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In the management of garden plants, many cities only pay attention to tending and management, often ignoring the shaping and pruning of garden plants, allowing them to grow naturally, resulting in invisible and unstable growth of urban street trees and landscape plants, greatly reducing their ornamental value, and failing to optimize the environment, beautify life and improve the quality of life of urban residents. Therefore, plastic pruning is an important part of horticultural production, which is indispensable for the successful production of urban garden plants.
1. Basic methods of pruning garden seedlings
1. 1 refinement
Cutting too many and too dense branches from the base is called thinning. Thinning branches can reduce the competition for nutrients and is conducive to ventilation and light transmission. For arbor species, it can promote trunk growth, and for flowers and shrubs, it can promote early flowering.
1.2 nipple
Cut off a part of the branches and keep a certain length of branches and a certain number of buds, which is called short cutting. Short cuttings can stimulate the germination of lateral buds under the cutting mouth, promote branching and increase growth. Shortcuts can be divided into light shortcuts and heavy shortcuts. Heavy cutting is often used in seedling raising, that is, a few buds are left at the base of the branch for short cutting, and only one bud develops into a strong branch after cutting. This method is often used to cultivate the main branches when raising seedlings.
1.3 bud stripping
When trees germinate, many buds often germinate at the same time, so that the water and nutrients absorbed by the roots can not be supplied to the buds that need to be kept. This requires peeling some buds to promote the development of branches and form an ideal tree shape.
1.4 coring
In the process of tree growth, in order to avoid the uneven growth of branches and affect the crown shape, the strong branches are pitted to control the growth, so as to adjust the growth of the main branches of the crown and make the crown symmetrical and plump.
1.5 Tillering
When the new buds are not lignified, it is called "tillering" to remove the useless new buds sprouting on the trunk or roots. When removing tillers, it is necessary to prevent tearing bark or leaving dead piles.
2. Pruning techniques of different garden seedlings.
2. 1 tree pruning
For tree species with obvious main axis, attention should be paid to protecting the central main branch. If the original central main branch is damaged or broken, the top branch can be used to cultivate new main branches; For tree species whose main axis is not obvious, they should be pruned according to their characteristics, such as Sophora japonica, willow, Sophora japonica, etc., and pruned into umbrella or steamed bread shape to make the tree shape neat and beautiful; Adjust the ratio of stem to crown year by year. When trees of the same age and variety are planted regularly, the height of branch points should be basically the same. In continuous cropping, the branching point of trees on the edge of forest land can be slightly lower than that of trees in forest; Ginkgo pruning can only thin branches, not short-cut, and the whorled branches can be thinned in stages.
2.2 Shrub pruning
Shrub pruning should make the inside of the tree high and the outside low, forming a natural plump round head or semi-circular tree shape, timely and appropriately thinning out the inner cavity branchlets, cutting off short and strong branches, thinning out drooping twigs and surface sprouting, updating old branches year by year and cultivating new branches. Shrubs with trunk planted for many years should alternately retract the main branches every year to control the crown and prevent the trees from being strong and weak. In time, the clustered branches outside the crown are drained or cut short to promote the growth of secondary branches. The residual flowers and fruits formed by backward flowers should be cut off as soon as possible if they have no ornamental value or other needs. Shrubs planted in patches should be pruned to form clumps with high middle, low sides or high back and low front. When pruning shrubs planted with many varieties, we should highlight the main varieties and leave appropriate growth space. When pruning modeling shrubs, the outline should be clear and the outer branches and leaves should be tight.
2.3 Hedge and Ribbon Trimming
Including three aspects: ① natural hedging. Generally, it is necessary to properly control the height, cut off pests and dead branches, and make the branches grow naturally. (2) flowers and hedges. Such as yellow thorn plum and pepper, are also mainly pruned naturally, and need to be pruned to dry dead branches and pests and diseases. 3 overall hedging. Geometric pattern pruning is often used to cultivate into a sphere, rectangle, trapezoid, arch or wave.
2.4 Rattan pruning
It includes four aspects: ① wall-attached adsorption of rattan-like wood. For example, in the growing season, the drooping branches that fail to absorb the wall should be cut off, and for plants that are not completely covered, the branches around the gaps should be cut short so that secondary branches can occur and fill the gaps. (2) Hedging type. Mostly used for winding small rattan wood. Just pull out the branches on the fence, cultivate the trunk, and then cut the side branches short every year. Common such as honeysuckle, lingxiao, rattan, rattan, ivy, etc. (3) Type of lamp post. Surround the lamp post with silk screen, absorb or wrap rattan wood, and use silk screen to rise and grow along the lamp post, so that the lamp post is covered with branches and leaves from the surface to the required height, and the lower and drooping branches should be pruned frequently to cultivate an upright skeleton, accelerate plant growth and achieve ideal results. (4) scaffolding. Take wisteria as an example, it is necessary to prune it near the surface to produce several stout main vines, and then lead the main vines vertically at the top of the trellis to make the lateral vines evenly distributed on the trellis. For the vine rose, it is necessary to cut off the thick branches from the base, keep the thick branches, and tie them to the scaffold by artificial traction according to a certain pattern format. If vines have covered all the flower stands, the branches can be thinned properly to prevent the growth of overlapping branches and facilitate flowering. Every year, after the flowers wither and before the flower buds differentiate, the branches of diseases and insect pests, twining branches, overlapping branches and aging branches are cut off from the base to prevent the overgrown branches and vines from being too dense and disorderly, so that the vines are evenly distributed and the sunshine is transparent, which is beneficial to the growth of new branches.
3. Pruning trees with different shapes
3. 1 cup
This tree has no central trunk, only a fairly tall trunk. There are three main branches on the upper part of the trunk, which are evenly distributed around. Three branches are divided into six branches, and then two branches are divided into 12 branches, which is the so-called "three branches, six branches and twelve branches" tree. This geometrically regular branch is not only neat and beautiful, but also has no upright branches and inward branches in the crown. Once found, it must be cut off.
3.2 Natural Happy Modeling
It is improved from the cup shape, which has no central trunk, and the center is not empty, but the branches are low. The three main branches are distributed at certain intervals, and the autonomous trunk radiates around and the center develops, which is a natural happy shape. But the main branches are not two branches, but scattered around, so the crown is not completely flattened, which can make better use of space, and the sunshine in the crown is transparent, which is conducive to flowering and fruiting. In the garden, this shape is used to prune peaches, elms, plums, pomegranates and other flowers and fruits.
3.3 spire or cone
This shape is a tree with an obvious central leadership trunk, which consists of terminal buds that grow upward year by year. The trunk has the most main branches from bottom to top, the lower branches are longer and gradually shorten upward, and the crown shape is pointed or conical. Cedar, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and Populus tomentosa in gardens are widely used for shaping and pruning.
3.4 Cylindrical or cylindrical
It has a central trunk, which is formed by terminal buds that extend upward every year. From the base of the trunk near the ground, there are many main branches evenly distributed around it, and the length of the main branches is not much different from bottom to top, so the whole tree is almost the same thickness from top to bottom. Such as cypress, juniper, juniper, columnar pine and cypress, Xinjiang poplar, etc.
3.5 sphere
There are many main branches on a short trunk, and there are side branches on the main branches. The main branches at all levels are staggered, the leaf curtain layer is thick, the greening effect is good, and it is widely used in gardens. Such as Buxus macrophylla, Buxus microphylla, Ligustrum microphylla, Sabina vulgaris, Ligustrum lucidum, etc. Often trimmed into this shape.
3.6 Shrub shape
This shape is commonly used by most flowering shrubs in the garden (such as Tang Di, Rosa davurica, Pearl Plum, Forsythia suspensa, etc.). The characteristics of this shape are not obvious. Each cluster leaves more than a dozen main branches from the base, among which 3-4 annual main branches are kept, and 3-4 old main branches are cut off every year for renewal and rejuvenation. The purpose is to keep the main branches fresh and strong, with flowers every year.
3.7 Natural Steamed Bread Types
This shape is mostly used for steamed bread willow. Young trees with a certain trunk are cut short when they grow to a certain height. Under the cutting, 4~5 strong branches are selected as the main branches, and there is a certain distance between the main branches, each of which occupies a certain direction and does not cross or overlap. In the second year, the main branches will be shortened to promote the development of lateral branches and expand the crown, but the lateral branches will be kept appropriately and staggered to make full use of the growth space.
3.8 evacuation layered shape
Mainly used for deciduous fruit trees, such as hawthorn, pear and persimmon. The central trunk is segmented and the main branches are layered, with 1 layer having three main branches, the second layer having two main branches and the third layer having 1 main branch. This shape is conducive to flowering and fruiting because there are few main branches, sparse layers and light transmission.
3.9 umbrella
There is an obvious trunk, all the lateral branches are bent and drooping, and the upper buds continue to extend outward year by year to expand the crown into an umbrella, such as Sophora japonica, peach and elm.
3. 10 scaffold shape
All tendrils or twining plants can climb and grow by themselves according to scaffolding, such as grapes and wisteria. Other lianas (Radix Aucklandiae and Vines) are bound with artificial scaffolding to facilitate their extension and expansion, and can also provide shade for tourists to rest and watch.
References:
[1] Liu Yun, Yao Siqing. Plastic pruning of various ornamental flowers and trees [J]. Agriculture in South China: Garden and Flower Edition, 2007 (2).
Pan Jianzhi, Liu, Li Yi. On the pruning of garden flowers and shrubs [J]. Anhui Agronomy Bulletin, 20 10, 16.
Chen. Pruning methods of green seedlings [J]. Modern Horticulture, 2008 (12).
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