killing the Japanese in their sleep. According to the records of Qianxi County in China, from March 9, 65438 to March 3, 65438, more than 4,000 Japanese troops were annihilated in the bloody battle in xifengkou. The bravery of the 29 army broadsword team inspired the whole country and shocked the Japanese. Japanese domestic media exclaimed that "from the training of Emperor Meiji, the reputation of the imperial army was completely used by Song outside xifengkou." Inspired by xifengkou's bloody battle, Laura Mai, a famous musician, wrote "The Sword March". The 29th Army originally belonged to Feng Yuxiang's Northwest Army. After the defeat of the Central Plains War between Feng Yuxiang and Chiang Kai-shek, it was incorporated and built by Chiang Kai-shek, so it was repeatedly left out. When we went to xifengkou, the 29th Army had more than 20,000 people, but it was poorly equipped, with few heavy weapons and insufficient ammunition. The rifles used are not only outdated in style and insufficient in quantity, but also many are not worthy of bayonets, so everyone is equipped with broadswords. 29 army's anti-Japanese warriors cut off the heads of countless enemies with broadswords. However, the broadsword is just an old weapon, and no matter how brave the user is, he can't resist the enemy's aircraft fire. Lan Yutian said that he saw 29 army's shells fall into the crowd of devils. One, two ... It didn't explode all the way down to 13, and it didn't explode until 14. Weapons and equipment are so backward, the result of this campaign can be imagined. 1933 On April 13, 29 army withdrew from xifengkou and deployed troops on the west bank of Luanhe River north of Xingcheng. /kloc-in April of 0/4, Japanese troops invaded xifengkou. Four years later, in the "July 7th Incident", 29 army once again wielded a sword to kill the enemy, and Zhao, who fought bravely in xifengkou, died for his country. Tourist routes Beijing-Jinhai Lake-Huangyaguan-Xinglong Outer Ring Road-Kuancheng Outer Ring Road-xifengkou Scenic Area (North Line 2) ● Beijing-Miyun-Xinglong Outer Ring Road-Kuancheng Outer Ring Road-xifengkou Scenic Area (New Line 2 1) Don't mention xifengkou and Songtingguan, which are two gates with completely different characteristics. Songtingguan is narrow and steep; Xifengkou is more open and accessible than Songtingkou, which is recorded in many historical books, but is often overlooked by people. Jingkang history? Xuanhe Yisi made a visa for the trip to the State of Jin, which read: "The land of Youzhou is thousands of miles away, with mountains in the north and five barriers in it. Juyong congress drove the car and transported food; Songting, Jin Po and Gubei are only open to people, and driving is not allowed. There are eighteen paths outside, and the rabbit path and the bird path are exhausted. Only people can cross, you can't take a horse. " Gu Zuyu's Summary of Reading History and Geography: "To the north of Yanji, there are Songting Pass, Gubeikou Pass and Juyong Pass. The Central Plains is dangerous and isolated from China and foreign countries."
Xifengkou is a different story. According to "Gan 'an County Records" edited in 20 years of the Republic of China? Anecdote: During the Shunnian period tomorrow, the Governor of Shuntian, Deng Han, visited the gates of Jiyun Town and said to Yingzong: "Although the gates of Road 12 in Jiyun Town are everywhere, the great river in the plain can accommodate hundreds of thousands of large-scale invasions, with envoys coming in and out, especially Xifeng and Panjiakou. "One is' only people are allowed, no cars are allowed', and the other is' plain rivers can accommodate the large-scale invasion of hundreds of thousands of people'. How can it be a place?
Xifengkou, also located in Lengkou, Gan 'an County, was a tribute road built in Ming Dynasty for five grains and three flavors. In addition to geographical location, a very important condition is that the pass is spectacular and heavy troops can be stationed. Every time a foreigner goes abroad to pay tribute, the garrison officer has to show his lineup. This is called welcoming guests, which is really scary. Moreover, there are ten thousand buildings in xifengkou, and tribute troops enter Beijing, and the goalkeeper also sends troops to escort the capital. For the tribes who honestly submit to the imperial court, the imperial court will award prizes from time to time, and the award ceremony is also very grand. Where there are tribute roads, there are many mutual market transactions between the two sides. This important activity related to the dignity of the imperial court is common in xifengkou. For example, when Qi Jiguang took office in Jiyun Town in the second year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, he took part in the activities of Duoyan Department (known as Tuman in the Ming Dynasty) on the left wing of East Mongolia and attacked the border town many times, all of which were defeated by Qi Jiguang. In the third year of Wanli, Touyan, Mr. Dong Fox, Mr. Chang Ang and Mr. Chang Tu led the troops to dongjiakou Pass. Governor Qi Jiguang divided his forces from Yumuling and dongjiakou to camp out, defeated the invading enemy, and captured him bareheaded. Dong Hu, helpless, led more than 300 relatives to kneel in xifengkou, demanding the release of Chang Bald. Qi Jiguang consulted with the Governor of Hebei and Liao and agreed to their request. Chang Ang and Dong Hu promised not to harass them in the future, and returned the residents, sentries and horses they had taken before, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty and restored Gong Shi. Dong Huli and Chang Tou led people out of xifengkou to apologize. Such a feat can only be accomplished by Guancheng, such as xifengkou, which faces the plain river, and Songting Pass, which controls the dangerous road in the Long Gorge. The mixing of xifengkou and Songtingguan has its specific historical background, that is, the result of "abandoning Kaiping, losing Daning, enjoying the land and moving to the south".
1. Songting Pass was originally a military defense center established by the Khitans shortly after the founding of Liao State. Dadingfu (that is, Daning, now Ningcheng) is the central capital of Liao country, and as the southern gateway to defend the Northern Expedition of the Central Plains, its strategic position is very important. Shi Jingtang, the son emperor, betrayed sixteen counties, so that the Liao country gained a large area of land in the Central Plains, controlled the crossroads of North China, and built Yanjing (now Beijing) into one of the five major capitals of the Liao country, named Nanjing; Liao and Northern Song regime coexist, and the dividing line between them is Juma River (Baigou River). In this way, the defense line in southern Liaoning moved from Songtingguan to Xiongzhou (now Xiongxian, Baoding, Hebei) on the banks of Baigou River in the mainland. Songtingguan, as the gateway to defend Beijing and Daning in central Liaoning, has lost its function of "defending the south".
2. After the demise of Liao Dynasty, the Jin regime fought against the Southern Song Dynasty; Later, Mongolia went south to destroy gold and established a unified empire. In this way, Songting was closed to the mainland. The Jin Dynasty established by Jurchen unified most of China, and the Southern Song Dynasty, which confronted it, was already a corner. The Great Yuan Empire established by Mongols has a vast territory. There is no need to fortify Songting Pass in the two dynasties. Therefore, Songting Pass has been neglected.
3. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, in order to prevent the restoration of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, according to Hua Yunlong's suggestion, Zhu Yuanzhang set up headquarters in Peiping, Liaodong and Datong, "from Yongping, Jizhou and Miyun to the west, all of which were guarded", and then set up the northern parallel headquarters in Daning, and the fifth garrison in Yingzhou to command the 25 th Guards in Northeast China. Set up 2/kloc-0 guards outside the Great Wall in southern Inner Mongolia and northeastern Hebei, and build a surrender city and a border castle near Togtoh, Inner Mongolia. At the same time, Jiuzi was surrounded by the frontier fortress and directly controlled the border guards. "In this way, Songtingguan has become a defensive fortress, heavily stationed, and built Huizhou, He Kuan, Fuyu and other cities in Songtingguan to Daning area. In the early Ming Dynasty, the northern border was basically fortified along the traditional border of Han and Tang Dynasties. After Judy proclaimed himself emperor, Kaiping Wei, which was originally located in Duolun, and Daning Wei, which was located in Ningcheng, moved to the mainland. Because the cavalry of Wuliangha Sanwei made great contributions to Judy's winning the throne in the Battle of Jingnan, Judy gave Daning and the nearby Duoyan, Fuyu and Taining Sanwei to Wuliangha, which was called "fief" in history, and transferred Yingzhou Wuwei to Jizhou. The western and middle sections of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty (Jingxi) built by Lu Xu were basically built along the direction of the Great Wall of Qin and Han Dynasties. However, the section from Beijing to Shanhaiguan (which belongs to Zhen Ji Town) is different. It left the direction of the Great Wall of Qin and Han Dynasties and moved 300 to 500 miles to the south. Although Wuliangye Sanwei surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, it actually went against the times, often breaking customs and harassing people, and sometimes committing crimes in the mainland in collusion with Beiyuan. At this time, xifengkou Pass, which stands on the Great Wall Line, stands out as a fortress for protection, while Songting Pass, which has fallen in Wuliangha area, has become a waste pass and disappeared. This gives people a misunderstanding-"It used to be called Songtingguan, but now it is called xifengkou".