Tibetan phonetics and tones: Tibetan documents recorded Tibetan phonetics in the 7th century, when there was no tone; Contemporary Tibetan uses Lhasa as the standard pronunciation, resulting in four tones: Gao Pingtiao with 55 tones (label? Or? ), a falling tone with a key value of 53 (marked or? ), a low level tone with a value of 12 (marked ` or? ), the rising tone with the tuning value of 14 (marked ˇ or? )。 In the 7th century, the tone of each syllable was closely related to its initials and finals. In contemporary Tibetan, syllables based on voiced consonants are pronounced as light tone, and syllables based on voiced consonants are pronounced as Gao Pingtiao. 、-? 、-? ,-? ,-? ,-? ,-? And then what? For syllables with added words, the original Gao Pingtiao should be changed into a falling tone, and the original flat tone should be changed into an ascending tone.

Consonants: Tibetan has 30 basic monosyllabic letters, each of which was pronounced consonant plus vowel A in the 7th century. In contemporary times, the pronunciation of Lhasa sounds has changed regularly, and letters with voiced initials, voiced fricatives and voiced fricatives have all become corresponding aspirated consonants.

Tibetan Latin International Phonetic Alphabet (7th century/modern Lhasa sound) Tibetan Latin International Phonetic Alphabet (7th century/modern Lhasa sound) Tibetan Latin International Phonetic Alphabet (7th century/modern Lhasa sound)

Kaka/card? Cat? a/t？ á? Tata/tower? Dad/Pa? khak？ a/k？ á? Chat a/t？ á? That? a/t？ á? phap？ Accounts payable? á? gaga/k？ à? Jed. a/t？ à? dada/t？ à? Baba /p? à? nga？ a/？ à? nya？ a/？ à? Nana /nà? Mom /mà? tsatsa/tsá？ What's wrong? a/？ à? rara/？ à? Haha/huh? tshats？ a/ts？ á? zaza/sà？ Lala/à? aa/á？ dzadza/ts？ à? Answer? a/？ à? Sand? a/？ á? wawa/wà？ yaja/ja？ The evolution process of Welissa Gonzaga/Sasang compound consonants in the 7th century to modern Lhasa monosyllabic consonants is as follows: the 7th century Tibetan phonetic international phonetic alphabet, the contemporary Lhasa dialect phonetic international phonetic alphabet, spa, dpa, LPA-& gt；; Baba, minibus, dba, sbra->; Parba? Ba->; mpà？ p？ a-& gt； p？ árma、sma、dma、smra-& gt； Mara-> màDBA-& gt； wárta、lta、sta、twa、gta、bta、brta、blta、bsta、blda-& gt； tárda、sda、gda、bda、brda、bsda-& gt； tàzla，bzla，lda，mda，？ da-& gt； ntàmt？ First,? t？ a-& gt； t？ áDWA-& gt； t？ àrna、sna、gna、brna、bsna、mna-& gt； Kara, Guerra, Bula, La, Sla, Bula, Bula, Bula->; Lava-> làrtsa、stsa、tswa、gtsa、btsa、brtsa、bstsa-& gt； Chaerza, Geza, Bourzat-> Chamza? dza-& gt； ntsàts？ Washan? First,? ts？ a-& gt； ts？ ásra、swa、gsa、bsa、bsra-& gt； sázwa，gza，bza-& gt； sàkra，tra，pra，skra，dkra，dpra，bkra，bskra，bsra-& gt； ? ádgra、dbra、bgra、bsgra、sgra、sbra-& gt； ? àmgra？ gra？ dra？ Bra-> àk？ ra，t？ ra，p？ ra，mk？ ra，？ k？ ra，？ p？ ra-& gt； ágra，dra，bra，grwa-& gt； àHRA-& gt； ? Alva->; ? àkja，rkja，skja，dkja，bkja，brkja，bskja-& gt； cárgja，sgja，dgja，bgja，brgja，bsg ja-& gt； càmgja？ gja-& gt； ? Carker? Is it? Is it? k？ ja-& gt； c？ ágja-& gt； c？ àgt？ a，bt？ a，lt？ a，pja，dpja-& gt； t？ Ade? a，brd？ I. dbja-& gt；; t？ Old? 1. Doctor of Medicine? First,? d？ First,? bja-& gt； ? t？ àmt？ First,? t？ a，p？ Is it? p？ ja-& gt； t？ ábja-& gt； t？ à? wa，g？ A, b? a-& gt； ? á? wa，g？ A, b? a-& gt； ? àr？ a，s？ a，g？ a，br？ One, bs? a，m？ a-& gt； ? á? wa，mja-& gt； ? àg . ja-& gt； Iarca, lka, ska, kwa, dka, bka, brka, BSKA->; Kalga, sga, dga, bga, brga, BSGA->; kàlga，mga？ ga-& gt； ? kàk？ wa，mk？ First,? k？ a-& gt； k？ ágwa-& gt； k？ àr？ a，l？ a，s？ a，d？ a，br？ One, bs? a，m？ a-& gt； ? áDBA-& gt； ? áhwa-& gt； bend

Edit this Tibetan vowel

Tibetan has five basic vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/. Every unmarked Tibetan letter uses vowel A to represent a syllable, and a label is placed above the letter? Represents a syllable with the vowel /i/, with a label under the letter? Represents a syllable with the vowel /u/, with a label above the letter? Represents a syllable with vowel /e/, with a label above the letter? Represents a syllable with the vowel /o/. In Lhasa dialect, if a syllable starts with? /s/,? /d/,? /n/,? /l/ After the first word, the vowel has changed. /a/ pronounced/? /,? /o/ pronounced/? /,? /u/ is pronounced /y/, and? /s/,? /d/ The two words added after are silent. What words are added after? /n/ and the previous vowels are combined into nasal vowels.

Edit the Tibetan letters in this paragraph.

Tibetan alphabet is a Tibetan writing system, basically a vowel-marked character, which records the pronunciation of Tibetan in the 7th century. At present, the common romanization scheme of Tibetan is Wylie transliteration scheme. Tibetan writing method: every syllable in Tibetan has a basic word, and the central consonant of the syllable is determined. Vowel marks can be added above or below basic words to indicate different vowels. Sometimes there are additional words above the base word, sometimes there are one or two additional words below it, and sometimes there are additional words before it, indicating that the initials of syllables are consonants. The connection order of complex consonants is pre-addition, up-addition, base word and down-addition. Sometimes there are one or two suffix words after the base word, which means that the syllable has one or two consonants at the end. The following is one of the examples of Tibetan writing:

The Tibetan language above has a syllable /bsgrow/, which consists of prefix ba, prefix s a, prefix ga, prefix ra, vowel o, prefix na and prefix da. /bsgrond/ is a Tibetan pronunciation in the 7th century. With the disappearance of consonants and vowels in Lhasa and the appearance of tones, the word has been changed to/? /。 What can I only add? /r/,? /l/,? /s/. The following words can only be? /r/,? /j/,? /w/,? /l/ and the aspirated symbols used to transliterate aspirated voiced consonants in Sanskrit? There is a consonant /grwa/ and two added words? /r/ and then what? /w/. The prefix can only be? /g/,? /d/,? /b/,? /m/,? /? /。 The word after the first one can only be? /r/,? /g/,? /b/,? /m/,? /? /、? /? /、? /s/,? /d/,? /n/、

Xizang

/l/. What can only be added after seconds? /s/ and? /d/ Not pronounced in modern Tibetan. /d/ is no longer used in modern Tibetan. In addition, the following is a list of Tibetan prefix (dbu-can) and headless (dbu-med) fonts and international Latin transliteration:

Tibetan letters:

The encoding space of Tibetan letters in Unicode ranges from 0F40 to 0F69. The table is as follows:

ka？ 0F40kha？ 0F4 1ga？ 0F42gha？ 0F43nga？ 0F44ca？ 0F45cha？ 0F46ja？ 0F47

0F48nya？ 0F49tta？ 0F4Attha？ 0F4Bdda？ 0F4Cddha？ 0F4Dnna？ 0F4Eta？ 0F4Ftha？ 0F50da？ 0F5 1dha？ 0F52na？ 0F53pa？ 0F54pha？ 0F55ba？ 0F56bha？ 0F57ma？ 0F58tsa？ 0F59tsha？ 0F5Adza？ 0F5Bdzha？ 0F5Cwa？ 0F5Dzha？ 0F5Eza？ 0F5F-a？ 0F60ya？ 0F6 1ra？ 0F62la？ 0F63sha？ 0F64ssa？ 0F65sa？ 0F66ha？ 0F67a？ 0F68kssa？ 0F69

Edit this speech system.

Tibetan phonetic system is a writing scheme written in Latin letters according to the actual pronunciation of Tibetan. Different from Tibetan transliteration. Transliteration refers to transliteration of Tibetan letters into Latin letters, while pinyin is spelled into Latin letters according to actual pronunciation. Transliteration can clearly represent the composition of words, while pinyin represents the composition of pronunciation. Transliteration can be compatible with Tibetan in different regions, while Pinyin can only express the pronunciation of a single dialect.

Consonants: There are 28 consonants in total.

b

d

gyg

p

t

kyk

z

zhj

c

chq

m

n

short for the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

l

slhshxhy

h

r

w

Y initials: 36 initials * * *, including 28 monosyllabic consonants, 7 polyphonic consonants and zero initials 1 consonant.

28 monosyllabic consonants are 28 phonemes in consonants.

These seven consonants are

1 . mb2 . nz3 . nd 4 . nzh 5 . nj6 . ngy 7 . ngg

Vowel: There are 13 vowels.

Roman numeral 3

Oriental equine encephalomyelitis

aaaaeuuuueooooe？

Sometimes it's not an independent phoneme

Finals: There are 50 finals.

I mean, who are you? Are you saying that I am alone or alone? ob ubig eg ag og ugir er ar or ur

Edit this transmission system.

Tibetan Latin alphabet transliteration system: Tibetan Latin alphabet transliteration system refers to a set of text transliteration system that converts Tibetan letters into Latin letters, thus romanizing Tibetan. Now the general plan is Wylie's transcription.

In 1959, TurrellWylie refined the original transliteration scheme, using only the basic 26 Latin letters without adding letters and symbols. Later, this scheme became the standard transliteration scheme of Tibetan studies, especially American Tibetan studies, and was named after Willie's surname.

In the language with Pinyin as the writing form, Tibetan has its own characteristics: the writing system is inconsistent with the phonetic system. The current Tibetan alphabet records the Tibetan pronunciation of 1 1 century, which is quite different from the modern Tibetan pronunciation (for example, the word "Tibet" is transliterated as bod according to the Latin alphabet of Tibetan alphabet, while the modern Lhasa dialect is P? (the phonetic symbol is [p]), and there are some phenomena, such as the initial consonant clearing and the vowel change. Therefore, any romanization scheme of Tibetan should choose between "describing modern Tibetan pronunciation" and "transliteration of Tibetan letters describing ancient Tibetan pronunciation". The early plan tried to compromise, and neither side was happy. Willie's transliteration scheme aims to transliterate Tibetan letters accurately, regardless of the modern pronunciation of Tibetan words, so it is accepted by academic and historical research institutions.